Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ISSN: 1678-0345 ActaSciVet@ufrgs.br Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil Fernández, Heriberto; Oval, Andrés Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Biotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Healthy Dogs in Southern Chile Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, vol. 41, núm. 1, enero-diciembre, 2013, pp. 1-5 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=289031817006 How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2013. 41: 1100. RESEARCH ARTICLE Pub. 1100 ISSN 1679-9216 Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Biotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Healthy Dogs in Southern Chile Heriberto Fernández & Andrés Oval ABSTRACT Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance profiles in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42 C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their phenotypic characteristics using the API Campy procedure (biomérieux, Marcy/Etoile, France) and the method described by Lior, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline were determined by means of the E-test method, considering as the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) the lowest antibiotic concentrations yielding no growth. Ampicillin resistant strains were tested for β-lactamase production with the chromogenic cephalosporin test and the disc diffusion susceptibility test for ampicillin-sulbactam. The recovery rate of Campylobacter was 31.2% (C. jejuni 22.7%, C. coli 8.5%). Three of the four biotypes described for C. jejuni and the two described for C. coli were fo und being C. jejuni biotype I the most frequent one (53.1%). None of the strains showed resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline. Resistant strains were found for ciprofloxacin (6 strains, 13.9%) and ampicillin (4 strains, 9.1%). All the ampicillin resistant strains were found to be ß-lactamase producers. Discussion: The Campylobacter isolation rate (31.2%) found is not negligible. It may provide an epidemiological insight about the risk of zoonotic infection for individuals maintaining contact with dogs, especially for children. Direct contact with pets is a risk factor for acquiring campylobacteriosis, which was also observed in Latin-American countries. Ampicillin resistance is related to ß-lactamase production and was reported in different countries, including Chile. Campylobacter resistance to quinolones has been increasingly reported in strains of human and animal origin, especially from animals related to husbandry. The ciprofloxacin resistant strains found in this study probably could be a reflection of their spread to human pets. Because dogs have been identified as a potential source of human Campylobacter infections, exposure to animals carrying fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms could be a risk factor for acquiring this kind of strains. Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, dogs, biotypes, antimicrobial resistance. Received: 20 April 2012 Accepted: 30 August 2012 Published: 3 January 2013 Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), Valdivia, Chile. CORRESPONDENCE: H. Fernández [hfernand@uach.cl - Fone: +56 (63) 214377] Instituto de Microbiología Clínica - UACh. Edificio de Ciencias Biomédicas, 2 Piso. Campus Isla Teja, Casila 567,Valdivia, Chile. 1
INTRODUCTION The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are recognized as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, representing a serious public health problem in industrialized and developing countries [7,12,25]. These species are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom. Their zoonotic characteristics are important in explaining their epidemiological significance, especially if their natural reservoirs are a wide variety of animals, both domestic and free-living; which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans [7,10,12,25]. The dog is one of the domestic animals recognized as Campylobacter reservoirs [7,10,12,15,19,25]. In developing, as well as in industrialized countries, the Campylobacter isolation frequencies found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries [6,10,15,19]. In general, Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process with antimicrobial treatment being not always necessary, which is recommended only when there are clinical complications [16,20,25]. However, it is necessary to know the behavior of these bacteria to antibiotics in both clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals very close to man as are domestic animals and pets, including dogs [16,20,25]. The aims of this work were to determine the frequency of isolation of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs in the city of Valdivia (Southern Chile) establishing the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolates to six antimicrobial drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research it were studied 141 apparently healthy dogs which were randomly selected, from those submitted by their owners for vaccination at the Valdivia Health Service Antirabies Vaccination Center (Valdivia City; 39 47 Southern latitude, 73 15 Western latitude). Animals that received antibiotics up to 30 days before sampling and those without a known owner, or even having one but presenting wandering habits, were considered as stray dogs and were not admitted in the study. A fecal sample was taken from each animal by means of a rectal swab. Each sample was identified with an appropriate code number and seeded into the TEC transport medium [5] and transported to the laboratory. Samples were plated out on modified Skirrow agar plates, which were incubated at 42 C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions [3]. The identification of the species was done with phenotypic tests using the API Campy procedure 1. The biotyping was done using the method described by Lior [14] as adapted for use in our laboratory [3]. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated strains to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline were determined by means of the E-test method 1, previously used in our laboratory for testing Arcobacter butzleri [22]. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were defined as the lowest antibiotic concentrations yielding no growth. The ampicillin resistant strains were tested for beta lactamase production with the chromogenic cephalosporin test [21] and the disc diffusion susceptibility test for ampicillin-sulbactam [13]. RESULTS As showed in Table 1, from the 141 dogs studied, 44 (31.2%) showed positive cultures for Campylobacter. The isolated species were C. jejuni [32 (22.7%)] and C. coli [12 (8.5%)]. All the 44 Campylobacter strains were amenable for biotyping. Three of the four biotypes described by Lior [14] for C. jejuni and the two biotypes described for C. coli were found (Table 1). Table 1. Isolation rates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes in fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs. BIOTYPES ISOLATED SPECIES N (%) 1 Nº (%) I II III Campylobacter jejuni 32 22.7 17 (53.1) 2 14 (43.8) 1 (3.1) 32 (100) 2 Campylobacter coli 12 8.5 3 (25.0) 3 9 (75.0) 12 (100) 3 TOTAL 44 31.2 1 Percentage in relation to all the samples studied; 2 Percentage in relation to all C. jejuni isolated; 3 Percentage in relation to all C. coli isolated. 2
None of the strains showed resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline. Resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin was detected in 4 (9.1%) and 6 (13.6%) respectively. All the ampicillin resistant strains were beta lactamase producers (Table 2). Table 2. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 44 Campylobacter strains isolated from healthy dog feces to six antimicrobial agents using the E-test method. Antibiotic MIC 50 MIC 90 Range Resistance (%) Ampicillin 3.0 8.0 0.25-32.0 9.1* Erythromycin 0.38 1.5 0.047-6.0 0 Gentamicin 0.75 4.0 0.25-6.0 0 Chloramphenicol 0.75 2.0 0.016-3.0 0 Ciprofloxacin 0.032 0.125 0.047 - >32 13.6 Tetracycline 0.064 0.38 0.016-1.0 0 *beta lactamase producer strains. DISCUSSION The recovery rate of Campylobacter from dogs in this study (31.2%) was higher than that obtained by us (21.9%) in a previous survey in Chile [4], as well as than those obtained by others in Argentina (17%) [15], Peru (25%) [11] and Brazil (27.7%) [18]. However, the present recovery rate of Campylobacter was lower than that obtained in Ireland (41.5%) [1], Barbados (46.9%) [24] and also in two other studies conducted by our group in children and animals in Chile (42.5% ; 58.3%) [8,10]. In this study, the predominant Campylobacter species was C. jejuni followed by C. coli. This distribution of species seems to be normal because, as reported in other studies, C. jejuni is always more frequent than C. coli in dogs [3,4,6-8,10,11,15]. As shown in Table 1, three of the four biotypes described by Lior [14] for C. jejuni and the two biotypes described for C. coli were found. Among C. jejuni isolates, biotype I was the most frequent one (53.1%) followed by biotypes II (43.8%) and III (3.1%). C. coli biotype II was more frequently isolated (75%) than biotype I (25%). Similar results were previously reported by our group in pet dogs but, in stray dogs, all the biotypes described by Lior [14] were found [4]. This difference could be due to the fact that stray dogs may be more exposed to environmental sources of Campylobacter than household pets are. The Campylobacter isolation rate for asymptomatic dogs reported here is relatively high and should to be considered as not negligible; rather it may provide an epidemiological insight about the risk of zoonotic infection for individuals maintaining contact with dogs, especially for children. Evans [2] and Mahdi-Saed et al. [17] reported that direct contact with pets is a risk factor for acquiring campylobacteriosis in children, which has also observed in Latin-American countries [6-8]. In the present study, no strain was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, gentamicin and erythromycin. The latter is the drug of choice to treat Campylobacter enteritis and gentamicin, the antimicrobial agent indicated to treat extra-intestinal infections due to Campylobacter [16,19,20,25]. In Brazil, Modolo et al. [19] did not find resistance for erythromycin, gentamycin, enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol, but they found high resistance to tetracycline. From the 44 strains studied, four (9.1%) were resistante to ampicillin. All of them were able to produce ß-lactamase. The presence of Campylobacter ß-lactamase producer strains is known in different countries and was reported for the first time in Chile by Fernández et al. [9]. Over the past decade, resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter has been increasingly reported in strains isolated from both human beings and animals, especially from animals related to husbandry [23]. The 13.9% of resistant strains to ciprofloxacin found in this study probably could be a reflection of the spread of these kind of strains from food-producing animals and the environment to human pets. Given that dogs have been identified as a potential source of human infections [2,7,10,12,15,17,19,25], exposure to animals carrying fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms could be another risk factor for acquiring fluoroquinoloneresistant Campylobacter strains. 3
CONCLUSION This study provides an insight into the intestinal carriage of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli biotypes in healthy dogs and their antimicrobial susceptibility behavior in Southern Chile. Due to the epidemiological importance of dogs as reservoirs and to the presence of Campylobacter strains resistant to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, it is necessary to submit these pets to periodic monitoring for Campylobacter and their antimicrobial resistance. SOURCE AND MANUFACTURER 1 biomérieux, Marcy/Etoile, France. Acknowledgments. Thanks are due to Dr. Hans Richter (Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile) for their advices and critical review. This work received financial support from Grants FONDECYT 1030245 and 1110202 and SE-1-2009 DID-UACH. Declaration of interest. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. REFERENCES 1 Acke E., Whyte P., Jones B.R., McGill K., Collins J.D. & Fanning S. 2006. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species in cats and dogs in two animal shelters in Ireland. Veterinary Record. 158(2): 51-54. 2 Evans S.J. 1993. The seasonality of canine births and human campylobacteriosis: a hypothesis. Epidemiology & Infection. 110(2): 267-272. 3 Fernández H. & Hitschfeld M. 2009. Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and their biotypes in beef and dairy cattle from the South of Chile. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 40(3): 450-454. 4 Fernández H. & Martin R. 1991. Campylobacter intestinal carriage among stray and pet dogs. Revista de Saúde Pública. 25(6): 473-475. 5 Fernández H. 1992. Increase of Campylobacter isolation rates using an enrichment medium. Revista de Microbiologia. 23(1): 5-7. 6 Fernández H. 1992. Thermotolerant Campylobacter species associated with human diarrhea in Latin America. Journal of the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science. 44(1): 39-43. 7 Fernández H. 2011. Campylobacter and campylobacteriosis: a view from South America. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública. 28(1): 121-127. 8 Fernández H., Kahler K., Salazar R. & Ríos M. 1994. Prevalence of thermotolerant species of Campylobacter and their biotypes in children and domestic birds and dogs in Southern Chile. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical. 36(5): 433-436. 9 Fernández H., Mansilla M. & González V. 2000. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni Assessed by E-test and Double Dilution Agar Method in Southern Chile. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 95(2): 247-249. 10 Fernández H., Vera F. & Villanueva M.P. 2007. Arcobacter and Campylobacter species in birds and mammals from Southern Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria. 39(2): 163-165. 11 Grados O., Bravo N., Black R.E. & Butzler J.P. 1988. Paediatric Campylobacter diarrhoea from household exposure to live chickens in Lima, Peru. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 66(3): 369-374. 12 Humphrey T., O Brien S. & Madsen M. 2007. Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 117(3): 237-257. 13 Jones R. N. & Dudley M.N. 1997. Microbiologic and pharmacodynamic principals applied to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ampicillin/sulbactam: Analysis of the correlations between in vitro test results and clinical response. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 28(1): 5-18. 14 Lior H. 1984. New, extended biotyping scheme for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 20(4): 636-640. 15 López C. M., Giacoboni G., Agostinia A., Corneroa F.J., Tellechea D.M. & Trinidad J.J. 2002. Thermotolerant campylobacters in domestic animals in a defined population in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 55(3): 193-200. 16 Mackiw E., Korsak D., Rzewuska K., Tomczuk K. & Rozynek E. 2012. Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from food in Poland. Food Control. 23(2): 297-301. 4
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