The final exam is not comprehensive it will cover all the material since the second test. Finish Birds today and start mammals on Wed.. Scott will be back on Friday Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class AVES about 9 703 species of birds -23 orders, -142 families and -2,057 genera (Sibley and Monroe 1992). Birds can be found on all major land masses from the poles to the tropics as well as in or over all our seas and oceans and their accompanying islands. The total number of birds on the planet is very difficult to estimate because their populations fluctuate seasonally, but scientists have suggested that there may be between 100,000 and 200,000 million adult or near adult birds on the planet at any one time. Of these the most common or populous wild bird in the world is the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) from south of the Sahara in Africa. These birds are so prolific that they are serious pests of grain and millions are killed at roost sites every year in a vain attempt to control their Bird Characters -Semi-solid urine (mostly Uric Acid, opening into cloaca - junction of waste and repro organs. -External incubation of the amniotic egg - much yolk and hard calcareous shell. -High efficiency respiratory system: Check the diagram on page 355 that shows the general respiratory system of a bird. -Temperature of Birds is approx 101 F. (Bacteria do not grow at this temperature).
-Feathers. Downy - insulation Flight - Lift - go over lift and how feathers produce lift. Contour - streamline and protection. Migrations Many birds are migratory. These include (O. Anseriformes Geese and ducks, O. Passeriformes - Songbirds, O. Falconiformes - Hawks and Falcons) Many of our songbirds migrate all the way to the central neotropics, taking up residency in the tropical rain forests for the Northern Winter. There they feed, hang out, and under go a molt before the trip back to the north for the spring mating season. The perigrine falcon also migrates all the way to the Andes of Argentina and Chile from Northern Canada! How do birds navigate? Those that have been studied by Steven Emlen have been shown to use both the stars and the north star axis and the sun to find their way. There is also evidence of geomagnetic direction finding. O. Galliformes - characters. Examples. Chicken, Pheasant. Quail. O. Struthioniformes - characters. Examples. Ostrich - Africa - Rhea in South America O. Anseriformes - Ducks and Geese. characters. Examples. Andean Torrent Duck O. Falconiformes - Falcons, hawks, and vultures. characters. Examples O. Passeriformes - Perching Birds. Characters. Examples O. Chadriformes - The Shore Birds
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia About 4450 species of mammals are extant today. I forget the exact number that Don Wilson from the Smithsonian has state is the real number of extant species. Main characters: -Hair. -Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands. -Seven Cervical Vertebrae (except in some Xenarthrans) -Mouth with diphyodont teeth (decidious teeth) -Most with heterodont dentition (variable teeth types incisors, canines, premolars, molars) -Moveable eyelids -Pinnae - -RBC s biconcave non-nucleated -Metanephric kidney - usually opening into bladder. -Mammary glands Young are nourished from milk produced from these glands -Endothermic Homeotherms - -Separate sexes Hair and mammary glands are the two major synapomorphies of Class Mammalia. Mammals are endotherms and homeotherms, meaning that they produce their own body heat, and keep their temperature at a constant level.
Mammals have altricial young this is especially evident in humans. -Teeth: Mammalian teeth are highly diversified and specialized. -Secondary Palate for Holding Prey: Mammals have a secondary palate, meaning that they can hold something in their mouth while breathing. -Brains: They also have large brains, and biconcave red blood cells without nuclei. In mammals sex determination is by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. -Mammals have internal fertilization. In most cases (except marsupials in which the young crawls out of the vagina into the pouch), the larva and young develop in the uterus. -Mammals have sweat glands, which secrete salt water. These are used to evaporate water, cooling the animal down. -Mammals also have scent glands. These glands are very noticeable in some animals, such as skunks. -Many mammals also have antlers and horns. There are three types of horns and antlers. The first kind are the true horns, in which the core of the horn in bone. This is found in animals such as sheep and cattle. -Antlers are entirely made of bone. They develop under the skin, and are shed every year. Finally, the rhinoceros-like horn is made of hair-like keratin filaments. There are about 4450 species of mammals. Every species has a different set of teeth. Most mammals are rodents, which possess a characteristic set of teeth. There are 21 orders of mammals. Of these, 19 are placental. The two exceptions are as follows.
Phylogeny of the Mammalia Bio. Sci. 112
Tachyglossus Classification and Biology Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria Infraclass Ornithodelphia (bird womb animals - the monotremes) Order: Monotremata (single hole - have a cloaca) These include the duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus and the spiny anteater (Tachyglossus). Monotremes lay eggs, and nurse their young with mammary glands. Australian, New Guinea, Tasmania.
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (after beast) Order: Marsupalia (little pouched animals) Marsupial Mammals characterized by an abdominal pouch (marsupium) in which young are reared. Most species in Australia with several genera in the Neotropics and one invader into the nearctic region. Several genera: Didelphis, Monodelphis, Thylamys, Micoureus, Marmosa, Didelphis virginianus is the most well-known North American species but other species like Marmosa occur in Mexico as far north as coastal Jalisco. Chironectes occurs from far south in the Andes up into Mexico.
-- Infraclass Eutheria (True beast) The viviparous placental mammals. O. Insectivora - Moles and shrews (Blarina spp., Sorex spp., Scapanus) -teeth are insectivorous type. Sharp and no carnassial type of teeth in the molar region -moles -shrews
Solenodon - from Cuba and Haiti - almost extinct. Scapanus townsendi Shrew
Mole O. Carnivora - Families Felidae,
Canidae, Ursidae,
Mustelidae - skunk, bagers, otters -carnivorous, well developed canines and carnassial cheek teeth - premolars adapted for biting through spinal chord of prey, also for cutting bone and muscle.
O. Rodentia - Ctenomyidae, Geomyidae, Muridae, Erythyzontidae, Heteromyidae, Zapodidae, Sciuridae 2 incisors South American Evolution. Talk about the connection with Africa / South America and arrival of rodents 38 million years ago from a presumed African origin. -discuss the origin of the main lineages of rodents in north america and south america. 1. Muroids 2. Geomyoids 3. Caviomorpha - Hystricognaths 4. Sciurids 5. Zapodids Voles, lemmings are Arvicolidae.
O. Lagomorpha - Rabbits, Hares, Pikas (F. Ochotonidae, F. Leporidae). 4 incisors 2 big 2 small O. Xenarthra Sloths Anteaters armadillos - very old, occurring in South America. A group that went extinct in north america after an origin in south and subsequent invasion of the north. - - - Page 2. Last Paragraph. To generate a picture of each of the groups of mammals that play a part in the scenario of host-parasite evolution in South America, - include a detailed summary and analysis of the major events in South American Mammal diversification. Origin and diversification of the South American land mammals.
-Marsupials. Age, time of first entry to South America, diversification and subsequent vicariance due to continental drift, and dispersal to the north. -Rodents of the Suborder Hystricognathi. Age, time of first entry to South America, why they were not in South America before 38 MYA. Where they came from, antilles, Africa? Subsequent diversification, and dispersal to the north. When did the aspidoderids transfer into this group? -Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. Age, time of first entry into South America, subsequent adaptive diversification, origin in North America. -Xenarthra. Age, time of first appearance in South America, diversification and subsequent vicariance due to continental drift, and dispersal to the north. This will provide the proposal reviewer a time-frame and give them a foundation for the work that you propose to do with the parasites of these groups.