Domain Archaea Extremophiles: Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Some Representative Groups of Prokaryotes Genus Sulfolobus thermophiles (>70 C) found in acidic (ph 2) sulfur-rich hot springs Genus Halobacterium halophiles: require minimum 9%NaCl, typical 25%+ red-orange pigments for UV protection Methanogens: Genus Methanobacterium produce methane: organic acids or CO 2,+ H 2 CH 4 obligate anaerobes found in human & animal colons, ocean sediments useful in sewage treatment Domain Bacteria Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria Phototrophic Bacteria Class Cyanobacteria aquatic Chlorophyll a, oxygenic photosynthesis nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium unicellular and colonial filamentous forms Genus common designation: Green sulfur bacteria aquatic Bacteriochlophyll a + c, anoxygenic photosynthesis: H 2 S as electron donor Genus common designation: Green non-sulfur bacteria aquatic Bacteriochlophylls a + c, anoxygenic photosynthesis: organics as electron donor Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus common designation: Purple sulfur bacteria aquatic Bacteriochlorophyll a or b, anoxygenic photosynthesis: H 2 S as electron donor Genus common designation: Purple non-sulfur bacteria aquatic Bacteriochlorophyll a or b, anoxygenic photosynthesis: organics as electron donor Other Gram Negative Bacteria Genus Zoogloea aerobic sewage treatment form precipitating flocs Genus Cytophaga in soil motility via gliding degrade cellulose and chitin Genus Wolbachia most common infectious bacterial genus live inside cells of invertebrates, passed to offspring in eggs bacterial genes expressed by host: may contribute to evolution of insects Genus Bdellovibrio motile: single polar flagella pathogen of Gram negative bacteria reproduces in periplasm lysing host cell Genus Myxococcus motile via slime trails digest bacteria low nutrients: aggregate to form a fruiting body myxospores Genus Acetobacter & Genus Glucanobacter industrially important ethanol acetic acid Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 2 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Azospirillum symbiosis with roots of tropical grass & corn nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium Genus Rhizobium & Genus Bradyrhizobium symbiosis: forms nodules on roots of legumes nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium Genus Azotobacter & Genus Azomonas large, capsulated grows free in soil but requires carbohydrates nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium Genus Nitrobacter important to environment & agriculture nitrification: ammonium to nitrite Genus Nitrosomonas important to environment & agriculture nitrification: nitrite to nitrate Genus Agrobacterium invades plant cells causes plant galls (tumors) via insertion of plasmid into plant DNA plasmid: useful in genetic engineering Genus Rickettsia obligate intracellular parasite of mammal cells induces phagocytosis, replicates in host cells transmitted via biting insects (lice, fleas, ticks) human disease: spotted fevers from damaged capillaries (epidemic typhus, endemic murine typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever) Genus Ehrlichia obligate intracellular parasite inside leukocytes transmitted via tick bite human disease: ehrlichiosis Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Brucella obligate parasite of mammals survives phagocytosis contagious, serious livestock disease: abortion, infertility, lameness, weight loss human disease: brucellosis (undulant fever) Genus Chlamydia obligate intracellular pathogen transmitted by contact or airborne respiratory route human disease: trachoma, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) Genus Chlamydophila obligate intracellular pathogen transmitted by contact or airborne respiratory route human disease: psittacosis (ornithosis), pneumonia Genus Haemophilus on human mucous membranes obligate pathogen: requires hemoglobin for cytochromes human diseases: meningitis, epiglotitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, chancroid, septic arthritis, otitis media, conjunctivitis Genus Bordetella human disease: whooping cough/pertussis Genus Neisseria on mucus membranes of mammals human diseases: gonorrhoea, meningitis Genus Vibrio curved rod in costal waters, transmitted in raw/undercooked shellfish human disease: cholera Genus Helicobacter human disease: peptic ulcers, stomach cancer Genus Eikenella in human mouth and upper respiratory tract human disease: fight bite infections Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Burkholderia motile: single polar flagellum degrade 100+ organics common resident of moist soil common contaminant of equipment and drugs in hospitals can grow in disinfectants human disease: melioidosis Genus Pseudomonas motile: polar flagella common in soil: can denitrify produce water soluble pigments can grow at 4 C: food spoilage metabolize wide variety of substrates: e.g. soap, adhesives, antiseptics antibiotic resistant infections in immunocompromised patients, cystic fibrosis patients causes 10% of all nosocomial infections: UTI, wound infections, burn infections, blood infections, abscesses, meningitis hot tub rash, swimmers ear Genus Campylobacter animal disease: spontaneous abortion human disease: gastroenteritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome Genus Bartonella transmitted via cat saliva & feces human disease: cat-scratch disease Genus Francisella small, pleomorphic grow in complex media transmitted via saliva, urine, feces from rabbits & squirrels, biting insects human disease: tularemia Genus Spirillum spiral, motile: polar flagella in fresh water transmitted via rodent bite or fecal contamination human disease: rat bite fever Genus Legionella live in aquatic amoeba in fresh water contaminant of industrial AC systems human disease: Legionnaire s disease Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Treponema spirochete: motility via axial filaments human pathogen: syphilis Genus Borrelia spirochete: motility via axial filaments transmitted via tick from rodents human disease: Lyme disease, relapsing fever Genus Leptospira spirochete: motility via axial filaments transmitted via animal urine contaminated water human disease: Leptospirosis Order Enterobacteriales: Common name The Enterics -facultative anaerobes -peritrichously flagellated -ferment carbohydrates -have fimbriae -sex pili: exchange antibiotic resistance -produce bacteriocins Genus Escherichia one of the most common bacteria in human GI most studied organism in microbiology some human disease: traveler s diarrhea, UTIs Genus Salmonella common flora of poultry, cattle, reptiles human disease: salmonellosis, typhoid fever Genus Shigella in humans only human disease: shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) Genus Klebsiella in soil & water can fix nitrogen human disease: pneumonia Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 6 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Serratia red pigment for UV protection contaminant of hospital solutions human disease: UTI & respiratory infections Genus Proteus motile: swarming growth urease positive human disease: UTI & wound infection Genus Yersinia transmitted via fleas from rats and ground squirrels human disease: Black Death/plague, yersiniosis Genus Enterobacter in soil, water, animals, humans human disease: UTI & nosocomial infections Genus Cronobacter human disease: meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis in infants Genus Erwinia plant pathogen hydrolyze pectin: plant soft rot Selected Gram-Positive Bacteria Genus Epulopiscium largest bacteria (80 X 600 µm) 25x more DNA than human cells commensal of gut of Red Sea surgeon fish no binary fission: daughter cells released through a pore Genus Streptomyces common in soil filamentous, aerobes produce external asexual spores degrade and recycle tough organics produce many antibiotics Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 7 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Lactobacillus on human mucosa: GI, vagina, oral cavity perform lactic acid fermentation of carbohydrates used for sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, yogurt Genus Bacillus endospore forming rods common in soil many produce antibiotics Bt toxin = insecticide human and animal disease: anthrax, gastroenteritis Genus Clostridium obligate anaerobes endospore forming rods produce toxins human disease: tetanus, botulism, gangrene, diarrhea Genus Listeria contaminant of dairy products and deli meat can grow at 4 C survives in phagocytes crosses placenta: stillbirth or damage to fetus human disease: listeriosis, meningitis, sepsis Genus Cornebacterium pleomorphic human disease: diptheria Genus Propionibacterium on human skin form propionic acid: used for Swiss cheese human disease: acne Genus Staphylococcus cocci in clusters tolerate high osmotic pressure & low moisture can survive on human skin & in nose human disease: food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, wound infections impetigo, skin infections Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 8 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Streptococcus cocci in chains produce tissue & cell digesting toxins and enzymes, evade phagocytosis cause many human diseases: scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, impetigo, rheumatic fever, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, dental caries, meningitis, otitis media, endocarditis, puerperal fever, necrotizing fasciitis Genus Enterococcus on human mucosa: GI, vagina, oral cavity antibiotic resistant leading cause of nosocomial infections: surgical wounds, UTI Genus Mycobacterium usually bacilli, occasionally filamentous cell wall has mycolic acid outer layer = acid fast, drug &dehydration resistance slow growth human diseases: leprosy (Hansen s disease), tuberculosis, Buruli ulcers Genus Mycoplasma no cell wall: sterols in membrane smallest bacteria/free living organisms only 517 genes can grow in filamentous form or single human disease: pneumonia Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 9 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Photosynthetic Prokaryotes: Cyanobacteria Green non-sulfur bacteria Green sulfur bacteria Purple non-sulfur bacteria Purple sulfur bacteria Nitrogen Cycle Prokaryotes (Agriculture): Nitrogen fixation (N 2 NH 4 + ) Azomonas Azospirillum Azotobacter Bradyrhizobium Cyanobacteria Rhizobium Nitrification (NH 4 + NO 2 - ) Nitrobacter Nitrification (NO 2 - NO 3 - ) Nitrosomas Infects or Consumes Other Microbes: Bdellovibrio Legionella Myxococcus Spore or Endospore Producing Prokaryotes: Bacillus Clostridium Myxococcus Streptomyces Industrially Useful Prokaryotes: Methanobacterium sewage treatment Zoogloea sewage treatment Agrobacterium plant bioengineering Bacillus insecticide, antibiotics Streptomyces - antibiotics Acetobacter - vinegar Glucanobacter - vinegar Lactobacillus - food Propionibacterium - food Cause Human Disease or Infection: Bacillus Bartonella Bordetella Borrelia Brucella Burkholderia Campylobacter Chlamydia Chlamydophila Clostridium Cornebacterium Cronobacter Ehrlichia Eikenella Enterobacter Enterococcus Escherichia Francisella Haemophilus Helicobacter Klebsiella Legionella Leptospira Listeria Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Neisseria Propionibacterium Proteus Pseudomonas Rickettsia Salmonella Serratia Shigella Spirillum Staphylococcus Streptococcus Treponema Vibrio Yersinia Largest Prokaryote: Epulopiscium Smallest Prokaryote: Mycoplasma Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 10 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Disease Acquired From Animals: Bartonella Borrelia Brucella Francisella Leptospira Rickettsia Salmonella Spirillum Yersinia Transmitted By Biting Insects: Borrelia Ehrlichia Francisella Rickettsia Yersinia Obligate Parasites: Brucella Chlamydia Chlamydophila Ehrlichia Haemophilus Rickettsia Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 11 SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout