Darwin s Finches Lab Work individually or in groups of -3 at a computer Introduction The finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands feed on seeds produced by plants growing on these islands. There are three categories of seeds: soft seeds, produced by plants that do well under wet conditions; seeds that are intermediate in hardness, produced by plants that do best under moderate precipitation; and hard seeds, produced by plants that dominate in drought conditions. EvolutionLab is based on a model for the evolution of quantitative traits characteristics of an individual that are controlled by large numbers of genes. These traits are studied by looking at the statistical distribution of the trait in populations and investigating how the distribution changes from one generation to the next. For the finches in EvolutionLab, the depth of the beak is the quantitative trait. You will investigate how this trait changes under different biological and environmental conditions. You can manipulate various biological parameters ( beak size, clutch size, and population size) and two environmental parameters (precipitation, and island size) of the system, then observe changes in the distributions of beak size and population numbers over time. Getting to Know EvolutionLab The first screen that will appear in EvolutionLab presents an summary (Input Summary) of the default values for each of the parameters that you can manipulate. Notice that default values on both islands are the same. Click on the Change Inputs button at the left of screen to begin an experiment. A view of beak size will now appear. In the Change Input view you can change the biological and environmental parameters in EvolutionLab to design an experiment. This first experiment is designed to study the influence of beak size on finch population numbers. For finches, deep beaks are strong beaks, ideally suited for cracking hard seeds, and shallow beaks are better suited for cracking soft seeds. Activity 1: Changes in beak size populations in low precipitation H1. Write your group s hypothesis about how changes in beak size will affect population numbers for these finches when rainfall levels are low (ie When beak size increases/decreases what might happen to population size) Experiment 1. Begin by setting the beak size on the two islands to opposite extremes. Leave the beak size on Darwin Island at 1 mm and click and drag on the slider to change the beak size on Wallace Island to 8 mm. Note the change in beak size that appears on the graphic of each finch. Make sure your population sizes are the same (e.g. 00 on each island). Click the Done button to return to the input summary view. Notice the new input value (8 mm) for beak size on Wallace Island while beak size on Darwin Island remains at the default value of 1 mm. Click on the Precipitation button to view the distribution of seed types on both islands. Use the popup menu in the lower left corner to select a value of years, and run the simulation by clicking the Run Experiment button. Once the experiment has run, you will be in the Beak Size view. Look at the plots of average beak size over time. Click on the Population button and look at the plots of population numbers over time. Click the Field Notes view and scroll down to observe the data. Use this data to complete Table 1. Activity : Changes in beak size populations varying precipitation. H. Write your group s hypothesis on how a change in precipitation (both increase and decrease) on Darwin Island might affect beak size and their populations over time. Experiment. This part is designed to explore the effect of precipitation on finch beak size and population numbers. Click the New Experiment button, click the Change Inputs buttons then click the Precipitation 1
button. Recall the relationship between precipitation and seed growth. There are three categories of seeds: soft seeds, produced by plants that do well under wet conditions; seeds that are intermediate in hardness, produced by plants that do best under moderate precipitation; and hard seeds, produced by plants that dominate in drought conditions. Change beak size on both of the islands to an intermediate value. Decrease rainfall on Darwin Island to a value close to zero. On the other island, increase rainfall close to the maximum value. Be sure your population numbers start out the same (e.g. 00) Run the experiment for years. Click the Field Notes view and scroll down to observe the data. Use this data to complete Table. Activity 3: Modes of natural selection There are three primary ways by which natural selection can influence the variation of a trait in a population. The three modes of selection are directional, stabilizing, and diversifying. In directional selection, changing environmental conditions can favor individuals with phenotypes that are at opposite extremes of the distribution range for a given trait (for example, finches with very deep beaks or finches with very shallow beaks). Stabilizing selection, unlike directional selection, selects against individuals with extreme phenotypes and favors individuals with more intermediate or average values for a given trait. Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the distribution range for a trait while selecting against individuals with average values for the trait. The following assignment is designed to help you understand how environmental changes can result in different modes of natural selection. H3. Write your group s hypothesis on what mode(s) of natural selection are at play with medium rainfall or with low rainfall. Experiment 3. Leaving all of the other settings at their default values, change the rainfall on Wallace Island to an intermediate value and the rainfall on Darwin Island to the minimum possible value (0 cm/year). Run the simulation for years and look at the plot of beak size over time. Record your data in Table 3. Activity 4: Effect of Island Size The size of the living area for any population can strongly influence population numbers for organisms that live within that environment. The maximum number of organisms from a given population that an environment can support is known as the carrying capacity of that environment. Island size is one factor that can determine the carrying capacity of finches on each island. For the purposes of this simulation, the islands are assumed to be roughly circular and island size is represented as the radius of the island in kilometers. The size of each island remains constant throughout the simulation unless you choose to change this parameter. Although changing the entire size of an island is not something that could easily be done in real life, habitat changes and reducing the living environment for a population are real changes that occur through processes such as land development, and pollution. The following assignment is designed to help you learn about the influence of island size on the carrying capacity of finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands. H4. Write your group s hypothesis to predict what effect a change in island size (increase and decrease) will have on beak size and finch populations. Experiment 4. Begin your experiment by leaving all other parameters at their default values. Select the Island Size input and use the sliders to decrease Darwin Island and increase the size of Wallace Island. As you move the slider, the island image will change to reflect the values you have chosen. Again, make sure your starting populations on each island are the same. Run your experiment for years. Record your data in Table 4. Activity 5: Your own hypothesis Based on the previous experiments, consider possible parameters that you could manipulate which would 1) prevent changes either in population size or beak size from occurring OR ) cause one population to thrive while the other population is driven to extinction. You may also investigate the effects of other biological parameters such as clutch size or variance (the amount of genetic variation between parent and offspring). Have fun exploring these parameters before designing an experiment.
H5. Write your group s hypothesis to predict what effect your parameter settings will have on beak size and population size. Experiment 5. Test the effect of the parameter your group has chosen to influence population size OR beak size by designing and running an experiment to confirm or refute your answers. Record your data in Table 5. Data Table 1. Beak size effect on population Darwin Island (small beak) Wallace Island (large beak) 00 Data Table. Effect of precipitation Darwin Island (low rainfall) Wallace Island (hi rainfall) 00 Data Table 3. Modes of Selection Darwin Island (low rainfall) Wallace Island (medium rainfall) 00 3
Data Table 4. Effect of island size. Darwin Island (small) Wallace Island (large) 00 Data Table 5. Individual parameter choice Darwin Island Wallace Island 00 4
Darwin Lab Report Questions (Type your answers out on a separate sheet of paper). 1. What are the three seed types that finches can eat?. How does precipitation affect the abundance of each seed type? 3. How does the size of a finch s beak influence which seed it eats? 4. ( pts) Hand in data tables. Activity 1 5. What was your group s hypothesis? 6. Describe the trends in beak size and population numbers for the finch populations on each island. Do the two islands differ? Does the data support or refute your hypothesis? Activity 7. What was your group s hypothesis? 8. Describe what happened to finches on each island. Be sure to explain any differences in beak size and population numbers that you observed. Activity 3 9. What was your group s hypothesis?. What type of selection is taking place on Wallace Island? On Darwin Island? Explain your answers. Activity 4 11. What was your group s hypothesis? 1. What effect did the changes in island size have on beak size and on finch population? Are the results what you expected? Explain your answers. Activity 5 13. What was your group s hypothesis? 14. Describe the experiment that your group performed and the results that you obtained. Are the results what you expected? Explain your answers. 5