MONITORING, TAGGING AND CONSERVATION OF MARINE TURTLES IN MOZAMBIQUE: HISTORICAL DATA AND ANNUAL REPORT 2007/08

MONITORING, TAGGING AND CONSERVATION OF MARINE TURTLES IN MOZAMBIQUE: HISTORICAL DATA AND ANNUAL REPORT 2007/08 Edited and Compiled by Eduardo J S Videira, Marcos A M Pereira, Cristina M M Louro & Dalila A Narane

MONITORING, TAGGING AND CONSERVATION OF MARINE TURTLES IN MOZAMBIQUE: HISTORICAL DATA AND ANNUAL REPORT 2007/08 Edited and Compiled by Eduardo J S Videira 1, Marcos A M Pereira 1, Cristina M M Louro 2 & Dalila A Narane 1 1 Associação para Investigação Costeira e Marinha (AICM), Maputo. 2 Centro Terra Viva Estudos e Advocacia Ambiental (CTV), Maputo. Suggested citation for the completed report: Videira, E J S, M A M Pereira, C M M Louro & D A Narane (eds.) (2008). Monitoring, tagging and conservation of marine turtles in Mozambique: historical data and annual report 2007/08. 85 pp. Maputo, Mozambique Marine Turtle Working Group (GTT). Suggested citation of a specific chapter: Louro, C M M (2008). Ponta do Ouro Ponta Malongane. In: Videira, E J S, M A M Pereira, C M M Louro & D A Narane (eds) (2008). Monitoring, tagging and conservation of marine turtles in Mozambique: historical data and annual report 2007-2008. 1-6 pp. Maputo, Mozambique Marine Turtle Working Group (GTT). Cover: design and layout by Marcos A M Pereira. 1 Marine turtle eggs. Angoche. Photo: José João. 1 2 3 2 Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchling. Ponta Dobela. Photo: Matthew Prophet. 4 5 6 3,5 Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchling crawling to the sea. Ponta Dobela. Photo: Matthew Prophet. 4 Training of marine turtle monitoring staff in southern Moçambique. Photo: Matthew Prophet. 7 8 9 6 Green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Ilha de Puga-Puga, Arquipélago das Segundas. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 7 Green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Ilha de Puga-Puga, Arquipélago das Segundas. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 8 Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Baixo Danae. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 9 Green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Ponta do Ouro. Photo: Angie Gullan. The opinions, positions and points of view expressed in this document, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the governmental institutions, private sector or civil society which contributed to the production of this document. Maputo, August 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements... ii 01. General Introduction... 1 02. Ponta do Ouro (Border) Ponta Malongane... 2 03. Ponta Malongane Ponta Dobela... 7 04. Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane... 12 05. Ponta Chemucane Santa Maria... 18 06. Ilha da Inhaca... 22 07. Macaneta... 28 08. Manhiça... 32 09. Bilene... 36 10. Cabo de São Sebastião... 40 11. Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto... 44 12. Ilhas Primeiras e Segundas... 52 13. Parque Nacional das Quirimbas... 55 14. Ilhas Vamizi e Rongui... 60 15. General Discussion and Recommendations... 63 Nest Monitoring... 64 Tagging... 66 Research... 68 Conservation and Protection... 68 Recommendations... 71 Annexes... 74 i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to especially acknowledge all the logistical and financial support provided by the following institutions or individuals (presented alphabetically), in the implementation of monitoring, tagging and marine turtle projects, purchase of tagging equipment, data collection and sharing among other support. This support was fundamental for the production of the present report. - Associação dos Pescadores Artesanais de Angoche (APAA); - Associação para Investigação Costeira e Marinha (AICM) - Cabo Delgado Biodiversity and Tourism Project; - Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para Zonas Costeiras; - Centro Terra Viva; - Consultec; - Dolphin Encounters; - Dr. Adriano Macia Jr.; - Dr. Robert Scotty Kyle; - Dr. Julie Garnier - Estação de Biologia Marítima da Ilha da Inhaca; - Fórum para a Natura em Perigo/CESVI; - INAMAR Bilene; - Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area; - Malongane Holiday Resort - Maragra Açúcar Angling Club; - Marine Conservation Society (UK); - Parque Nacional das Quirimbas; - Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto; - Peace Parks Foundation; - Principado do Mónaco; - Reserva Especial de Maputo; - Sasol; - Sr. Garrick Peters; - Sr. Álvaro Costa; - Sr. António Matavele, - Sr. Earl Strydom; - Sr. Faustino Atumane ; - Sr. Henriques Balidy; - Sr. Jeremias Massango; - Sr. Mathew Prophet; - Sr. Nico Pretorius; - Sr. Pierre Lombard e Stephan Lombard; - Sr. Sabino Omar; - Sra. Alice Costa; - Sra. Angie Gullan; - Sra. Beatriz Isidoro; - Sra. Carla Ng; - Sra. Daniela de Abreu; - Sra. Kym Collins; - Sra. Lina Buque; - WWF Moçambique; - Zona de Protecção Total do Cabo de São Sebastião; Several monitors, rangers, fishermen, and members of communities throughout the coast also helped with marine turtle monitoring, tagging and protection. ii

José João (17 April 1973 30 July 2007) This report is dedicated to José João, For his inspiring and tireless work for the conservation of marine turtles in Mozambique iii

01. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Marcos A M Pereira 1, Eduardo J S Videira 1 & Cristina M M Louro 2 1 AICM, Maputo. marcospereira@gmx.net; pipocas99@yahoo.com; 2 CTV, Maputo. cristinammlouro@gmail.com All seven species of marine turtles are threatened with extinction and protected internationally for decades. However, and despite diverse conservation efforts, marine turtle populations continue to decline. Several anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to this decline, being the most important the incidental captures and mortality by different fisheries, turtle meat and egg consumption by humans, use of the shell for ornamental purposes, nest destruction by coastal erosion and habitat loss. Of the seven species, five occur and nest along the Mozambican coast where marine turtles are protected by law since 1965 (Hughes, 1971). The current legal framework is sufficient and foresees adequate fines and penalizations for the protection of marine turtles. However, the implementation and efficiency of the legislation is practically non-existent (Louro et al., 2006). On the other hand, effective monitoring, research and conservation measures and activities are relatively recent and in a reduced number, considering the size of the coastline. Consequently, very few studies were conducted and there is a poor knowledge on basic aspects of the ecology and conservation status of these animals. The present report, aims at providing quantitative information on nesting, tagging and mortality of marine turtles in Mozambique in the 2007/08 season. Additionally, historical data from previous seasons was compiled. The data used were gathered from literature searches, interviews and direct collection in the field (please see Methodology and Sampling Effort section on each chapter). A total of 13 areas, where monitoring, tagging or conservation projects /and or data exists were included (each presented separately). The dada is presented in table form for easy comprehension and interpretation. These, however, must be interpreted and à posteriori with caution. The data presented was extracted as is from the available source, and in several cases there were errors in the data series. References Hughes, G. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4 (2): 45-62. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para as Zonas Costeiras (MICOA), Xai-Xai. 1

02. PONTA DO OURO (BORDER) PONTA MALONGANE Compilation: Contributors: Cristina M M Louro. CTV, Maputo. Email: cristinammlouro@gmail.com Angie Gullan Email: angie@dolphin-encountours.co.za Sources: Lombard & Kyle (2004, 2005) Introduction Conservation, monitoring and research programs on loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) initiated in this area after the civil war. During the period from 194 to 1996 a program was implemented with the aim of monitoring nesting females and promote awareness of local communities and tourists with regards to the value of marine turtles (Lombard & Kyle 2004, 2005). In the 2005/06 season, Chacate et al. (2006), monitored females and nests. As part of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation initiative, the Dolphin Care Africa Turtle Project initiated in the 2007/08 season. Methodology and Sampling Effort The program conducted in 1994/06 covered the stretch of coast from 3 km south of Ponta Malongane to Ponta Milibangala. For the purposes of this chapter, only the data collected within 3 km south of Malongane were considered. The monitoring was done throughout December, which represents the peak of nesting activity in the area. Patrols were done by car every night (Lombard & Kyle 2004, 2005). The techniques and tagging materials used followed and were supplied by the Ezemvelo Kwazulu-Natal Wildlife, South Africa. The 2007/08 monitoring covered approximately 8 km, between the border with South Africa and Ponta Malongane, and was carried out between November and 2007 and March 2008. Patrols were done daily, at night and dawn, for aproximately 4-5 hours. Two permanent monitors and one to three volunteers constituted the team and walked from north to south. The following data was collected: i) species identification; ii) new/old crawl; iii) presence/absence of tags; iv) Nest/no nest; v) number of eggs laid; and vi) nest location (coordinates). During this season, the titanium tags used were supplied by the Mozambique Marine Turtle Tagging Program and had the following codes MO926 MO949. 2

Results Table 2.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, between Ponta do Ouro Border and Ponta Malongane in the 207/08 season. NI=unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 1994/96 5* - - - - - 5* 2007/08 84-5 - - 32 121 Total 89 5 32 126 * Approximately Table 2.2. Number of nests laid, between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08. NI= unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 60-3 - - 31 94 Table 2.3. Number of nest laid, per month, between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08. NI= unidentified species. Species 2007 2008 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Caretta caretta - - - - 28 25 5 2 - - - Dermochelys coriacea - - - - 1 1-1 - - - NI Total - - - - 29 26 5 3 - - - Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchling. Ponta do Ouro, February 2008. Photo: Kym Collins. 3

Table 2.4. Number of nests destroyed by natural causes, between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08 season. Season Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Total 2007/08 1-1 Table 2.5. Number of hatchlings and eggs, per species, between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea NI Total Hatched eggs 79 57 2170 2306 Un-hatched eggs 68 42 146 256 Live hatchlings 2 16 115 133 Dead hatchlings 2-11 13 Table 2.6. Number of marine turtles tagged by species, between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08 season. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Eretmochelys Dermochelys Lepidochelys Total Season caretta mydas imbricata coriácea olivacea 2007/08 7* - - - 7 *Tag list with details present in Annex 1. Table 2.7. Mortality of adult marine turtles between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08 season. Season Species / Location / Cause Total 2007/08 Remains of 1 Caretta caretta (?) found at the base of the dune vegetation 1 Marcos A M Pereira Remains of possibly a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), found at the base of the dune vegetation between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Malongane. May 2008. Photo: Marcos A. M. Pereira. 4

Marcos A M Pereira High levels of coastal development endanger the survival of marine turtles between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Malongane, especially due to loss of nesting habitat and lights from the. February, 2008. Photo. Marcos A M Pereira. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are due to the following institutions and individuals for all the support in staff, equipment and funding: Dolphin Encounters, Peace Parks Foundation, Principauté de Monaco, Matthew Prophet (Maputo Special Reserve Marine Component), WWF Moçambique, Centro Terra Viva, monitors Jonas Sithole and Alfiado Almaral and to the volunteers of All Out Africa. References Chacate, O. E., A. Guissamulo & A. Macia (in prep.) Monitoramento dos ninhos das tartarugas marinhas (Caretta caretta e Dermochelys coriacea) ao longo da costa, desde o Farol (Ponta do Ouro Sul) até à Ponta Mamoli: época 2005/2006. Lombard, P. & S. Kyle (2004). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: update 2003/2004. Ponta Malongane Resort. 5 pp. Lombard P. & S. Kyle (2005). Marine Turtle Monitoring and Conservation in Southern Mozambique. Update 2004/2005, 8 pp. Ponta Malongane Resort. 5

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid between the Ponta do Ouro border and Ponta Malongane in the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences with no nest. Map adapted by Marcos Pereira from GoogleEarth. 6

03. PONTA MALONGANE PONTA DOBELA Compilation: Contributors: Marcos A M Pereira, AICM, Maputo. Email: marcospereira@gmx.net Pierre Lombard & Stephan Lombard Email: mankwe@info.bw Sources: Kyle & Lombard (1996, 2004, 2007); Lombard (1997, 2005, 2008); Magane & João (2002) Introduction Four species of marine turtles occur in this area of which, only two, the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), nest while the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) are common in the adjacent waters and subtidal reefs (Hughes, 1971; Tinley, 1971; Magane & João, 2002; Louro et al., 2006). The coastline between Ponta Malongane and Ponta Dobela has one of the best data series regarding monitoring tagging of marine turtles in the country. Under the initiative of Mr. Pierre Lombard, the monitoring program initiated in the 1994/95 season and has been carried out systematically and uninterruptedly ever since. Another program, based at the Maputo Special Reserve (MSR), incorporated this stretch of coastline (Matonde - Ponta Dobela), in the 1996/97 to 2000/01 seasons (Magane & João, 2002). Methodology and Sampling Effort Mr. Lombard s monitoring has been following the same procedure throughout the years. Night patrols are conducted from Ponta Malongane to Ponta Dobela, and sometimes further north. Due to logistical constraints the monitoring period was adjusted to the turtles highest nesting activity, generally from early December to mid January. When a turtle is found it is identified, measured and tagged if no tag is present. Metadata like data/time, location (distance in km from Ponta Malongane) and nest/no nest are also collected. The data presented in this chapter was gathered from several reports prepared for each season (see Sources). Therefore, data for some seasons were not available, thus is not presented. The monitoring program coordinated from the MSR, established three monitoring camps (see chapter 5. Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane). At each camp, two members of the community conducted daily patrols (one at night and one at dawn) were nests were registered and the tracks erased. Five areas were considered. For the present chapter, only the southern area is relevant: Matonde Dobela. From this program s data, only the number of nests laid in the 1999/2000 and 2000/01 seasons was used. 7

Results Table 3.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, between Ponta Malongane Ponta Dobela in 1994-2008 Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 1994/1995 100-19 - - 119 1995/1996 60-24 - - 84 1996/1997 90-23 - - 113 1997/1998 125-12 - - 137 1998/1999 120-21 - - 131 1999/2000 73-7 - - 80 2000/2001 74-11 - - 85 2001/2002 64-5 - - 69 2002/2003 128-21 - - 149 2003/2004 143-14 - - 157 2004/2005 178-13 - - 191 2005/2006 221-12 - - 233 2006/2007 193-12 - - 105 2007/2008 365-23 - - 388 Total 1934-217 - - 2041 Table 3.2. Number of nests by species, laid between Ponta Malongane Ponta Dobela in 1994-2008 Year/Season Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 1996/1997 22-19 - - 41 1999/2000* 142-58 - - 200 2000/2001* 62-22 - - 84 2004/2005 103-20 - - 123 2007/2008 165-20 - - 185 Total 494-139 - - 633 * only Matonde-Dobela data is presented (Magane & João, 2002). Table 3.3. Number of marine turtles, by species, tagged between Ponta Malongane Ponta Dobela in 1994-2008 Year/Season Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 1994/1995 - - - - - - 1995/1996 18-4 - - 22 1996/1997 20-10 - - 30 1997/1998 37-3 - - 40 1998/1999 26-14 - - 40 1999/2000 22-11 - - 33 2000/2001 22-13 - - 35 2001/2002 14-4 - - 18 2002/2003 49-11 - - 60 2003/2004 45-4 - - 49 2004/2005 44-8 - - 52 2005/2006 71-9 - - 80 2006/2007 66-12 - - 78 2007/2008 74-6 - - 80 Total 508 0 109 0 0 617 8

Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) hatchlings. Ponta Dobela, May 2008. Photo: Matthew Prophet. Table 3.4. Mortality of adult marine turtles between Ponta Malongane Ponta Dobela in 1994-2008. NI=unidentified species. Year/Season Species / Location / Cause Total 1994/1995-4 1995/1996-1 1996/1997-4 1997/1998-3 1998/1999-1 1999/2000-10 2000/2001-2 2001/2002-1 2002/2003-1 2003/2004-2 2004/2005-0 2005/2006-0 2006/2007-0 2007/2008 1 Caretta caretta (?) foud dead at the beach near Techobanine; 3 NI 4 Total 33 Acknowledgments The following institutions and individuals provided support for the turtle monitoring in the 2007/08 season: Toyota SA, Jan Dippenaar (Total Manguzi), LA Sport, Kangela Group, Auto Rims, Matthew Prophet (Maputo Special Reserve Marine Component). 9

References Hughes, G. (1971). Referência preliminar às tartarugas marinhas e dugongues de Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4: 45-62. Kyle, S. & P. Lombard (1996). Sea turtle research in southern Mozambique. A brief overview and results of some recent monitoring and tagging activity. Ponta Malongane Resort. 13 pp. Lombard, P. (1997). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: report update 1996/97 season. Ponta Malongane. 9 pp. Lombard, P. (2005). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: report update 2004/2005 season. Ponta Malongane. 8 pp. Lombard, P. (2008). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: data sheets 2007/2008 season. Ponta Malongane. Lombard, P. & S. Kyle (2004). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: update 2003/2004. Ponta Malongane Resort. 5 pp. Lombard, P. & S. Kyle (2007). Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique: update 2006/2007. Ponta Malongane Resort. 8 pp. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para as Zonas Costeiras (MICOA), Xai-Xai. Magane, S. & J. João (2002). Local community involvement in monitoring and protection of sea turtles, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochyles coriacea) in Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique. Artigo apresentado no 22 o Annual Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Miami, USA, 4-7 Abril 2002. Tello, J. L. P. L. (1973). Reconhecimento ecológico da Reserva dos Elefantes do Maputo. Veterinária Moçambicana, 6: 19-76. Tinley, K. L. (1971). Determinants of coastal conservation: dynamics and diversity of the environment as exemplified by the Moçambique coast. Proceedings of the Symposium on Nature Conservation as a Form of Land Use, Gorongosa National Park, 13-17 September 1971. SARCUS, Pretoria, 125-152 pp. 10

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid between Ponta Malongane and Ponta Dobela in the 2007/08 season. Map adapted by Marcos Pereira from GoogleEarth. 11

04. PONTA DOBELA PONTA CHEMUCANE Compilation: Eduardo J S Videira. AICM, Maputo. Email: pipocas99@yahoo.com Contributors: Matthew Prophet 1 & Lina Buque 2 Email: 1 matproph@gmail.com Sources: Magane & João (2000, 2002); Costa et al. (2007) Introduction Two species of marine turtles nest between Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane, close to the Maputo Special Reserve (MSR); the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea; Tello, 1973; Magane & João, 2002; Costa et al., 2007). Beside these two species, according to Hughes (1971), Louro et al. (2006) and Costa et al. (2007), two other species occur in the adjacent waters; the green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Magane & João (2002) reported that the nesting season in this area runs from October to February, with a peak between November and January. Monitoring in this area initiated in the 1996/97 season and was conducted uninterruptedly until the 2000/01 season (Magane & João, 2002). After a long break only one monitoring and tagging event was conducted in the 2004/05 season (Costa et al., 2007). In the last season (2007/08), a monitoring and tagging program was conducted in the area covering about 5 km to the north and 5 km to the south of Ponta Milibangalala. Methodology and Sampling Effort For the compilation of this chapter, information presented by Magane & João (2000, 2002), Costa et al. (2007) and the data collected in monitoring of the 2007/08 season were used. Magane & João (2000, 2002) covered a total of 25 km, from Ponta Chemucane to Ponta Dobela. Three monitoring camps were established at Ponta Membene, Milibangalala and Dobela, were two monitors per camp were based. These were recruited from the community. Patrols were conducted on foot, twice a day: at dawn and at night (1 hour before high tide). Nests were registered and tracks erased to avoid double counting and theft. This program was carried out from 1996/97 to 2000/01, and run from October to February. In the 1996/97 and 1998/99 seasons, the data collected were relative to the number of nests without differentiation into species, month or areas. These parameters were only collected in the 1999/2000 and 2000/01 seasons. For the purposes of this chapter, only data collected from Ponta Chemucane to Ponta Dobela (about 18 km) were used. 12

In the 2007/08 season, four monitors from the community were trained and collected the data. Patrols were done on foot from Ponta Milibangalala either to the north or south (covering about 10 km). From January 2008, only two monitors patrolled the area. The following data were collected: number of tracks, nest/no nest, date, species (identified from the specimen or from the track whenever possible), presence of tags and morphometrics. When possible turtles were tagged. Additionally, the number of eggs hatched and un-hatched, live and dead hatchlings and hatching date were also noted. Vehicle patrols were done on three occasions, 29-30 November and 1 December 2007 from Matonde to Ponta Abril. For the present chapter, only data collected between Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane were used. Matt Prophet Monitors training as part of the southern Mozambique marine turtle monitoring and conservation program: Ponta do Ouro Santa Maria. October 2007. Ponta Milibangalala. Photo: Matthew Prophet. 13

Results Table 4.1. Marine turtle by species between Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane in 1999-2008 Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 1999/00 - - - - - - 268 2004/05 171-68 - - - 239 2007/08 258-10 - - 1 269 Total 433-78 - - 1 776 Marcos A M Pereira Track of a marine turtle, probably a loggerhead (Caretta caretta), after nesting. Ponta Milibangalala, January 2008. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. Table 4.2. Number of nests per species, laid between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in 1994-2008 Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 1996/97 - - - - - - 190* 1997/98 - - - - - - 279* 1998/99 - - - - - - 149* 1999/00 113-34 - - - 147 2000/01 116-50 - - - 113 2004/05 109-47 - - - 156 2007/08 171-9 - - - 180 Total 509-140 - - - 596 *Data refers to the total number of nests of the two species for the whole area monitored by Magane & João (2002), Matonde Mucombo. 14

Table 4.3. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): number of nests laid per month, between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1999/00 25 1 - - - - - - - - 36 52 2000/01* 110 19 - - - - - - - 29 72 95 2007/08 59 2 - - - - - - - - 54 56 Total 194 22 - - - - - - - 29 162 203 * Refers to the number of nests laid by two species (loggerhead and leatherback). Includes data from the Matonde Dobela and Chemucane Mucombo areas. Table 4.4. Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): number of nests laid per month, between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1999/00 10 - - - - - - - - - 7 17 2000/01* - - - - - - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - 4 6 Total 10 - - - - - - - - - 11 23 * See Table 4.3. Table 4.5. Number of hatchlings and eggs per species, between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. Species Eggs Un-hatched N o dead N o live Cases of laid* eggs* hatchlings* hatchlings* stolen eggs* Caretta caretta 3949 268 59 3622 - Dermochelys coriacea 452 16 8 428 - NI 2941 198-2743 - Total 7342 482 67 6793 - *Data from 79 nests. Table 4.6. Number of nests destroyed by natural causes, between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. Year/Season Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea NI Total 2007/08 - - 2 2 Table 4.7. Number of marine turtles per species, tagged between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in 2004-2008. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 2004/2005 21-5 1-27 2007/2008 1 - - - - 1 Total 22-5 1-28 Table 4.8. Mortality of marine turtles between Ponta Dobela Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. Year / Species / Location / Causes Total Season 2007/2008 1 Chelonia mydas found dead on the beach 1 Eretmochelys imbricata found weak at the beach and died short after 2 15

Acknowledgements I would like to thank WWF Moçambique and Matthew Prophet (Maputo Special Reserve Marine Component), for the financial and logistical support, without it no work would have been done in the 2007/08 season. I must also thank Cristina Louro (Centro Terra Viva) for the technical support and the training of monitors. Lastly, but not least, a especial thank you to the monitors Bongani Mabuza, Alfredo Novela and Tembe Mathi, which collected the data and biologist Lina Buque for coordinating the work in the field. References Costa, A., H. Motta, M. A. M. Pereira, E. J. S. Videira, C. M. M. Louro & J. João. (2007). Marine turtles in Mozambique: towards an effective conservation and management program. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 117: 1-3. Hughes, G. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4 (2): 45-62. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa. (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Xai-xai, CDS-ZC (MICOA). Magane, S. & J. João. (2000). Resultados preliminares do monitoramento dos ninhos das tartarugas marinhas na Reserva do Maputo - época de 1999/2000. 11pp, Fórum Natureza em Perigo, Maputo. Magane, S. & J. João. (2002). Local Community Involvement in Monitoring and Protection of Sea Turtles, Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) in Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique. Paper presented on 22 nd Annual Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtle; Miami, USA 4 7 April 2002. 7pp. Tello, J. L. P. L. (1973). Reconhecimento ecológico da Reserva dos Elefantes do Maputo. Veterinária Moçambicana, 6 (1): 19-76. 16

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid between Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane in the 2007/08 season. Yellow symbols represent nests, while white symbols represent emergences with no nest. Map adapted by Marcos Pereira from GoogleEarth. 17

05. PONTA CHEMUCANE SANTA MARIA Compilation: Eduardo J S Videira. AICM, Maputo. Email: pipocas99@yahoo.com Contributors: Earl Strydom 1 & Matthew Prophet 2 1 Email: bergstromconstruction@yahoo.com 2 Email: matproph@gmail.com Introduction Nesting information from the coastline between Ponta Chemucane and Santa Maria is scarce, as no studies or monitoring programs have been conducted in the area. Give thr proximity of this are to the Maputo Special Reserve (MSR) and Inhaca Island, it is believed that two species nest on its beaches, the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea; Hughes, 1971; Tello, 1973; Tärnlund, 1999; Ng, 2001; Magane & João, 2002). Additionally, two other species may occur in the adjacent waters, the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; Hughes, 1971; Louro et al., 2006; Costa et al., 2007). The nesting season should also run from October to February, as reported for the whole southern Mozambique region (Hughes, 1971; Tarnlund, 1999; Ng, 2001; Magane & João, 2002; Louro et al., 2006). In the last season (2007/08), a monitoring program was initiated. Based in Santa Maria and covering about 10 km south. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) near the shore. Ponta Abril, September 2007. Photo: Matthew Prophet. 18

Methodology and Sampling Effort The monitoring was coordinated by Mr. Earl Strydom and carried out by its tourism operation staff, based in Santa Maria. These were previously trained in a course held at Ponta Milibangalala in October 2008. Mr. Strydom and his collaborators (about 9 in total) patrolled the area on foot (sometimes on quad bikes), covering about 10 km. A vehicle patrol was conducted from Matonde to Ponta Abril on 29-30 November and 1 December 2008. From the data colleted in the vehicle patrol, only data from Ponta Chemucane to Ponta Abril, were incorporated in the present chapter (about 30 km). The following data were colleted during the patrols: number of tracks, nest occurrence, date of nesting, species (the identification was done on the specimen on the beach or using the tracks whenever possible), presence of tags and morphometric data. Tagging was not conducted in this area, nor hatching control or egg/hatchlings monitoring. Results Table 5.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, between Ponta Chemucane Santa Maria, in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/2008 36* - 7 - - 24 67 * This includes as Caretta caretta, 9 turtles initially identified as Eretmochelys imbricata, as nests of the latter species have not been reported for this region of the country (Louro et. al., 2006; Costa et. al., 2007). Table 5.2 Number of nests per species, laid between Ponta Chemucane Santa Maria, in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/2008 31* - 7 - - 24 62 * see note in Table 5.2. Table 5.3. Number of nest per month, laid between Ponta Chemucane Santa Maria, in the 2007/08 season. NI = unidentified species. 2007 2008 Species Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Caretta caretta - - 7 12 3 - - Dermochelys coriacea - - - 3 3 - - NI - - 7 22 4 - - Total 14 37 10 Acknowledgements Especial thanks go for Mr. Earl Strydom, Mr. Mathew Prophet (Maputo Special Reserve Marine Component), Peace Parks Foundation, Principauté de Monaco and WWF Moçambique for the financial, logistic and coordination support without which, this work would have not been possible. Cristina Louro (Centro Terra Viva - CTV) provided training 19

and technical support. Finally, to all those that collected data (Edson, Salimo, Isak, Wilson, Majuba, Juma, Willbert and Samuel) a especial thank you. Referências Hughes, G. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4 (2): 45-62. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa. (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Xai-Xai, CDS- ZC/MICOA. Magane, S. & J. João. (2002). Local community involvement in monitoring and protection of sea turtles, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) in Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique. Paper presented on 22 nd Annual Symposium on Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtle; Miami, USA 4 7 April 2002. 7 pp. Ng, C. (2001). Caracterização da área de nidificação das tartarugas marinhas, Caretta caretta e Dermochelys coriacea na Ilha da Inhaca, Moçambique. Universidade do Algarve. Relatório de estágio de curso de licenciatura em Biologia Marinha e Pescas. Tärnlund, S. (1999). Sea turtles on Inhaca Island, Mozambique - A field survey and a compilation of historical and recent unpublished nesting data. Swedmar. Tello, J. L. P. L. (1973). Reconhecimento ecológico da Reserva dos Elefantes do Maputo. Veterinária Moçambicana, 6 (1): 19-76. Marcos A M Pereira Partial view of the coast and nesting beaches and Ponta Abril at the far right. Santa Maria, June 2007. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 20

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of the nests laid between Ponta Chemucane and Santa Maria in the 2007/08 season. Map adapted by Marcos Pereira from GoogleEarth. 21

06. ILHA DA INHACA Compilation: Contributors: Marcos A M Pereira, AICM, Maputo. Email: marcospereira@gmx.net Estação Biologia Marítima da Inhaca Sources: Tärnlund (1999), Ng (2001), Isidoro (2006) Introduction Inhaca Island possesses the largest data series in the country with regards to marine turtle nesting. Regular monitoring initiated in the 1988/89 season (Tärnlund, 1999), although studies on marine turtles initiated long before (Hughes, 1971; Tinley, 1971). Hughes (1971), Macnae & Kalk (1969) and Kalk (1995) reported the occurrence of four species in the surrounding waters, namely the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta). However, only two species nest on Inhaca and Portuguese islands: the loggerhead and leatherback turtles. Marcos A M Pereira Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), observed at Baixo Danae. Inhaca Island, January 2007. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 22

Methodology and Sampling Effort The available data spans from the 1988/89 to the 2007/08 seasons, excepting the 1994/95 where no data was collected. A reserve ranger (Mr. Raimundo Sambo) walks, during the nesting season (usually between September/October until March), the eastern coast of the island, from Ponta Torres to the lighthouse (about 12 km) on a daily basis starting at 04:00 h. Turtles are identified through direct observation of the females or by the tracks and the location of the nest is dissimulated. Nests are monitored and upon hatching data on live and dead hatchlings, and eggs is collected. Turtle mortality and egg theft is also noted. Tärnlund (1999) reported a tagging program running in collaboration with the South African program. However, no report has been found of turtles been tagged at Inhaca Island. Results Table 6.1. Marine turtle emergences by species at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochleys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 1988/89 6-3 - - 9 1989/90 18-9 - - 27 1990/91 14-10 - - 24 1991/92 31* - 15 - - 46 1992/93 16-31* - - 47 1993/94 28-4 - - 32 1994/95 - - - - - - 1995/96 17-22 - - 37 1996/97 33-1 - - 34 1997/98 3-4* - - 7 1998/99 19-1 - - 20 1999/00 6-20 - - 26 2000/01 9-15* - - 24 2001/02 12-1 - - 13 2002/03 3-8 - - 11 2003/04 2-1 - - 3 2004/05 9-5 - - 14 2005/06 11-0 - - 11 2006/07 25-6 - - 31 2007/08 41** - 16 - - 57 Total 272-172 - - 473 * One emergence at Portuguese Island. ** Five emergences at Barreira Vermelha. 23

Table 6.2. Number of nests by species, laid at Inhaca and Portuguese Islands in 1988-2008 Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochleys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 1988/89 6-3 - - 9 1989/90 13-9 - - 22 1990/91 10-10 - - 20 1991/92 24* - 15 - - 39 1992/93 13-30* - - 43 1993/94 25-4 - - 29 1994/95 - - - - - - 1995/96 15-22 - - 37 1996/97 30-1 - - 31 1997/98 3-4* - - 7 1998/99 16-1 - - 17 1999/00 4-20 - - 24 2000/01 9-15* - - 24 2001/02 10-1 - - 11 2002/03 1-8 - - 9 2003/04 2-1 - - 3 2004/05 7-4 - - 11 2005/06 11-0 - - 11 2006/07 23-6 - - 29 2007/08 40** - 15 - - 55 Total 262-169 - - 431 * One nest at Portuguese island. ** Four nest at Barreira Vermelha. Table 6.3. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): number of nests per month, laid at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Year / Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1988/89 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2 2 1989/90 3 1 - - - 1 - - - - 4 5 1990/91 1 - - - - - - - - - 4 5 1991/92 3 - - - - - - - - - 7 14 1992/93 3 1 1 - - - - - - - 4 4 1993/94 6 1 - - - - - - - - 9 9 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 4 - - - - - - - - - 5 5 1996/97 11 - - - - - - - - - 8 11 1997/98 - - - - - - - - - - 3-1998/99 - - - - - - - - - 1 8 7 1999/00 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 3 2000/01 3 - - - - - - - - 1 3 2 2001/02 3 - - - - - - - - - 7 2 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 2003/04 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2004/05 2 2 - - - - - - - - 4 1 2005/06 4 2 - - - - - - - - 3 2 2006/07 7 - - - - - - - - 1 8 7 2007/08 14 1 - - - - - - - - 6 19 Total 66 9 1 - - 1 - - - 3 88 102 24

Table 6.4. Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): number of nests per month, laid at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Year / Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1988/89 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1989/90 - - - - - - - - - 4 3 2 1990/91 - - - - - - - - - 6 3 1 1991/92 1 - - - - - - - - 3 5 6 1992/93 2 - - - - - - - 2 9 10 7 1993/94 - - - - - - - - - 2 2-1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 2 - - - - - - - - 7 9 4 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - 1-1997/98-1 - - - - - - - 2 1-1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - 1-1999/00 7 - - - - - - - - 1 3 9 2000/01 2 1 - - - - - - - 2 7 3 2001/02-1 - - - - - - - - - - 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - 4 4 2003/04 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2004/05 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 - - 2005/06 - - - - - - - - - - - 2006/07 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 3 2007/08 7 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 3 Total 24 5 - - - - - - 3 41 53 44 Year / Season Table 6.5. Number of hatchlings and eggs per species, at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea N o live Un-hatched N o dead Cases N o live Un-hatched N o dead hatchlings eggs hatchlings stolen eggs hatchlings eggs hatchlings Cases stolen eggs 1988/89 - - - 1 - - - 1 1989/90 - - - - - - - - 1990/91 - - - 1 - - - 1 1991/92 - - - 2 - - - - 1992/93 - - - - - - - - 1993/94 - - - 2 - - - - 1994/95 - - - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - 1 - - - - 1996/97 - - - 3 - - - - 1997/98 - - - - - - - 1 1998/99 - - - 2 - - - - 1999/00 264 56 5 1 1596 412 63 2 2000/01 624 136 38 2 1213 249 50 1 2001/02 854 124 5-103 7 3-2002/03 78 19 2-746 179 32-2003/04 178 31 - - 96 17 2-2004/05 557 95 5-201 40 5 2 2005/06-44 3 2 - - - - 2006/07 1117 250 10-178 50 3-2007/08 392 141 11-1622 445 49 - Total 4064 896 79 17 5755 1399 207 8 25

Table 6.6. Number of nests per species destroyed by natural causes at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Year / Season Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea 1989/90 1 1 1991/92 1-1992/93 1-1999/00-1 2004/05 1-2005/06 - - 2006/07-1 2007/08 1 - Total 5 3 Table 6.7. Mortality of adult marine turtles at Inhaca and Portuguese islands in 1988-2008 Year / Season Species / Location / Causes Total 1991/92 1 Caretta caretta 1 1997/98 1 Dermochelys coriacea 1 2000/01 1 Caretta caretta; 1 Dermochelys coriacea 2 2001/02 1 Caretta caretta 1 2002/03 2 Caretta caretta 2 2005/06 1 Caretta caretta 1 2007/08 1 Caretta caretta;1 Dermochelys coriacea 2 Total 10 Acknowledgements The Estação de Biologia Marítima da Inhaca (EBMI), provided data from the 2004/05-2007/08 seasons. Dr. Adriano Macia, Daniela de Abreu and Beatriz Isidoro supplied literature, which contained information on previous seasons. Rangers of the EBMI, especially Mr. Raimundo Sambo, have been collecting systematically data over the last 20 years. References Isidoro, B. X. (2006). Caracterização biológica da população nidificante de tartarugas marinhas, Dermochelys coriacea e Caretta caretta na Ilha da Inhaca. Trabalho de Culminação de Curso, 20 pp. Maputo, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Hughes, G.(1971). Referência preliminar às tartarugas marinhas e dugongues de Moçambique. Veterinária de Moçambique, 4: 45-62. Macnae, W. & M. Kalk (eds) (1969). A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Second Revised Edition, 163 pp. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press. Kalk, M. (ed.) (1995). A Natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Third Edition, 395 pp. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press. Ng, C. (2001). Caracterização da área de nidificação das tartarugas marinhas, Caretta caretta e Dermochelys coriacea na Ilha da Inhaca, Moçambique. 56 pp. Relatório de Estágio 26

de Licenciatura, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve. Tärnlund, S. (1999). Sea turtles on Inhaca Island, Mozambique: A field survey and compilation of historical and recent unpublished nesting data. Swedmar Working Paper 25/99. 27 pp. Department of Marine Zoology, Göteborg University. Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in the 1999/2000 season at Inhaca and Portuguese islands (Ng, 2001). Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 27

07. MACANETA Compilation: Cristina M. M. Louro. Centro Terra Viva, Maputo. Email: cristinammlouro@gmail.com Contributors: Eduardo J S Videira 1 & Álvaro Costa 2 Email: 1 pipocas99@yahoo.com; 2 ajc_2009@yahoo.com.br Sources: Louro (2005) Introduction It is believed that Macaneta beach is an important nesting area for both loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback turtles (Dermochelys olivacea). The adjacent waters constitute a development habitat for green turtles (Chelonia mydas; Hughes, 1971; Louro, 2005). However, conservation and monitoring initiatives in this area are practically inexistent. According to Louro et al. (2006), there used to be a conservation program coordinated by a local tourism operator Jay s. However, no information is available. In 2002 the Project for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Macaneta started, with among several objectives, aimed at protect, monitor and tag marine turtles accidentally caught in fishing nets (Louro et al., 2006). Methodology and Sampling Effort In the 2007/08 season, a monitoring program covered approximately 20 km, between Macaneta 1 (north) and Pontene (south), during the period from September to March. Patrols were conducted daily on foot, early in the morning by three community agents, divided in three zones: Macaneta 1 Hodjana; Hodjana Macaneta 2 and Macaneta 2 Pontene. The following parameters were collected: i) species identification; ii) Presence/absence of tags; iii) Number and location of tags; iv) nest/no nest. Whenever possible, marine turtles captured incidentally in beach seines were tagged. When tagged were tagged, the method of capture and morphometric data was also noted (Louro, 2005). Tags were supplied by the Mozambiqe Marine Turtle Tagging Program and had the following codes MO801 MO820 and MO1051 MO1100. Results Table 7.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, in Macaneta during the 2007/08 season. NI=unidentified species. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - - - - 3 3 28

Table 7.2. Nests laid at Macaneta during the 2007/08 season. NI= unidentified species. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - - - - 1 1 Table 7.3. Cases of stolen eggs at Macaneta during the 2007/08 season. NI= unidentified species. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - - - - 1 1 Table 7.4. Number of marine turtles tagged per species at Macaneta between 2003-2008. Year Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total* 2003-1 1 - - 2 2004-4 1 - - 5 2005 3 8 1 - - 12 Total 3 13 3 19 * List of tags and details in Annex 1. Table 7.5. Mortality of adult marine turtles in Macaneta during the 2007/08 season. Year / Season Species / Location / Cause Total 2007/2008 3 Chelonia mydas caught on beach seines and killed; 1 Dermochelys coriacea caught on a beach seine and chopped up 4 Acknowledgments Fórum para a Natureza em Perigo (FNP) in collaboration with CESVI provided logistical support and implemented the protection and tagging of marine turtles during the 2003-2005 seasons. WWF Moçambique provided logistical and financial support for the 2007/08 monitoring. 29

Marcos A M Pereira Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) captured in a beach seine, killed and consumed by local fishermen. Macaneta, August 2008. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. References Hughes, G. R. (1971). Preliminary report on sea turtles and dugongs in Mozambique. Veterinárina Moçambicana 4 (2): 45-62. Louro, C. M. M. (2004). Programa de marcação de tartarugas marinhas: relatório de Actividades. 4 pp. Grupo de Trabalho de Tartarugas Marinhas. WWF/MCS/CTV/FNP. Louro, C. M. M. (2005) The Mozambique marine turtle tagging programme: preliminary results (2003-2005). Poster presented on the IV WIOMSA Scientific Symposium. 29 th August 03 rd September 2005. Grand Baie. Mauritius. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa. (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Xai-Xai, CDS-ZC- MICOA. 30

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in Macaneta in the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences without nest. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 31

08. MANHIÇA Compilation: Contributors: Marcos A M Pereira, AICM, Maputo. Email: marcospereira@gmx.net Nico Pretorius & António D Matavele, Maragra Açúcar Angling Club Introduction The Manhiça coastline (Machubo and Calanga beaches), between Macaneta and Bilene, has largely been ignored with regards to research, monitoring and conservation of marine turtles. According to information gathered in Calanga (Narane et al., in prep), at least two species nest in this area, the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and other hard-shelled species, probably the loggerhead (Caretta caretta). Other species identified by fishermen as occurring in the area are the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas). This is typical of southern Mozambique as previously reported (Hughes, 1971; Louro et al., 2006). It was also noted (Narane et al., in prep), that the Maragra Açúcar Angling Club, has been carrying out monitoring and education and awareness activities with the local communities, with regards to the protection of nests and adult marine turtles. The results presented in this chapter resulted from this work during the 2007/08 season. Methodology and Sampling Effort Two community members were recruited to patrol the beach, aproximtely 10 km southwest and 10 km northeast of the Maragra Açúcar Angling Club (S25 o 28.560; E32 o 58.297). These look for nests or tracks. The nests are signalled by poles and after the their location is geo-referenced with a GPS, the nests are dissimulated. None of the nesting females were identified. Results Table 8.1 Number of nests laid at Calanga beach Manhiça in the 2007/08 season. NI=unidentified species. Ano / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys NI Total Época caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - - - - 18 18 32

Table 8.2. Number of nests per month laid at Calanga beach Manhiça in the 2007/08 season. Year / Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007/08 4 2 - - - - - - 4 4 4 Nest signalled by poles at Calanga beach Manhiça. Photo: Nico Pretorius. Nico Pretorius Table 8.3. Cases of stolen eggs in Calanga beach Manhiça in the 2007/08 season. NI=unidentified species. Year / Season NI Total 2007/08 3 3 Acknowledgments Thanks are due to the Maragra Açúcar Angling Club, especially to Nico Pretorius and António Matavele, for providing the 2007/08 data and photographs. The staff of Maragra Açúcar SARL, especially Eng o Chemane provided support and encouragement during our visit. The communities and fishermen of Calanga and Matlombe, and local and district authorities provided information and support. 33

Nico Pretorius Marin turtle shell, probably from a loggerhead (Caretta caretta) killed at Calanga beach Machiça. Photo: Nico Pretorius. References Hughes, G.(1971). Referência preliminar às tartarugas marinhas e dugongues de Moçambique. Veterinária de Moçambique, 4: 45-62. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Zonas Costeiras (MICOA). Narane, D. A., E. J. S. Videira & M. A. M. Pereira (in prep). Identificação e mapeamento de habitats e períodos de nidificação de tartarugas marinhas nas províncias de Maputo e Gaza (Rio Incomáti-Chongoene). AICM Relatório de Investigação 2. Maputo, Associação para Investigação Costeira e Marinha. 34

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of the nests laid in Calanga beach - Manhiça during the 2007/08 season. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 35

09. BILENE Compilation: Contributors: Dalila A Narane. AICM, Maputo. Email: dnarane@yahoo.com Eduardo J S Videira 1 & Jeremias A Massango Email: 1 pipocas99@yahoo.com Introduction Similarly to other locations, very few studies were conducted in the Bilene coast. Hatton et al. (1996) superficially mentioned the occurrence of marine turtles in the area and suggested that five species occur: green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Additionally, they reported that two of them, the leatherback and hawksbill, nested with latter needing confirmation. This constitutes thus, the first quantitative report on marine turtle nesting in the Bilene area. Methodology and Sampling Effort Marine turtle monitoring in Bilene initited in 2007/08, with a course on the biology, conservation and tagging and monitoring techniques. This course was held in December 2007 in collaboration with the Center for the Sustainable Development of Coastal Zones (MICOA), and 2 representatives of INAMAR - Bilene, 6 community rangers, 5 rangers of the proposed Bilene Special Reserve, one community leader and 1 police officer attended. (Videira, com. pess.). Beach patrols initiated right after the course and were conducted by the reserve rangers, supervised by the Bilene Port Captain. Patrols were conducted daily, on foot from Praia da Rocha to about 5 km southwest, near Mahati village. Marine turtles were identified, nests confirmed and the location of the nests relative to Praia da Rocha (in km) registered. Patrols also monitored and protected the nests in order to prevent disturbances by the local population or wild animals (Videira, com. pess). Results Table 9.1. Emergences of marine turtles by species, in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochleys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - 2 - - 8* 10 * Caretta caretta (?) 36

Table 9.2. Number of nests by species, laid in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochleys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2007/08 - - 2 - - 7* 9 * Caretta caretta (?) Table 9.3. Unidentified species (Caretta caretta?): number of nests per month, laid in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007/08 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 4 Table 9.4. Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): number of nests per month, laid in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Table 9.5. Number of hatchlings and eggs in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Season N o live hatchlings Eggs laid Hatched eggs N o dead hatchlings Un-hatched eggs Cases of stolen eggs 2007/08 318 349 328 13 40 2 Marcos A M Pereira Partial view of Praia da Rocha, a nesting beach and proposed Special Reserve dedicated to marine turtle protection. Bilene, July 2008. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. 37

Table 9.6. Number of nests destroyd by natural causes in Bilene, during the 2007/08 season. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochleys NI Total Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/08 - - - - - 1 1 Table 9.7. Mortality of adult marine turtles in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Year / Season Species / Location / Cause Total 2007/08 1 unidentified species (Caretta caretta?), remains found on the beach in Nhabanga; 1 Chelonia mydas found dead on the beach at Praia da Rocha 2 Marcos A M Pereira Remains of a marine turtle found at Nhabanga, Bilene. July 2008. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Mr. Jeremias Augusto Massango (INAMAR-Bilene) and Eduardo J S Videira for providing data and overall support. References Hatton, J., C. Voabil & A. Manjate (1996). Tourism, land use and conflicts. Bilene Xai-Xai Chongoene. In: Lundin, C. G. & O. Lindén (eds.). Proceedings of the National Workshop on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Mozambique. 108-112 pp, Sida SAREC. 38

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in Bilene during the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences with no nest. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 39

10. CABO DE SÃO SEBASTIÃO Compilation: Dalila A Narane, AICM, Maputo. Email: dnarane@yahoo.com Sources: Kyle & Keiser (2007) Introduction The São Sebastião peninsula and adjacent terrestrial area were declared the Cabo de São Sebastião Total Protection Zone in 2003 (Decree 18/2003 of 29 of April). This zone includes a significant marine component were marine turtles are considered common (Kyle & Keyser, 2007). Marine turtles occur in the deep sea, off the eastern shore, as well as in the shallow, more protected waters of the western shore. The loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles have been seen in the area. It is also possible that the olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles occur in the area. This needs to be confirmed (Kyle & Keiser, 2007). There are reports that nesting occurs in the eastern shore of the peninsula, both to the north and south of the São Sebastião lighthouse. Kyle & Keiser (2007) reported based on interviews that nesting occurs in the lighthouse area in the summer months. Two species were mentioned, the leatherback and probably the loggerhead, since the later nests on the mainland, south of Vilankulos and on Bazaruto Archipelago (Kyle & Keiser, 2007). Methodology and Sampling Effort Kyle & Keiser (2007), visited the area in 2005 and 2006, and obtained general information on marine turtle occurrence and nesting through interviews and visits to the potential nesting beaches. Marine turtle monitoring in the São Sebastião peninsula started in the 2007/08 season after a course on the biology, conservation, and monitoring and tagging techniques held in January 2008. A representative of the administration, guards and sailors of this conservation area attended the course as well as members of the local community, in a total of 17 participants. The monitoring initiated immediately after the course and conducted by eight people from the local community, which attended the course. Patrols were done daily, on foot, from the São Sebastião lighthouse to Muravane, to the north, and to Nhaxindlane, to the south (within the limits of the conservation area). During the patrols signalled with poles and whenever possible the GPS coordinates were taken. 40

This area received tagging material from Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife South Africa (Kyle & Keiser, 2007) and also from the Mozambique Marine Turtle Tagging Program (tags with the following code series were supplied MO851 MO900). However, no information is available on marine turtle tagging in the area. Results Table 10.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, in Cabo de São Sebastião, during the 2006/08. seasons NI=unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2005/06 - - 4 - - 20* 24 2006/07 - - - - - - - 2007/08 1 2 - - - 1 4 Total 1 2 4 21 28 * Maximum figures estimated by Kyle & Keiser (2007), possibly Caretta caretta. Varied between 10 and 20. Table 10.2. Number of nests by species, laid in Cabo de São Sebastião, during the 2006/08 seasons. NI= unidentified species. Year/Season Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2005/06 5-2 - - - 7 2006/07 - - - - - - - 2007/08 1 - - - - 1* 2 Total 6 2 1 9 * Dermochelys coriacea (?). Table 10.3. Nests laid per month in Cabo de São Sebastião, during the 2007/08 season. NI= unidentified species. Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Caretta caretta - - 1 - - - - - - - - - NI - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Total 1 1 Table 10.4. Number of nests destroyed by natural causes in Cabo de São Sebastião between 2005/08. NI=unidentified species. Year/Season Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2005/06 - - - - - - - 2006/07 - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - Total - - - - - 1 1 Table 10.5. Mortality of adult marine turtles in Cabo de São Sebastião during 2006/08. Year/Season Species / Location / Causes Total 2006/07 1 Chelonia mydas found dead on the beach 1 2007/08 1 Caretta caretta found dead on the beach 1 Total 2 41

Ângelo Francisco Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) found dead on the eastern shore (facing the ocean) of the São Sebastião peninsula in January 2008. Photo: Ângelo Francisco. Acknowledgements To the administration of the Cabo de São Sebastião Total Protection and Dugongo Lodge our thanks for the logistical support during data collection. References Kyle, S. & M. Keyser (2007). A status report on marine turtles at Vilanculos Sanctuary, Mozambique. A brief to Vilanculos Sanctuary Management. 8 pp, KwaNgwanase. 42

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in the Península de São Sebastião during the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences without nest. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 43

11. PARQUE NACIONAL DO ARQUIPÉLAGO DO BAZARUTO Compilation: Dalila A Narane. AICM, Maputo. Email: dnarane@yahoo.com Contributors: PNAB & Eduardo J S Videira 1 1 Email: pipocas99@yahoo.com Sources: Videira & Louro (2003); Videira (2005) Introduction Five species of marine turtles occur in the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park (BANP; Hughes, 1974). Of these, it has been confirmed that four nest in the area (Pereira & Videira, 2007), namely the loggerhead (Careta caretta), leatherback (Dermohelys coriacea), green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). The conservation of these reptiles was one of the main objectives for the proclamation of the park in 1971 (DNAC, 2002). Work on marine turtles initiated around 1994, when the monitoring started (Pereira & Videira, 2007). Few studies on marine turtles were conducted in the BANP. Therefore, there is a need address aspects of the biology and ecology of these reptiles within the BANP (Pereira & Videira, 2007). The local population in the past heavely exploited marine turtles and their eggs for human consumption. This, however, improved substantially due to the conservation activities carried out by the park authorities since 1989 (DNAC, 2002). Currently it is believed that no turtles are directly targeted, with some of them being accidentally caught in fishing gear. Usually, these are released (Pereira & Videira, 2007). It is also believed that the marine turtle population in the archipelago is much lower that what it used to be when the park was proclaimed due to factors such as an increase in the artisanal and industrial fisheries, both in the archipelago and surrounding areas, added to illegal fishing by foreign long-liners (Videira, 2005). Methodology and Sampling Effort Since 1994, the marine turtle monitoring in the BANP is conducted by the park rangers (Videira & Magane, 2007). Early in the morning, during the nesting and hatching seasons (October to March), park rangers patrol the eastern shores of the islands (mainly Bazaruto, Benguérua and Magaruque). The nests and/or tracks are marked, dissimulated and controlled daily. Whenever possible the identification is done from the track and later confirmed after hatching (Videira & Magane, 2007). Upon hatching the following data are collected: i) species identification; ii) number of hatched eggs; iii) number of un-hatched eggs; iv) number of eggs laid; and v) total number of dead hatchlings. The majority of the data presented here (relative to the 1994/95 to 2002/03 seasons) were compiled and analysed by Videira & Louro (2003), from monitoring forms available at the BANP. 44

Results Table 11.1. Marine turtle emergences by species in the BANP during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Caretta Chelonia Lepidochelys Dermochelys Eretmochelys NI Total Season Caretta mydas olivacea coreacea imbricata 2006/07 7 3-1 - 9 20 2007/08 1 - - 1 1 9 12 Total 8 3-2 1 18 32 Year/ Season Table 11.2. Number of nests by species, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. NI=unidentified species. Caretta Caretta Chelonia mydas Dermochelys coriacea Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea 1994/95 19-4 - - - 23 1995/96 - - - - - - - 1996/97 9 2 - - 1-12 1997/98 6 2 2 2 - - 12 1998/99 6 4-2 1-13 1999/00 14 5 5 1 - - 25 2000/01 11 2 5 2 - - 20 2001/02 4 7 3 2 1-17 2002/03 5 1 - - - 5 11 2003/04 9 4 2 1 3-19 2004/05 5 8 1 1 1 2 18 2005/06 2 4 0 - - 10 16 2006/07 7 3 1 - - 9 20 2007/08 1-1 1-7 10 Total 98 42 24 12 7* 34 217 * Needs confirmation. NI Total Table 11.3. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 1 - - - - - - - - - 9 9 1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 6 1997/98 - - - - - - - - - 3 1 1 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - - 6 1999/00 - - - - - - - - - - 2 12 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - 1 7 3 2001/02 1 - - - - - - - - - 3-2002/03 2 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 2003/04-1 - - - - - - - - - 8 2004/05 - - - - - - - - - - 1 4 2005/06 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2006/07 - - - - - - - - - - 5 2 2007/08 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - Total 5 2 3 - - - - - - 5 29 52 45

Table 11.4. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas): number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1997/98 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 1999/00 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 3 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2001/02 2 1 - - - - - - - 1-3 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2003/04-1 - - 1 - - - - - - 2 2004/05-1 - - - - - - - - 2 5 2005/06 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2006/07 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - - Total 6 3 - - 1 - - - - 1 10 20 Table 11.5. Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea?): number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - 1-1997/98 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - 1-1999/00 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2001/02 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2003/04-1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2004/05 - - - - - - - - - - 1-2005/06 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2006/07 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - - Total - 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 Table 11.6. Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - 1 3-1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1997/98-1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1999/00 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - - 3 2 2001/02 - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2003/04-1 - - - - - - - - - 1 2004/05 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2005/06 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2006/07 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 2007/08 1 - - - - - - - - - - - Total 3 2 1 - - - - - - 1 10 7 46

Table 11.7. Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1997/98 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1999/00 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2001/02 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2002/03 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2003/04 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2004/05 - - - - - - - - - - 1-2005/06 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2006/07 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Total 2 - - - - - - - - - 5 5 Table 11.8. Unidentified species: number of nests per month, laid in the BANP between 1994-2008. Year/Season Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1994/95 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1997/98 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1998/99 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1999/00 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2000/01 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2001/02 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2002/03 4 - - - - - - - - - 1-2003/04 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2004/05 - - - - - - - - - - 2-2005/06 - - - - - - - - - - 10-2006/07 - - 1 - - - - - - - 6 2 2007/08 2 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 Total 6 1 2 - - - - - - - 21 4 Table 11.9. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP between 1996-2007. Year / Season Eggs laid Hatched eggs Un-hatched eggs Live hatchlings Dead hatchlings 1996/97 257 237 20 228 9 1997/98 236 113 123 112 1 1998/99 - - - - - 1999/00 317 181 136 170 11 2000/01 1060 845 215 516 329 2001/02 340 256 84 221 35 2002/03 405 399 6 392 7 2003/04 320 298 219 281 17 2004/05 573 502 71 483 19 2005/06 91 60 31 55 5 2006/07 532 451 81 419 32 Total 4131 3342 986 2877 465 47

Table 11.10. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas): number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP between 1996-2007. Year / Season Eggs laid Hatched eggs Un-hatched eggs Live hatchlings Dead hatchlings 1996/97 168 73 95 67 6 1997/98 - - - - - 1998/99 - - - - - 1999/00 121 100 21 95 5 2000/01 121 100 21 95 5 2001/02 527 421 106 323 98 2002/03 100 100 0 95 5 2003/04 311 270 40 199 71 2004/05 906 815 87 764 51 2005/06 416 385 31 353 32 2006/07 300 255 45 232 23 Total 2970 2519 446 2223 296 Table 11.11. Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP between 1996/2005. Year/ Season Eggs laid Hatched eggs Un-hatched eggs Live hatchlings Dead hatchlings 1997/98 122 1 121 1-1998/99 93 77 16 75 2 2000/01 179 137 42 129 8 2001/02 166 104 12 80 24 2003/04 100-100 - - 2004/05 100 100-100 - Total 760 419 291 385 34 Table 11.12. Leatherback turtle (Dermochlys coriacea): number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP between 1996/2005. Year/ Season Eggs laid Hatched eggs Un-hatched eggs Live hatchlings Dead hatchlings 1997/98 132-132 - - 2000/01 690 441 249 376 65 2001/02 150 110 40 95 15 2003/04 75 70 5 69 1 2004/05 115 115-114 1 Total 1162 736 426 654 82 Table 11.13. Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea): number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP between 1996/2005. Year/ Season Eggs laid Hatched eggs Un-hatched eggs Live hatchlings Dead hatchlings 1998/99 94 75 19 74 1 2001/02 121 100 21 95 5 2003/04 87 87-80 7 2004/05 89 44 45 44 - Total 391 306 85 293 13 48

Table 11.14. Unidentified species: number of eggs and hatchlings recorded in the BANP during 2002/03. Eggs Hatched Un-hatched Live Dead Year/Season laid eggs eggs hatchlings hatchlings 2002/03 135 132 3 130 2 Table 11.15. Number of turtles tagged in the BANP between 2004-2007. Year Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea Total 2004-15 - - - 15 2005 3 19-3 - 25 2006-5 - 2-7 2007-2 - - - 2 Total 3 41-5 - 49 Table 11.16. Number of nests destroyed by natural causes and/or robbed in the BANP between 1994-2008. NI=unidentified species. Year/ Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata NI Total 1994/95 - - - - - - 1995/96 - - - - - - 1996/97 - - - - - - 1997/98 - - - 1-1 1998/99 4 1 - - - 5 1999/00 4 2 1 - - 7 2000/01 3-1 - - 4 2001/02-1 - - - 1 2002/03-1 - - 3 4 2003/04 4 1 1 1-7 2004/05 1 - - - 2 3 2005/06-1 - - - 1 2006/07 1 3 - - 2 6 2007/08 1-1 1 7 10 Total 18 10 4 2 15 49 Table 11.17. Mortality of adult marine turtles in the BANP between 2000-2008. Year Species / Location / Cause Total 2000 1 unidentified turtle; found at Bazaruto island. 1 2001 1 Eretmochelys imbricata, beheaded found at Bazaruto island. 1 2002 1 unidentified species killed by sharks, Bazaruto island. 1 2003 42 Chelonia mydas beheaded found throughout the BANP, killed by longliners (?); 1 Chelonia mydas found at Magaruque island. 2004 1 Caretta caretta, captured in a fishing trap (gamboa) and killed by the local population in Bazaruto island; 1 Chelonia mydas, Bazaruto island. 43 2 2006 1 Chelonia mydas, Bazaruto island. 1 2008 1 Chelonia mydas found dead at Bazaruto island. 1 Total 50 49

Acknowledgements Thanks to the BANP administration for the logistical support and for making their human and material resources to collect data. Also for clarifying some of the data on marine turtles. Eduardo J S Videira, thanks for the support and clarification in data analysis. References Hughes, G.R. (1974). The sea turtles of southeast Africa I. Status, morphology and distributions. Oceanographic Research Institute Investigational Report, 35. DNAC (2002). Plano de maneio: Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto 2002-2006. DNAC/DNFFB/WWF/EWT. 116 pp. Maputo. Videira, E. J. S. & C. M. M. Louro (2003). Análise dos estdos feitos no Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto. 107 pp. Maputo, BICO/FNP. Pereira, M. A. M. & E. J. S. Videira (2007). Relatório de especialidade: ecologia marinha. Revisão do Plano de Maneio do Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto. 40 pp, Maputo, DNAC. Videira, E. J. S. (2005). Análise das monitorias de ninhos de tartarugas marinhas (1995-2005) do Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto. 17 pp, Maputo. Videira, E. J. S. & S. Magane (2007). Programa para monitoria e mitigação dos impactos das prospecções sísmicas sobre as tartarugas marinhas no Parque Nacional do Arquipélago do Bazaruto (PNAB). Relatório sinal submetido a Consultec/Sasol. 17 pp. Maputo, Fórum para a Natureza em Perigo. Eduardo J S Videira Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) captured in a beach seining net, tagged and released in Zenguelemo. Bazaruto Island, November 2004. Photo: Eduardo J S Videira. 50

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park during the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences with no nest. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 51

12. ILHAS PRIMEIRAS E SEGUNDAS Compilation: Contributors: Eduardo J S Videira, AICM, Maputo. Email: pipocas99@yahoo.com Alice C D Costa 1 & Associação dos Pescadores Artesanais de Angoche 1 Email: adabulacosta@wwf.org.mz Sources: João (2006) Introduction Few studies and monitoring programs were conducted on Primeiras and Segundas islands. The distribution of marine turtles throughout the country (Hughes, 1971; Louro et al., 2006; Costa et al., 2007) suggests that the following species occur in the area near the islands: loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). However, local fishermen only identified the last three (Sitoe, 2006). Hughes (1971), suggested that the Primeiras islands was the largest nesting area for green turtles in Mozambique, especially Fogo island, Casuarina and Epidendron. Beside green turtles, two other species might nests in the area, the hawksbill and olive Ridley (Costa et al., 2007). According to local fishermen, these three species nest on Segundas islands (Caldeira, Mafamede, Puga-Puga and Njovo; Sitoe, 2006). The nesting period in the area has not been adequately identified. João (2006) reported that it runs from June to November, nevertheless the majority of local fishermen interviewed said that the nesting period goes from August to December (with a peak in November). Some of them also declared that marine turtle nesting lasts all year long (Sitoe, 2006). Therefore, the nesting period should run throughout the year, with some peaks similarly to what happens further north in Vamizi island (Hill & Garnier, 2004). Monitoring and tagging activities in the area initiated in 2005 (João, 2006), althugh marine turtle protection and conservation started in 2002/03 and have been carried out ever since. Activities are especially implemented in Segundas islands (Mafamede, Puga-Puga, Njovo and Caldeira) by community guards of the Associação dos Pescadores Artesanais de Angoche (APAA) with financial support from WWF Moçambique. Methodology and Sampling Effort At the beginning of the protection, monitoring and tagging program in 2005, 28 community guards were trained by Mr. José João, in identification, monitoring and tagging techniques. A continuous follow-up was done from July 2005 to June 2006 on Puga-Puga, Mafamede and Njovo islands. Nests were counted, species identified and nesting females or other turtles caught on fishing nests were tagged (João, 2006). In December 2007, another course on the biology, identification, monitoring and tagging of marine turtles was taught to the guards. In this occasion, tagging information was gathered. No data on nesting was available as the guards keep these in their personal 52

logbooks. Only tagging data is registered in forms and sent to WWF s central office in Maputo. Results Table 12.1 Number of nests by species, laid in the Segundas islands in 2005. Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Year / caretta mydas coriacea Season 2005 20* * 12 in Puga-puga, 5 in Njovo and 3 in Mafamede. Eretmochelys imbricata - Lepidochelys olivacea - Total 20 Table 12.2. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas): number of nests laid per month in the Segundas islands in 2005. Year / Season 2005 Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun - Jul 3 Aug 4 Sep 7 Oct 6 Nov - Dec - Table 12.3. Number of marine turtles tagged by species i the Segundas islands, between 2005-2007. Year / Season 2005 2006 2007 Total Caretta caretta - Chelonia mydas 42 15 65 122 Dermochelys coriacea - Eretmochelys imbricata 2 2 7 11 Lepidochelys olivacea - NI Total 5 5 44 17 77 138 Marcos A M Pereira Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tagged in Puga-Puga island. July 2007. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. Acknowledgements Especial thanks to WWF Moçambique, Associação dos Pescadores Artesanais de Angoche (APAA) and Mr. Sabino Omar and Faustino Atumane for all the support during my trips to Angoche and in particular during the course. Thanks are also due to the community guards that collected the data. 53

References Costa, A., H. Motta, M. A. M. Pereira, E. J. S. Videira, C. M. M. Louro & J. João (2007). Marine turtles in Mozambique: towards an effective conservation and management program. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 117: 1-3. Hill, N. & J. Garnier. (2004). Marine turtle programme 2004. 28pp. Cabo Delgado Biodiversity and Tourism Project, Pemba. Hughes, G. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4 (2): 45-62. João, J. (2006). Estabelecimento de um programa de marcação e monitoria de tartarugas marinhas nas Ilhas Segundas (Angoche) e Arquipélago das Quirimbas. Apresentação feita no 1º Workshop sobre a conservação de tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. Maputo, 22-23 de Novembro 2006. Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa. (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42 pp. Xai-Xai, CDS-ZC- MICOA. Sitoe, N. E. S. (2006). Nidificação, captura acidental, abundância e níveis de protecção de tartarugas marinhas, na costa de Angoche e Moma, Província de Nampula. 45 pp. Trabalho de culminação do curso. Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo. Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Map showing Mafamede and Puga-Puga islands and nests laid during the 2005/07 seasons. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 54

13. PARQUE NACIONAL DAS QUIRIMBAS Compilation: Contributors: Sources: Eduardo J S Videira. AICM, Maputo. Email: pipocas99@yahoo.com Alice C D Costa 1 & Parque Nacional das Quirimbas 1 Email: adabulacosta@wwf.org.mz Costa (2007a) Introduction Costa (2007a) identified three species of marine turtle in the Quirimbas National Park (QNP): the green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), the green turtle being the most common. The loggerhead (Caretta caretta) could also occur, given its distribution throughout the country (Hughes, 1971; Louro et al., 2006; Costa et al., 2007). Nests of the green, hawksbill and olive Ridley have been confirmed in the park and the season runs from October to May (Costa, 2007a). Costa (2007a) also reported that turtles mating are a common sight in the park, especially close to Ibo Island around August to September. Thirteen beaches have been identified within the QNP, as suitable for marine turtle nesting; this includes both islands and the mainland (Costa, 2007b). Marine turtle monitoring and tagging activities initiated in 2006, after some rangers underwent training (João, 2006), although protection and conservation activities started in 2002 after the park s proclamation. These activities have been conducted ever since. Methodology and Sampling Effort Park rangers stationed at selected places with marine turtle occurrence (especially islands) record nesting and tagging data. These are then sent to the park office in Pemba. The main islands were there is ongoing monitoring are Quirimba, Matemo, Sencar, Ibo e Quilalea. Quirimba island has three nesting beaches: Paquissico Tchawane (1100 m), Lemani (500 m) and Miocho Matato (400 m). Matemo also has three fine beaches for nesting, namely Muanacomo (2 km), Palussansa and Praia de Matemo. On Ibo Island there are two suitable beaches Ponta Mujaca (1400 m) and Paloco (900 m), although no nest has been recorded so far. In Sencar, a small island, there are three beaches with good nesting properties: Quissico Tchawane (50 m), Nalala (50 m) and the beach on the western side of the island (10 m). Quilalea has a very small nesting beach (Costa, 2007a). Costa (2007a) presented monitoring and tagging data obtained from July 2006 to May 2007. Subsequent data presented here, were supplied by WWF-Moçambique. 55

Results Table 13.1. Marine turtle emergences by species, in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2006/07-7 - 7 1 7 22 2007/08-16 - 1-10 27 Total - 23-8 1 17 49 Table 13.2. Number of nests by species, laid in the Quirimbas National Park, during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea NI Total 2006/07-7 - 7 1 5 20 2007/08-9 - 1-4 14 Total - 16-8 1 9 34 Table 13.3. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas): number of nests per month, laid in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Season Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez 2006/07 - - - - 6 - - - - - - - 2007/08 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - Total 1 1 1-6 - - - - - - - Table 13.4. Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): number of nests per month, laid in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Season Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez 2006/07 - - - - 6 - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - - Total 6 Table 13.5. Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea): number of nests per month, laid in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Season Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez 2006/07 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2007/08 - - - - - - - - - - - - Total - - - - 1 - - - - - - - Table 13.6. Unidentified species: number of nests per month, laid in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Season Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez 2006/07 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 3 2007/08-1 - - - - - - - - 1 - Total - 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 3 56

Table 13.7. Number of eggs and hatchlings by species, in the Quirimbas National Park during the 2006/08 seasons. Data from 8 nests. Year / Season Parameter Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata NI Total Hatched eggs - - - - 2006/07 Un-hatched eggs - - - - N o dead hatchlings - - - - N o live hatchlings - 140 62 202 Hatched eggs 180 67 95 680 2007/08 Un-hatched eggs 45 10-55 N o dead hatchlings 9 - - 9 N o live hatchlings 211 130-616 Table 14.8. Number of nests destroyed by natural causes in the Quirimbas National Park, during the 2006/08 seasons. NI=unidentified species. Year / Season Chelonia mydas NI 2006/07 2-2007/08-2 Total 2 2 Table 13.9: Number of marine turtles tagged by species in the Quirimbas Nacional Park during the 2007/08 season. Year / Caretta Chelonia Dermochelys Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Total NI Season caretta mydas coriacea imbricata olivacea 2007/2008-25* - - - - 25* *all turtles caught in a fishing trap (gamboa) on 11 December 2007 at Quirimba Island. Table 13.10. Mortality of adult marine turtles in the Quirimbas National Park, during the 2006/08 seasons. Year / Species / Location / Cause Total Season 2006/2007 1 Lepidochelys olivacea, caught in fishing net at Matemo Island. 1 unidentified turtle; pieces found on the beach at Ibo Island. 2 2007/2008 5 Chelonia mydas found in Matemo island, without flipper (attacked by sharks?) 5 Chelonia mydas found beheaded in Matemo Island (longliners?) 3 Chelonia mydas found in Matemo Island 1 Chelonia mydas found beheaded and without flipper Sencar Island (longliners/sharks?) 17 1 Lepidochelys olivacea found in Matemo island, without flipper (attacked by sharks?) 1 Lepidochelys olivacea found at Matemo Island 1 Eretmochelys imbricata found beheaded in Matemo Island (longliners?) Total 19 Acknowledgements Especial thanks go to the Parque Nacional das Quirimbas and WWF Moçambique for the data supplied. To the park s rangers (especially Mr. Race, Dade and Ibirica) involved in data collection, thanks very much. 57

Marcos A M Pereira The Quirimbas National Park possesses few appropriate nesting beaches for marine turtles. Quirimba Island, August 2007. Photo: Marcos A M Pereira. References Costa, A., H. Motta, M. A. M. Pereira, E. J. S. Videira, C. M. M. Louro & J. João. (2007). Marine turtles in Mozambique: towards an effective conservation and management program. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 117: 1-3. Costa, A. (2007a) Marine turtle conservation in Quirimbas National Park, Cabo Delgado. Costa, A. (2007b). Report 1: The status and management of marine turtles in the Quirimbas National Park. Technical report 13 pp. WWF, Maputo. CSA International. (2007). Reconhecimento aéreo de mamíferos marinhos e tartarugas marinhas na concessão do bloco do Rovuma e Parque Nacional das Quirimbas, Moçambique. Vol.3 parte A: Relatório do estudo de impacto ambiental do projecto de pesquisa sísmica em aguas profundas (offshore) na área 1 da bacia do Rovuma, Província de cabo delgado. 35pp. CSA International & Impacto. Hughes, G. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Moçambique. Veterinária Moçambicana, 4: 45-62. João, J. (2006). Estabelecimento de um programa de marcação e monitoria de tartarugas marinhas nas Ilhas Segundas (Angoche) e Arquipélago das Quirimbas. Apresentação feita no 1º Workshop sobre a conservação de tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. Clube Naval (22-23 de Novembro). Louro, C. M. M., M. A. M. Pereira & A. C. D. Costa. (2006). Relatório sobre o estado de conservação das tartarugas marinhas em Moçambique. 42pp. MICOA CDSZC, Maputo. 58

Unidentified species Caretta caretta Dermochelys coriacea Chelonia mydas Eretmochelys imbricata Lepidochelys olivacea Location of nests laid in the Quirimbas National Park, during the 2007/08 season. Symbols in yellow represent nests, while those in white represent emergences with no nest. Map adapted by Marcos A M Pereira from GoogleEarth. 59