Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.

Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat xsgw ij jkbtksifkkz Mksfefudk ¼QSc-½ ds fo:) dhv o`f) fu;kedksa dk cht j{kd vksj isdsftax lkexzh ds lrg mipkj ds :Ik esa ewy;kadu Hitesh Jangir Thesis Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology) 2017 Department of Entomology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner 303 329 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner

Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat xsgw ij jkbtksifkkz Mksfefudk ¼QSc-½ ds fo:} dhv o`f) fu;kedksa dk cht j{kd vksj isdsftax lkexzh ds lrg mipkj ds :Ik esa ewy;kadu Thesis Submitted to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Agriculture (Entomology) By Hitesh Jangir 2017

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Certificate - I Dated:...2017 This is to certify that Mr. Hitesh Jangir has successfully completed the Comprehensive Examination held on as required under the regulation for Master s degree. (B.L. Jat) Head Department of Entomology S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Certificate - II Dated:...2017 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture in the subject of Entomology embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Hitesh Jangir under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by advisory committee on. (B.L. Jat) Head of the Department (K.C.Kumawat) Major Advisor (R.C. Kumawat) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture JOBNER

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Certificate - III Dated:....2017 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat submitted by Mr. Hitesh Jangir to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Entomology, after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We, therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (K.C.Kumawat) Major Advisor (M.R.Choudhary) Advisor (K.C.Kumawat) Head Department of Entomology (S.K. Khinchi) Advisor (R.P. Ghasolia) Director Education Nominee (R.C. Kumawat) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture Jobner Approved Director Education Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner

Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Certificate- IV Dated:.2017 This is to certify that Mr. Hitesh Jangir of the Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/ modifications in the thesis entitled Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on and forwarded herewith for approval. (K.C.Kumawat) Major Advisor (K.C.Kumawat) Head Department of Entomology (R.C. Kumawat) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Approved Director Education Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner

Acknowledgements I praise the omniscient and almighty God who gave me the opportunity and strength of completing my thesis successfully. It is relatively easy to explain the spirit and philosophy of the manuscript but much more difficult to acknowledge the assistance of all the people who have played an integral part in its production. Words are insufficient to express the emotions, therefore, I wish to avail this pleasant opportunity in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to my major advisor, Dr. K.C. Kumawat, Professor, Department Entomology for suggesting the problem, continuous encouragement, angular vision, clarity of the conception, pain staking work during the course of investigation and ultimately finalization of this manuscript I am very much thankful to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. S.K. Khinchi, Asstt. Professor, Department of Entomology, Dr. M.R. Choudhary, Professor, Department Horticulture and Dr. R.P. Ghasolia, Asstt. Professor, Department Plant Pathology for their incessant help and cooperation in the preparation of this manuscript. Heart felt thanks are due to Dr. R.C. Kumawat, Dean, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for unique help and fruitful direction for successful completion and for providing necessary facilities to conduct this study. I feel highly obliged and indebted of Dr. B.S. Shekhawat, Director Education, SKNAU, Jobner for constant encouragement and for imparting invaluable suggestions in order to improve the technical programme of the study. I feel great pleasure in acknowledging warmly, Dr. B.L. Jat, Professor and Head, Department of Entomology in imparting constructive advice, suggestive criticism, incessant help and cooperation and critically going through the manuscript without which it could not be sketched. I express my gratitude to my seniors, Dr. Ram Gopal Samota, Nem Raj Sunda, Suresh Kumar Dotasara, Sharwan Kumar Jat, Naresh Parashar, Palak Mishra; my classmates, Kalu Ram, Ashok, Arjun, Deepika and Seeta and my friends, Piyush, Narendra, Nupur, Manisha and Sarla and my lovely juniors, Krishna, Subham and Ravi, who helped me directly or indirectly during the course of this investigation. I am deeply indebted to my father Shri Goverdhan Lal Jangir, mother Smt. Shanti Devi, grand parents Mithu lal and Manju Devi, sisters Sunita Jangid and Maya Jangid for their love blessings, inspiration and never ending faith in me and constant encouragement to continue my study. Place: Jobner Dated: / /2017 (Hitesh Jangir)

Contents S.No. Chapter Page No. Certificate-I i Certificate II ii Certificate III iii Certificate IV iv Aknowledgements v Contents vi List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Plates ix List of Appendices x 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Literature. 3. Material and Methods. 4. Results. 5. Discussion. 6. Summary and Conclusion. Bibliography. Abstract in English. Abstract in Hindi.

List of Tables Table No. 3.1 Particulars Page No. Dosages of insect growth regulators as seed protectant... against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica 3.2 Insect growth regulators and their dosages for treatment of packaging material... 4.1 Adult emergence of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat seed after certain period of storage... 4.2 Damaged grains (%) due to F1 of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat... seed after certain period of storage 4.3 Weight loss (%) due to F1 of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat... seed after certain period of storage 4.4 Total developmental period (days) of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) as influenced by insect growth regulator... (IGR) treated wheat seed after certain period of storage 4.5 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on adult emergence of... Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage 4.6 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on grain damage (%)... caused by Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage 4.7 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on weight loss (%)... inflicted by Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage 4.8 Effect of insect growth regulator treatment on the germination of wheat seed after 150 days of treatment 4.9 Effect of insect growth regulator treated packaging material on the germination of wheat seed after 150 days... of treatment...

List of Figures Fig. No. 4.1 Particulars Adult emergence of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat seed after certain period of storage Page No.... 4.2 Damaged grains (%) due to F1 of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat... seed after certain period of storage 4.3 Weight loss (%) due to F1 of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) in insect growth regulator (IGR) treated wheat... seed after certain period of storage 4.4 Total developmental period (Days) of Rhyzopertha domonica (Fab.) as influenced by insect growth regulator... (IGR) treated wheat seed after certain period of storage 4.5 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on adult emergence of... Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage 4.6 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on grain damage (%)... caused by Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage 4.7 Effect of insect growth regulator (IGR) impregnated packaging material (gunny bags) on weight loss (%)... inflicted by Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) after certain period of wheat storage

List of Plates Plate Particulars No. I. General views of experiments (a) Use of insect growth regulators (IGRs) as seed protectant Between pages (b) Impregnation of packaging material with insect growth regulators (IGRs) II. Different life stages of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (a) Eggs (b) Grubs (c) Pupa (d) Adult III. Views of healthy and damaged grains (a) Healthy grains (b) Damaged grains by Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.)

Chapter-1 Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important and strategic cereal crop as it is staple food of about two billion people (36% of the world population). It provides nearly 55 per cent of the carbohydrates and 20 per cent of the food calories consumed globally. It exceeds in acreage and production of every other grain crop (including rice, maize etc.) and is, therefore, the most important cereal crop of the world cultivated over a wide range of climatic conditions. The world s main wheat producing regions are European Union, China, India, Russian Federation, United States of America, Canada, Pakistan, Ukraine, Australia and Turkey. China is the leading wheat producer followed by India and Russia. India s share in global wheat production was 13.1 per cent and area covered was 29.04 million ha. with production to the tune of 95.91 million tonnes (Anonymous, 2015a). Rajasthan is one of the important wheat growing states of India, ranks 5th in the list of wheat producing states occupying an area of about 2.81 million ha with an annual production to the tune of 8.92 million tonnes and productivity of 3175 kg/ ha. Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bharatpur, Kota, Alwar, Jaipur, Chittorgarh, Tonk, Sawai Mandhopur, Udaipur, Bhilwara and Pali are important wheat producing districts of Rajasthan (Anonymous, 2015b). Wheat grain is the chief commodity stored in ware houses, farmers and traders godowns. In storage, it is heavily infested by a number of insect pests, viz. lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.); khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts; red rust flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Among them, the lesser grain borer, R. dominica (Bostrichidae: Coleoptera) causes considerable damage to stored grains (Campbell and Sinha, 1976). The original home of this borer is said to be India (Pruthi and Singh, 1950),

has wide occurrence feeding on a variety of stored products, like cereals, pulses, groundnut kernels, other edible commodities and grocery stores. It not only causes post harvest losses in terms of quantity but also affects the quality through depletion of specific nutrients and contamination with uric acid and excreta. The lesser grain borer, R. dominica can be readily distinguished from other grain beetles by its cylindrical form and small size. It is polished dark brown with some what roughened surface. The beetle has the head turned down under thorax and armed with powerful jaws with which they can cut directly into wood or other tough vegetable material. Both beetles and larvae cause serious damage in warm climate. Females lay eggs on the exterior of the wheat kernel. The first instar grubs hatch and bore into the kernel, feed and develop inside the kernel and upon reaching the adult stage, bore out of the kernel creating a large exit hole. Two or three grubs are generally seen feeding in a grain. They cause weight loss, diminish germination potential and market value of the grain. It has been reported that the larvae remain in hibernation during December to February but with favourable conditions regain activity. In Uttarpradesh its peak period of occurrence is August only while in Rajasthan and Tarai parts of Uttarpradesh, the first week of September is peak period of infestation (Khare, 1963). Because, the development occurs inside the kernel, the population of R. dominica is difficult to kill with contact insecticides applied directly to stored wheat. High non target toxicity and persistence and a wide spectrum activity are characterstics, which led to withdrawal of many conventional insecticides in recent years. Highly persistant compounds were found to accumulate in food chains affecting wide range of wild life. The wide spread use of conventional insecticides has also led to the development of resistance amongst some insect species. Consequently, there is a need to introduce alternative compounds which are less persistent and more pest specific. Of those currently identified substances which act on biochemical processes of insects, the insect growth

regulators were found to appear to be suitable and effective replacement of insecticides. To be compatible with the existing strategies in an integrated pest management (IPM) programme, each component of the programme should have a characteristic selectivity to the target species. Emphasis on selective insect pest control practices markedly impacted the approaches of chemical industries to adopt developing novel insecticides. Pesticide regulation, Environmental protection agency emphasized the discovery and synthesis of insect growth regulators (IGRs) that are specific to the target species and do not adversely or minimally affect beneficial and non-target species. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) are insecticides that mimic insect moulting hormones, inhibit chitin synthesis or ecdysteroid agonists and, thereby disrupt the normal development of insects. They are selective for insects and have low mammalian toxicity and are usually considered to be reduced-risk insecticides. With the increasing emphasis on using chemicals that pose less risk, have low mammalian toxicity and are specific to insects, there is renewed interest in using IGRs in pest management systems for stored grain (Oberlander et al. 1997). A meagre work has been done in India on the efficacy of the IGRs against stored grain pests. Therefore, keeping in view the above facts, the following objectives have been set to formulate effective plan of work to conduct the experimentation: 1. To evaluate the bioefficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs) as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on wheat. 2. Effect of insect growth regulators as surface treatment of packaging material on lesser grain borer, R. dominica. 3. Effect of insect growth regulators on germination of wheat seed.

Chapter-2 Review of Literature A thorough perusal of available literature revealed that a meagre amount of work has been done in India on the effectiveness of insect growth regulators (chitin synthesis inhibitor, hormones etc.) against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.), a primary insect pest of stored wheat and other cereal grain. Therefore, an attempt has been made to access the available information freely from all sources of information and the suitable reviews on efficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs) on R. dominica and other stored grain pests are abstracted in this chapter. McGregor and Kramer (1976) reported that application of a wettable powder of the insect growth inhibitor diflubenzuron (Dimilin) to wheat or maize grain at concentrations of 1 or 10 p.p.m. prevented progeny development in Sitophilus oryzae (L.), S. granarius (L.), S. zeamais Motsch., R. dominica (F.), Tribolium confusum Duv. and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), however, the chemical was less effective against Lasioderma serricorne (F.). There was no progeny development in S. oryzae, S. granarius and R. dominica after exposure of adults to wheat grain treated at a concentration of. Mian and Mulla (1982) evaluated the insect growth regulators (IGRs), BAY SIR 8514 [1-(4-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2- chlorobenzoyl)urea), diflubenzuron, methoprene and MV-678 [2-methoxy, 9-(p-isopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethylnonane] for residual activity against two internal feeders, R. dominica and S. oryzae in stored grains for one year. The first three at 1 to each gave effective control (98 to 100%) of R. dominica in stored wheat, barley, and corn for more than 12 months post treatment, and MV-678 was the least effective. In wheat grain, BAY SIR 8514 at 0.1 and 0. was effective against R. dominica for 4 and 6 months post treatment, respectively. Diflubenzuron at 0.1 and 0. provided 97 to 98 per cent control for 6

months post treatment. The residual activity of methoprene at these lower concentrations did not result in appreciable control of R. dominica. Rup and Chopra (1987) investigated the ovicidal activity of diflubenzuron against the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) reared on seeds of green gram (Vigna radiata) in the laboratory. Eggs of various ages (0-4, 20-24 and 44-48 hours old) were dipped for 2 minutes in diflubenzuron at 5, 10, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm. The concentration for 50 per cent inhibition (LC50) was 10.8, 81.5 and 1466.0 ppm for 0-4, 20-24 and 44-48 hours old eggs, respectively. For all the stages tested, there was 10-13 per cent reduction in emergence compared with the untreated control. The total development period and sex ratio were not influenced. Abnormal adult emergence increased by 45-50 times compared with the untreated control when 0-4 hours old eggs were treated with 100 ppm diflubenzuron. Sriramulu and Mehrotra (1987) studied the effect of diflubenzuron on DNA synthesis in pupae of the pyralid, Corcyra cephalonica (stainton) in the laboratory. The rate of incorporation of thymidine increased throughout pupal development. There was an initial increase in DNA synthesis in diflubenzuron treated pupae followed by 50 per cent inhibition as pupal age increased. Gupta and Verma (1990) reported that when pupae of the C. cephalonica were dipped in solutions of 3 insect growth regulators at 10100 ppm, mortality increased with increasing concentration, reaching 100 per cent at the highest dosage. Fecundity and egg viability of adults emerging from treated pupae were reduced significantly, resulting in maximum net control of reproduction of 70.1 percent for penfluron, 24.8 per cent for diflubenzuron and 23.9 per cent for AI3-63220 (N-[[(4bromophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide) at 40 ppm. Samson et al. (1990) conducted experiment to investigate the activity of fresh deposits of methoprene, fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron

against F1 progeny of R. dominica on maize and rice and compared with that on wheat at two equilibrium relative humidities. There were differences between slopes of log concentration-probit (lc-p) lines for different compounds and for the same compound on different grains. Judging by the LC99.9s, i.e., the concentration which inhibited progeny production by 99.9 per cent, the order of activity against F1 progeny on different grains was: methoprene, wheat and rice > maize; fenoxycarb, wheat > rice > maize; and diflubenzuron, wheat and maize > rice. Equilibrium relative humidity (e.r.h.) had no consistent effect on activity at 90 per cent e.r.h., the LC50 of fenoxycarb on wheat was reduced and the LC10 of diflubenzuron on maize was increased compared with 70 per cent e.r.h., and other treatments were unaffected. Babu et al. (1991) studied the efficacy of pre-storage treatment of seed of Vigna radiata (variety, PS-16) with diflubenzuron, triflumuron, buprofezin and flucycloxuron at 0.02 g a.i./kg and inert clay at 5 g a.i./ kg in cloth bag storage under ambient conditions. The reproduction of Callosobruchus chinensis was impaired in seeds treated with diflubenzuron and stored for 10 months. Development failed in seeds treated with triflumuron and flucycloxuron. The effect of flucycloxuron lasted four months while triflumuron was effective for upto ten months storage. The development of C. chinensis in buprofezin treated seed was unaffected. The mortality of released adults was 100 per cent in seeds treated with inert clay. None of the seed treatments used had any adverse effect on seed germination for upto ten months of storage Gupta and Verma (1992) studied the effects of topical application of the chitin synthesis inhibitors penfluron, diflubenzuron and AI3-63220 [N-[[(4-bromophenyl) amino] carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide] on the stored products pest, C. cephalonica (stainton). All the compounds caused significant mortality with a maximum of 100 per cent at 10 µg/ larva of penfluron and diflubenzuron, 90 per cent mortality being caused by AI3-63220 at the same rate. The mortality of pupae reared from

treated larvae was highest with penfluron and diflubenzuron at 7 µg/ larva (76.0 and 70.3%, respectively). Adult emergence was minimum (10%) with penfluron at 7 µg/ larva followed by diflubenzuron at the same rate (13.3%). Fecundity was reduced in relation to untreated insects by 17.4, 14.9 and 9.9 per cent by penfluron, diflubenzuron and AI3-63220, respectively at 5 µg/ larva and egg hatch by 46.7, 12.7 and 14.4 per cent by the compounds at the same rate. Singh et al. (1996) determined the effect of extracts of neem, garlic, orange, Eucalyptus hybrida, Lantana camara, Vitex negundo, asfoetida (Ferula assa foetida) and 'pudinhara' against R. dominica and reported that treatment with neem extract (2.0 and 3.0%) and asfoetida extract (1.0 and 2.0%) resulted in lower fecundity per female and adult emergence, a prolonged duration for the completion of single generation and lower fecundity per female after the completion of single generation in comparison to other treatments. Extract of 'pudinhara' (2.0 and 4.0%) proved to be least effective. Bhargava (1997) tested five plant extracts, viz., neem seed extract, neem oil, undi extract (Calophyllum inophyllum), karanj extract (Pongamia glabra) and lemon grass oil (Cymbopogan flexuosus) @ 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/100g seeds against C. cephalonica and found that all the doses of different plant extracts reduced the fecundity. However, in case of lemongrass oil, no egg laying took place as adult mortality occurred within 6-8 hours of their release. The reduction in egg viability varied from 24.63 to 59.63 per cent in different plant extracts. The longevity of male and female adults decreased when they were released in treated food. Rahim (1997) evaluated the residual activity of an ethanolic neem kernel extract, containing azadirachtin, in the laboratory against R.dominica on wheat stored for upto 48 weeks. All treatments in both fresh and residual studies did not have any effect on mortality of the parents. On freshly treated grain, the application rate of 5 mg kg 1 of

azadirachtin was effective in inhibiting F1 progeny production by >98 per cent against three test strains. The minimum application rate for >95 per cent reduction of F1 progeny of the multi-resistant strain throughout the 48-week storage period was 25 mg kg 1 with complete prevention estimated to occur with 75 mg kg 1. The effectiveness of azadirachtin was not synergised by piperonyl butoxide. The results indicate the persistency of this emulsifiable neem formulation and the potential for field evaluation as a grain protectant. Conceição et al. (2002) pointed out the effectiveness of two precipitated silica dusts (Gasil 23D and Neosyl TS) used either alone or in combinations with fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron against Sitophilus zeamais (motschulsky), a pest of stored maize grain under laboratory conditions with different times of exposure. The data showed differences between the silica dusts. Gasil 23D (LC50=0.037%w/w) was more effective than Neosyl TS (LC50=0.113%w/w) when the insects were exposed for five hours. Neosyl TS (LC50=0.028%w/w) was more effective than Gasil 23D (LC50=0.037%w/w) at a period of fifteen days of exposure. All the combinations revealed differences in the effectiveness for each time of exposure and the LC50 values decreased significantly (2-3 times) when the insects were exposed during fifteen days. The experiments suggested that the efficacy of some of the treatments increased significantly after a longer exposure of fifteen days. Kostyukovsky et al. (2002) tested that the efficacy of novaluron against S. oryzae, R. dominica, T. castaneum and Plodia interpunctella (hub.). Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to of Novaluron were mixed with three kinds of food media: whole wheat grain for the internal pests S. oryzae and R. dominica, ground grain for the external feeder P. interpunctella and flour for T. castaneum. The results showed that novaluron at reduced the number of new generation adults of S. oryzae and R. dominica by 95 per cent compared with the control and prevented the emergence of adults of P. interpunctella. At this

concentration, novaluron also yielded total mortality of T. castaneum third instar larvae. At 0., novaluron had no effect on the insects tested. Sharma and Bhargava (2004) tested different concentrations of diflubenzuron (1, 5, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5%) against C. cephalonica in sorghum seeds. The larval and pupal mortality increased with the increase in concentration of the compound. The duration of 5th instar larva in the control was 8.33 days, which increased to 13.00 days at the highest concentration (0.5%). The length and body width of full grown larva increased while weight of mature pupa and pupal period decreased. Reduction in pupation and adult emergence increased with the increase in concentration. Only abnormal pupae were recorded at any dose level of diflubenzuron. The reproductive potential (fecundity, egg viability and longevity) of adult emerged from larvae developed on treated food with test compound was reduced. Reduction in adult emergence in F1 generation in the control was 13.00 per cent, which increased to 77.00 per cent at the concentration of 0.01 per cent. Germination of sorghum seeds was not affected upto 150 days of treatment. Veeranki et al. (2004) assessed the effectiveness of various grain protectants against rice moth (C. cephalonica) in maize. The treatments consisted of botanicals, custard apple (Annona squamosa), seed powder and neem leaf and seed kernel powder, inert dusts [attapulgite (palygorskite)dust and dolomite], insect growth regulators (diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron and lufenuron), fungicides (thiram), Ayuverdic tablets (Parad) and insecticide (malathion). Larval mortality was observed with all insect growth regulators at varying intensity. Larval mortality was early in the case of lufenuron and flufenoxuron indicating that early stages of C. cephalonica were highly susceptible to insect growth regulators. Complete pupal mortality and no adult emergence (male and female) were observed in maize grains treated with attapulgite dust, thiram, lufenuron, flufenoxuron, diflubenzuron and malathion.

Daglish and Wallbank (2005) evaluated 1 the efficacy of 1 diflubenzuron (1 mg kg )+methoprene (1 mg kg ) against S. oryzae (L.) and R. dominica in sorghum in a silo-scale trial in South-east Queensland, Australia. Sorghum is normally protected from a wide range of insects by mixtures of grain protectants. The chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron was evaluated as a potential new protectant for S. oryzae in combination with the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene which is already registered for control of R. dominica. Sorghum was treated after harvest and assessed for treatment efficacy and residue decline during 6.5 of months of storage. The reproductive capacity of S. oryzae and R. dominica was greatly reduced in bioassays of treated sorghum throughout the trial and efficacy remained relatively stable during the trial. An initial exposure of S. oryzae adults to treated sorghum for 2 weeks reduced F1 progeny production of all strains by 80.8 98.8 per cent but a second exposure of 4 weeks reduced F1 progeny production by 98.5 100 per cent. In addition, the reproductive capacity of any S. oryzae progeny produced was greatly reduced. Exposure of R. dominica adults to treated sorghum for 2 weeks reduced F1 progeny production of all strains by 99.6 100 per cent including a methoprene-resistant strain. The results indicated that S. oryzae or R. dominica adults invading sorghum treated with diflubenzuron (1 mg kg 1)+ methoprene (1 mg kg 1) would be incapable of producing sustainable populations. Hussain et al. (2005) observed the LC50 values for malathionresistant (PAK) and organophosphate-susceptible (FSS-II) strains of red flour beetle, T. castaneum larvae through residual film/ filter paper impregnation method against six insecticides with novel modes of action such as abamectin (Sure 1.8 EC), spinosad (Tracer 240 SC), indoxacarb (Steward 150 SC), azadirachtin (Nimbokil 60 EC), buprofezin and polychlorinated petroleum hydrocarbon (Tenekil 100 EC). The LC50 values of these insecticides were worked out as 178 and 26 for abamectin, 6020 and 745 for spinosad, 4071 and 2154 ppm for

indoxacarb, 20025 and 1640 for azadirachtin, 9351 and 12450 ppm for buprofezin 25 WP, and 9933 and 6286 ppm for Tenekil 100 EC against PAK and FSS-II strains, respectively. Abamectin was the most toxic of all insecticides tested in this study followed by indoxacarb, spinosad, buprofezin, Tenekil 100 EC and azadirachtin. Furthermore, abamectin, spinosad and buprofezin proved more toxic to larvae of PAK strain, while indoxacarb, azadirachtin and Tenekil 100EC to larvae of FSS-II strain. Ahire et al. (2008) evaluated a new analytical method using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the quantitative determination of lufenuron, a benzoyl phenyl urea (BPU) class of insecticide from wheat flour and applied for time dependant residue monitoring in treated wheat flour. The analyte was extracted from wheat flour by a single step solid-liquid extraction by using ethyl acetate and subsequently cleaned up using the primary secondary amine as a sorbent prior to GC-MS analysis. The present method provides sufficient sensitivity as reflected by the values of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), 5 ng/ ml and 50 ng/ ml (the lowest validation point on the calibration curve), respectively. The calibration curve showed an excellent linearity in the concentration range of 50-1000 ng/ ml (r2=0.998). The average recovery for spiked samples at three concentrations (150, 300, and 450 ng/ g) was 98.23±2.52 per cent. The method was applied for the determination of lufenuron residues in treated wheat flour samples. Simultaneous determination of bioefficacy of lufenuron residues was also carried out against the red flour beetle, T. castaneum to correlate the actual residual effect of lufenuron as detected by the analytical method over a period of 3 months. The findings revealed that the residual concentration of lufenuron were neither uniform nor in descending order over a period of 3 months in wheat flour, possibly because of an uneven dispersal in the treated wheat which was subsequently milled into flour, as confirmed by GC-MS analysis.

However, the residues of lufenuron were sufficient to produce 100 per cent mortality of T. castaneum larvae upto three months. Trostanetsky and Kostyukovsky (2008) tested the effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) novaluron on egg hatch and larval development of T. castaneum at concentrations of 1.0, 0.3, 0.2 or 0.1 ppm. The effect of novaluron at low concentrations depended strongly on the exposure period. At 0.3 ppm, egg hatch of T. castaneum was totally inhibited after 28 days; at 0.2 ppm, the effect was much less, but inhibition increased progressively to 66 per cent in the 35-day experiment; and at 0. novaluron was ineffective. The viability of the larvae that hatched from the laid ova and developed on untreated flour was also dependent on concentration of novaluron and exposure time. The exposure of T. castaneum adults to novaluron-treated flour at 0.3 ppm for 8 days and at 0.2 ppm for 36 days caused 100 and 97.5 per cent mortality, respectively. At both 0.3 and 0.2 ppm, larval deaths were mainly in the first instar. Exposure of T. castaneum adults to treated flour may serve as a good model for evaluating the effect of CSI on internal feeders, especially S. oryzae. The present study contributes to understanding of CSI transovarial activity against internal stored product coleopterans whose larval stage develops inside the grain without contact with the toxicants. Arthur et al. (2009) observed that pyriproxyfen gave effective residual control of primary stored product insect species by inhibiting adult emergence of exposed larvae. Results showed that it can be a useful addition for pest management programmes in mills, ware houses and food storage facilities. Ghelani et al. (2009) evaluated some newer insecticidal molecules like thiamethoxam (Cruiser 70 WS) at 2 ppm, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 50 EC) at 4 ppm, emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5 SG) at 4 ppm, spinosad (Tracer 45 SC) at 2 ppm, lufenuron (Cigna 5 EC) at,

deltamethin (Decis 2.8 EC) at (standard control) against storage insect pests and to assess the storability of treated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) seed. Germination of pearl millet seed was recorded significantly higher in all insecticidal seed treatments compared to the control after nine months of storage. Treatment of emamectin benzoate recorded the highest germination (87.50%) which was found statistically at par with rest of treatments except for the control (77.75%). None of the treatments recorded germination percentage above IMSCS (75%) after twelve months of storage. However, thiamethoxam recorded the highest germination (64.75%), while in the control, it was only 46.00 per cent. The per cent damage in pearl millet seed was noticed significantly lower in all the insecticidal seed treatments than the control during storage. The treatment of emamectin benzoate as well as spinosad were found free from the seed damage and were statistically at par with rest of the insecticidal treatments after nine months of storage. After twelve months of storage, emamectin benzoate revealed the lowest seed damage (3.23%) and was statistically at par with rest of the insecticidal treatments, while in the untreated seed, it was 18.18 per cent. All the insecticidal seed treatments recorded significantly the lowest larval and adult population of R. dominica, T. castaneum and C. cephalonica after twelve months of storage. The lowest population of R. dominica (0.90) and T. castaneum (2.24) was observed in spinosad while the lowest population of C. cephalonica (0.90) was found in thiamethoxam. Kavallieratos et al. (2012) conducted study on Insect growth regulators (two juvenile hormone analogues (fenoxycarb and pyriproxifen), four chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, lufenuron, and triflumuron), one ecdysteroid agonist (methoxy fenozide), and one combination of chitin synthesis inhibitors and juvenile hormone analogues (lufenuron plus fenoxycarb) in the laboratory against adults of Prostephanus truncatus (horn) in maize and against adults of R.

dominica in wheat. The tested IGRs were applied in maize at three doses (1, 5, and ) and assessed at three temperature levels (20, 25, and 30 C) in the case of P. truncatus, while in the case of R. dominica the above doses were assessed only at 25 C in wheat. In addition to progeny production, mortality of the treated adults after fourteen days of exposure in the IGR treated commodities was assessed. All IGRs were very effective (>88.5% suppression of progeny) against the tested species at doses of, while diflubenzuron at 25 C in the case of P. truncatus or lufenuron and pyriproxyfen in the case of R. dominica completely suppressed (100%) progeny production when they were applied at. At all tested doses, the highest values of R. dominica parental mortality were observed in wheat treated with lufenuron plus fenoxycarb. Temperature at the levels examined in the present study did not appear to affect the overall performance in a great extent of the tested IGRs in terms of adult mortality or suppression of progeny production against P. truncatus in treated maize. The tested IGRs may be considered viable grain protectants and therefore, as potential components in stored product integrated pest management. Bakr et al. (2013) carried out experiments to determine the dosage mortality response of the rust red flour beetle, T. castaneum to two insect growth regulators, the chitin synthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron and the juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen. The response was measured as the proportion of adults developing from individuals treated during the pupal stage. For males, at the LC50 level, chlorfluazuron was more toxic than pyriproxyfen with LC50 values of 10.6 and 12.6 ppm respectively. For females, pyriproxyfen was more potent than chlorfluazuron with LC50 values of 7.1 and 8.3 ppm. Subsequent experiments were carried out using adults that had survived after treatment at the LC50 level during the pupal stage. Both responses to pheromone and the production of pheromone by adults of both sexes that had been treated during the pupal stages with pyriproxyfen, were significantly more affected than

those treated with chlorfluazuron. Both treatments caused abnormalities in the antennae of adults of both sexes. Kadam et al. (2013) conducted experiment with an objective to ascertain the efficacy of new insecticidal chemicals against C.chinensis, a major pest of stored chickpea seed. The observation on germination and insect infestation were recorded at interval of three months of storage period. Among different insecticides, deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 0.04 ml/ kg or lufenuron 5 EC @ 0.1 ml/ kg or emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 40 mg/ kg of seed were found equally effective for control of stored grain pest of chickpea and maintained the chickpea seed germination above minimum seed certification standard (85%) upto nine months of storage. Mishra et al. (2013) assessed the effect of chitin synthesis inhibitor lufenuron on the various developmental stages of red flour beetle, T. castaneum adults by exposing them to different sub-lethal concentrations (LC10, LC20 and LC40) through diet for 24 hrs on one day old adults. There was a dose dependent effect on the larval weight, time taken for pupation, adult emergence, percentage pupation and percentage adult emergence. When two day old larvae were fed on sublethal concentrations through diet, a small proportion of pupal-adult intermediates were observed at LC20 and LC40. Adults emerging from the larvae fed on diet containing LC10, LC20 and LC40 of lufenuron showed minor variation in the fecundity and hatchability of eggs from that of control. The fecundity of adults fed with sub-lethal concentration of lufenuron (obtained against one day old adults through diet) was affected. The percentage hatching and survival was also affected. Interestingly, there was a reversal of the effect within ten days of treatment with respect to per cent hatching and survival. Similar results were observed with larval and adult stages, therefore, lufenuron even at sub-lethal concentrations has a very good larvicidal and ovicidal activity on T. castaneum.

Purva (2015) observed topical application of lufenuron (5.4% EC) against adults of T. castaneum under the laboratory conditions with respect to its fecundity and fertility. The sublethal concentrations LC1, LC10 and LC20 obtained were 263, 0.420 and 0.496 ppm respectively. The results revealed that when sublethal concentrations of lufenuron were applied to both male and female, there is complete failure of egg laying in all the doses, however, when only the females were treated, there was reduction in fecundity in a dose dependent manner, which is significantly lower than pairs or when only males were treated. Hatching of eggs laid by treated female X untreated male exhibited that at LC10 and LC20, it induced complete sterility and at LC1, it caused 80 per cent sterility.

Chapter-3 Material and Methods The present study entitled Evaluation of insect growth regulators as seed protectant and surface treatment of packaging material against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on wheat was conducted under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during 2016-17. The details of the experimental treatments, materials used, techniques followed and criteria adopted for the plan of work to carry out the research is discussed hereunder. 3.1 General details of experimentation 3.1.1 Test conditions: The grain samples of the experiment infested with R. dominica were kept at a temperature of 29+1.50C and RH of 70 + 5% for the study period. These aliquots were critically examined every alternate day for changes in population of R. dominica. For handling the insect and infested grain a forcep and a camel hair brush was used. 3.1.2 Maintainance of test conditions: The relative humidity (RH) and required temperature were maintained using a humidity chamber. 3.1.3 Weighing of grain samples: The seed samples were weighed with the help of an automatic electronic balance. 3.1.4 Moisture content of seed sample: The moisture content of seed samples was determined by the digital moisture meter and oven method. 3.1.5 Sterlization and conditioning of wheat grain: The sterilization of wheat grain was done by exposing the same at 550C for 6 hours so that any infestation of insect pest hidden or otherwise could be eliminated. The grain sample was placed for conditioning at required temperature and relative humidity for 48 hours. 3.1.6 Maintenance of insect culture: The culture of test insect R. dominica was procured from the pure culture running in the Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. The culture of insect

was developed on sterilized and conditioned grain of wheat (variety, Raj 3077). For maintaining insect culture, 20 pairs of 0 to 24 hours old adult insects were released for oviposition in glass jar (size 18 x 6.5 cm) containing 200 g wheat grain. Further, newly emerged adults were transferred in a matka bin containing sterilized and conditioned grain in order to maintain a stock culture for continuous fresh supply of large number of insects required for the experimentation. The sex of adult emerged was determined by examining the 5th segment as this is light yellow in female; while in male, it is brown in colour. The 3rd and 4th sernites are light doted in female; whereas in male they are greenish in colour (Khare, 1993). 3.2 Specific details of exprimentation 3.2.1 Bioefficacy of insect growth regulators as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, R. dominica 3.2.1.1 Treatments: Three chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron, novaluron and lufenuron), two juvenile hormones mimics (pyriproxyfen and buprofezin), two botanicals neem oil and neem seed kernel extract and one synthetic pyrethroid as standard check (deltamethrin) in different dosages were evaluated (Table-3.1) against lesser grain borer, R. dominica in wheat. An untreated control was maintained for comparision. 3.2.1.2 Treatment of grain: Sterilized and conditioned wheat grains (200 g) was treated with different dosages of insect growth regulators which was treated as treated grain lot. 3.2.1.3 Release of insects in treated grain samples: After 24 hours, 15 g from treated lot of each growth regulator was taken in glass vials (10 x 2.5 cm). Two pairs of newly emerged beetles equal sex (0 to 24 hours old) were released in each glass vial. Three replications of each treatment were maintained. The experiment was repeated after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after treatment.

3.2.1.4 Method for recording observations: The observations on grain damage, F1 adult emergence, weight loss and total developmental period was recorded. The total developmental period from adult to adult was recorded by averaging out the period. 3.2.1.4.1 Adult emergence (Progeny development): The observation on progeny development was recorded by sieving the grains and counting the total number of adult beetles in the grain after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of treatment. The damage caused by one generation (F1) was recorded by visual count. The adults emerged were recorded at an alternate day upto one generation. The adults emerged were discarded while taking observations to check the egg laying. 3.2.1.4.2 Grain damage: Before estimating the damaged grains, the grains were thoroughly mixed and samples of 100 grains were drawn from each sample. The damaged grains in 100 grains were counted from each sample to work out the per cent grain damage. 3.2.1.4.3 Weight loss: The weight loss due to insect damage was recorded as per the methodology suggested by Girish et al.(1975). The frass material was excluded and the weight of grain was taken with a metler electronic balance. Table-3.1 Dosages of insect growth regulators as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IGR Diflubenzuron Novaluron Lufenuron Pyriproxyfen Buprofezin Neem oil NSKE Deltamethrin Control (Untreated) Formulation 25 WP 10 EC 5 EC 10.8 EC 25 EC 2.8 EC Dosage 0.1% 1.0% 2 ppm - 5ppm 5ppm 0.5% 2.5% - 10ppm 10ppm 1.0% 5.0% - 1 1 1 1 1 -

3.2.1.5 Statistical analysis: The per cent data on grain damage, weight loss and germination were transformed into angular values (arc sine percentage) and number of adult emergence into X+0.5 values for analysis of variance. 3.2.2 Effect of insect growth regulators as surface treatment of packaging material on lesser grain borer, R. dominica 3.2.2.1 Treatments: Three chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron, novaluron and lufenuron), two juvenile hormones mimics (pyriproxyfen and buprofezin) each in four dosage levels; neem oil and neem seed kernel extract in three dosage levels and malathian @ 0.05 per cent as standard check (Table-3.2). An untreated control was maintained for comparison with the treatments. Table-3.2 Insect growth regulators and their dosages for treatment of packaging material S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IGR Diflubenzuron Novaluron Lufenuron Pyriproxyfen Buprofezin Neem oil NSKE Malathion 9 Control (Untreated) Formulation 25 WP 10 EC 5 EC 10.8 EC 25 EC 50 EC Dosage 5% 5% 0.05 % 1 1 1 1 1 7.5% 7.5% - 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 10.0% 10.0% - 25ppm 2 25ppm 2 2 - - - - - 3.2.2.2 Treatment of packaging material: The gunny bags of 18 x 12 cm2 was used for the purpose and sprayed with different concentrations of insect growth regulators after filling up with sterilized and conditioned wheat grains (350 g). The treatments were repeated at fortnightly interval. The solutions of insect growth regulators were made in water and that of oily nature IGRs in the acetone. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The

sealed bags were kept with R. dominica infested stock to have natural infestation. 3.2.2.3 Method of recording observations: Periodical inspection (at monthly interval) of the grains in bags was done to record natural infestation. The number of damaged grains and F1 adult emergence was recorded by visual count. The adults were discarded every month after taking observations. The observations were recorded upto 150 days of storage. The grain weight loss was recorded by excluding the frass. 3.2.2.4 Statistical analysis: The per cent data on grain damage, weight loss and germination were transformed into angular values (arc sine percentage) and number of adult emergence into X +0.5 values for analysis of variance. 3.3 Effect of insect growth regulators on germination of wheat seed 3.3.1 Method of recording observation: The germination test of treated grain samples after 150 days of treatment was carried out to know the adverse effect of growth regulators as grain protectant and surface treatment on germination of seed. One hundred seeds of each treatment were put between the wet blotting papers in Petri dishes and three replications of each treatment was maintained. The germinated seeds were counted after 4-5 days. Number of seeds germinated Germination (%) = X 100 Number of seeds kept for germination 3.3.2 Statistical analysis: The per cent data on germination were transformed into angular values (arc sine percentage) for analysis of variance.

Chapter-4 Results After analysing the data statistically and precisely tabulating them, the results have been presented in this chapter in under the following headings: 4.1 Bioefficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs) as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) 4.2 Effect of insect growth regulators as surface treatment of packaging material on lesser grain borer, R. dominica. 4.3 Effect of insect growth regulators on germination of wheat seed. 4.1. Bioefficacy of insect growth regulators as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.). The Bioefficacy of insect growth regulators as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, R. dominica was evaluated by recording the adult emergence, grain damage, weight loss caused and total developmental period of the test insect. The general views of experiments are depicted in plate-i and the parameters recorded have been narrated hereunder. 4.1.1 Adult emergence For recording the adult emergence of R.dominica, the samples were drawn from the treated grain lot after 24 hours, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days and 150 days of treatment and adults (equal sex) were released. The F1 adult emergence was recorded to evaluate the efficacy of IGRs. After 24 hours, no F1 adult emergence was recorded in dilflubenzuron 10 and 1, novaluron 1, lufenuron and 1 pyriproxyfen 10 and 1, buprofezin 1, neem oil 1.00

per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent (Table-4.1, Fig.-4.1). The adult emergence with different life stages of R. dominica is depicted in plate-ii. These treatments were found at par with pyriproxyfen 5.0 ppm, novaluron and lufenuron 5.0 ppm (0.33 adult emergence in each). Novaluron 1.0 ppm and diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm revealed low efficacy (4.67-5.33 adult emergence), though differed significantly over untreated control (24.67 adult emergence). The other treatments ranked in the middle order After 30 days, no F1 adult emergence was observed in pyriproxyfen and 1, buprofezin 1, diflubenzuron 1, novaluron 1, lufenuron 1, neem oil 1.00 per cent and NSKE 5.00 per cent. These treatments differed non-significantly with novaluron and diflubenzuron (0.67 adult emergence in both). Novaluron and diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm each revealed low efficacy with regards to adult emergence (7.33-8.00), however, differed significantly over untreated control (26.33 adult emergence). The other treatments resulted in the middle order with regards to adult emergence. After 60 days, no adult emergence was recorded in the treated grain with pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron 1 each. The neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found non-significant with pyriproxyfen. Contrary to this low efficacy was recorded in novaluron and diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm (9.3310.67 adult emergence). These two treatments were found at par with each other but found significantly superior over untreated control (27.00 adult emergence). The adult emergence recorded in the other treatments ranked in the middle order. After 90 days, all the grain protectants differed significantly over untreated control with regards to adult emergence. In the grain treatments with NSKE 5.0 per cent and neem oil 1.0 per cent, no adult emergence was recorded which was found at par with lufenuron 1, pyriproxyfen and 1. High adult emergence was recorded in novaluron

1.0 ppm, diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm, novaluron 5.0 ppm, diflubenzuron 5.0 ppm, buprofezin 1.0 ppm, NSKE 1.0 per cent, neem oil 0.1 per cent and buprofezin 5.0 ppm. These treatments formed non significant group and differed significantly over untreated control (28.33 adult emergence). The other treatments revealed adult emergence which ranked in the middle order. After 120 days, all the treatments differed significantly over untreated control with regards to adult emergence. No adult emergence was observed in NSKE 5.0 per cent and neem oil 1.0 per cent which was found superior over rest of treatments. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen 10 and 1 and lufenuron 1, which were found at par each other. High adult emergence was recorded in novaluron 1.0 ppm, 5.0 ppm and diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm but differed significantly over untreated control (29.33 adult emergence). The other treatments ranked in the middle order with respect to adult emergence. After 150 days, all the grain protectants differed significantly over untreated control with regards to adult emergence. In the grain treatments of NSKE 5.0 per cent and neem oil 1.0 per cent, no adult emergence was recorded which was found superior over rest of treatments. High adult emergence was recorded in novaluron 1.0 ppm and diflubenzuron 1.0 ppm, these were found at par each other and differed significantly over untreated control (31.66 adult emergence). The other treatments revealed adult emergence which ranked in the middle order. The ascending pattern of adult emergence was observed in the neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, novaluron, buprofezin and deltamethrin. 4.1.2 Grain damage The grain damage observed after 24 hours of seed treatment with IGRs was in the range of -11.33 per cent (Table-4.2, Fig-4.2).The views of damaged grains by R. dominica and that of healthy grains are presented in plate-iii. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 15

ppm each which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These were followed by pyriproxyfen. The maximum damage among the treated grain was found to be in the novaluron 1.0 ppm. All the treatments resulted in significantly low grain damage over the untreated (65.99%). The other treatments resulted in efficacy of the middle order in exhibiting the grain damage. After 30 days of treatment, no grain damage was recorded in neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These were followed by pyriproxyfen. The novaluron 1.0 ppm showed quite high level of grain damage (15.67%), however differed significantly with the seed damage revealed by untreated check (66.33%). The other treatments resulted in the middle order of efficacy in exhibiting the grain damage. After 60 days of treatment, the seed damage was in the range of -18.33 in different insect growth regulator treated grains. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The minimum being in the pyriproxyfen and maximum being in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (18.33%). Although, all the treatments were found significantly superior with respect to seed damage observed in untreated check (66.67%). The other treatments were found in the middle order. The grain damage observed after 90 days of seed treatment was in the range of -21.33 per cent. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. This was followed by pyriproxyfen 1. The maximum damage among the treated grain was found to be in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (21.33%). All the treatments resulted in significantly low grain damage over the untreated (67.33%). The other treatments resulted in the middle order of efficacy in exhibiting the grain damage.

After 120 days of treatment, the grain damage was also nil in neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These were followed by pyriproxyfen 1. The novaluron 1.0 ppm showed quite high level of grain damage (23.33%), however, differed significantly with the seed damage revealed by the untreated check (68.67%). The other treatments were ranked in the middle order. After 150 days of treatment, the seed damage was in the range of -25.67 per cent in different insect growth regulator treated grains, the minimum being in the pyriproxyfen 1 and maximum in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (25.67%). It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Although all the treatments were found significantly superior with respect to seed damage observed in untreated check (7%). The other treatments were found in the middle order. The ascending pattern of seed damage was observed in the neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, novaluron, buprofezin and deltamethrin. 4.1.3 Weight loss The weight loss observed after 24 hours of seed treatment was in the range of -6.99 per cent in different IGRs (Table-4.3, Fig.-4.3). It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These were followed by pyriproxyfen. The maximum weight loss among the treated grain was found to be in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (6.99%). All the treatments resulted in significantly low weight loss over the untreated (27.97%). The other treatments resulted in the efficacy of middle order with regards to the weight loss. After 30 days of treatment, no weight loss was registered in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which was found

significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen (1.0%). The novaluron 1.0 ppm showed quite high level of weight loss (9.67%), however, differed significantly over the weight loss revealed by untreated check (24.33%). The other treatments resulted in the middle order of efficiency in exhibiting the weight loss. After 60 days of treatment, the weight loss was in the range of -11.03 per cent in different insect growth regulator treated grains. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. It was minimum in the pyriproxyfen (1.67%) and maximum in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (11.03 %). Although, all the treatments were found significantly superior with respect to weight loss over the untreated check (25.00%). The other treatments were ranked in the middle order. The weight loss observed after 90 days of seed treatment was in the range of -13.33 per cent. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These were followed by pyriproxyfen 1. The maximum weight loss among the treated grain was found to be in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (13.33%). All the treatments resulted in significantly low weight loss over the untreated (26.67%). The other treatments ranked in the middle order in exhibiting weight loss. After 120 days of treatment the weight loss was nil in neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent treated grain, which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen 1 (3.33%). The novaluron 1.0 ppm showed high level of weight loss (16.33%), however, differed significantly over the weight loss revealed by the untreated check (29.33%). The other treatments were ranked in the middle order.

The weight loss was in the range of -18.33 per cent in different insect growth regulator treated grains after 150 days of treatment. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. In the pyriproxyfen 15 ppm, it was 4.00 per cent and maximum being in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (18.33%), however, all the treatments were found significantly superior with respect to weight loss over untreated check (3%). The other treatments were found in the middle order. The ascending pattern of weight loss was observed in the treated grain with neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, buprofezin, novaluron and deltamethrin. 4.1.4 Total development period The total development period of R. dominica observed after 24 hours of seed treatment was in the range of -60.67 days (Table-4.4, Fig.-4.4). No development took place in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron novaluron and diflubenzuron 10 and 1 each and buprofezin 1 treated grain which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The maximum total development period among the treated grain was found to be in the pyriproxyfen 5.0 ppm (60.67 days). In all the treatments, the development periods of R. dominica were found at par with the untreated control (51.00 days). After 30 days of treatment, the total development did not take place in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron 10 and 1 each, buprofezin, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The pyriproxyfen 5.0 ppm showed quite high level of developmental period (58.67 days), however, differed non significantly with the seed damage revealed by untreated check (49.33 days). The other treatments resulted in the middle order of efficacy in exhibiting the total development period.

After 60 days of treatment, the total development period ranged from -59.67 days in different insect growth regulator treated grains. It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, novaluron and diflubenzuron 1 each which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The deltamethrin 2 ppm revealed developmental period of 5 days which was found at par with the untreated control (48.67 days) The total development period after 90 days of seed treatment ranged from -61.33 days. No development occured in the neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0 per cent treated grain which was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The maximum total development period among the treated grain was found to be in the pyriproxyfen 1 (61.33 days). The pyriproxyfen 1 resulted in significantly more developmental period over the untreated (47.33 days). After 120 days of treatment, no total development of R. dominica took place in neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments and untreated control. The pyriproxyfen 1 showed quite long developmental period (59.33 days) and differed significantly with the total development period revealed by the untreated check (46.00 days). The other treatments were ranked in the middle order. After 150 days of treatment, the total development period of R. dominica ranged from -56.33 days in different insect growth regulator treated grains, the minimum being in the novaluron 1.0 ppm (46.67 days) and maximum in the pyriproxyfen 1 (56.33 days). It was nil in the neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent which were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The other treatments were found in the middle order. The descending pattern of total developmental period was observed in the neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron and deltamethrin,

4.2 Effect of insect growth regulators as surface treatment of packaging material on lesser grain borer, R. dominica. Different insect growth regulators have been evaluated against R. dominica infesting stored wheat in the laboratory conditions. The insect growth regulators, viz. diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin (with four dose levels i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 2), and neem oil and NSKE (with 3 dose levels, i.e. 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) were mixed with 350 gm sterilized and conditioned wheat and stored in the gunny bags. These bags were kept to have a natural infestation along with infested stock. The observations were recorded after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of storage. 4.2.1 Adult emergence Quite low numbers of adults of R. dominica could emerge after 30 days of treatment of wheat with insect growth regulators; therefore, the data could not be presented in the table After 60 days, the minimum adult emergence was recorded in neem oil 10.0 per cent and pyriproxyfen 2 (Table-4.5, Fig-4.5). Novaluron and diflubenzuron and 1 each, lufenuron and buprofezin revealed low efficacy, i.e. 4.33-5.33 adult emergence, though differed significantly over untreated control (11.33 adult emergence). The other treatments ranked in the middle order. After 90 days, minimum adult emergence was observed in neem oil 10.0 per cent which is at par with buprofezin 2 and NSKE 10 per cent while maximum adult emergence was recorded in novaluron, diflubenzuron and lufenuron each (7.33-8.67 adult emergence), however, differed significantly over untreated control (12.67 adult emergence). The other treatments resulted in the middle order with regards to adult emergence. After 120 days of application of treatments, minimum adult emergence was recorded in the treated grain with neem oil 10.0 per cent

which were found non-significant with pyriproxyfen 20 and 2, buprofezin 2, lufenuron 2, melathion 0.05 per cent and neem oil 5.0 per cent (2.33-4.67 adult emergence). Contrary to this, high adult emergence was recorded in novaluron, diflubezuron and lufenuron 10 ppm and 1 each, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and NSKE 5.0 per cent (8.33-11.33 adult emergence). These treatments were found significantly superior over untreated control (15.33 adult emergence). Adult emergence recorded in the other treatments ranked in the middle order. After 150 days, all the treatments differed significantly over untreated control with regards to adult emergence. In the surface treatments of NSKE 10.0 per cent and neem oil 10.0 per cent, minimum adult emergence was recorded which was found at par with buprofezin 25 ppm, neem oil 7.5 per cent and malathion 0.05 per cent. High adult emergence was recorded in novaluron and 1 and diflubenzuron, these were found at par each other and differed significantly over untreated control (18.67 adult emergence). The other treatments revealed adult emergence which ranked in the middle order. 4.2.2 Grain damage After 60 days of storage of wheat, the grain damage was minimum in the neem oil 10.0 per cent followed by pyriproxyfen 2 and lufenuron 2, while novaluron and diflubenzuron treated bags of wheat was showed maximum grain damage. As high as 25.00 per cent grain damage occurred in the untreated grain due to R. dominica, this was significantly inferior over all the treatments (Table-4.6, Fig-4.6). After 90 days of storage of wheat, the grain damage was minimum in the neem oil 10.0 per cent (5.33%) followed by buprofezin 2, pyriproxyfen 2 and lufenuron 2 while among these treatments, novaluron and diflubenzuron treated wheat showed maximum grain damage. As high as 27.33 per cent grain damage

occurred in the untreated grain due to R. dominica, which was significantly inferior to all the treatments. The grain damage after 120 days of storage of wheat was in the range of 6.67-24.33 per cent, the minimum being in the neem oil 10.0 per cent and maximum in novaluron. As high as 28.33 per cent grain damage was recorded in the untreated which was significantly inferior to the other insect growth regulator treated packaging material. After 150 days, the grain damage was in the range of 9.33-28.33 per cent, the minimum in the neem oil 10.0 per cent treated grain and maximum in the novaluron, the former was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. This treatment was followed by pyriproxyfen 2, buprofezin 2, neem oil 7.5 per cent and NSKE 10.0 per cent. These four treatments were found at par. The untreated control revealed a grain damage of as high as 31.00 per cent which was significantly inferior in revealing the grain damage per cent over the treatments. The ascending pattern of grain damage was found to be in the order of neem oil, NSKE, buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, malathion, and novaluron. 4.2.3 Quantitative loss (weight loss) The quantitative loss observed after 30 days in different grain samples treated with insect growth regulators was found to be negligible, therefore, could not be presented in the table. After 60 days of storage of wheat, the quantitative loss (weight loss) was in the range of 0.33-3.67 per cent, the former being in the neem oil 10.0 percent and the latter in novaluron 2 (Table-4.7,Fig.-4.7). As high as 12.67 per cent weight loss occurred in untreated grain due to R. dominica damage. All the insect growth regulators revealed low weight loss which differed significantly over untreated control. After 90 days of storage, the weight loss was in the range of 0.679.67 per cent in different insect growth regulator treated grain, the minimum being in the neem oil 10.0 per cent and maximum in the

novaluron. As high as 15.67 per cent weight loss was recorded in the untreated, this differed significantly over the weight loss observed in grain treated with different insect growth regulators. After 120 days of storage, the minimum weight loss was observed in neem oil 10.0 per cent (1.00 %) which differed significantly over rest of the treatments. Among these treatments, the novaluron revealed quite high weight loss (13.33%) and significantly inferior over the other treatments. However, all the treatments were found significant in exhibiting the weight loss over untreated (18.00%). The weight loss was in the range of 2.00-15.67 per cent after 150 days of storage. It was minimum in the neem oil 10.0 per cent (2.00%). The novaluron was significantly inferior among the different treatments (13.67% weight loss). However, all the treatments found significantly superior over the untreated (19.67% weight loss). The ascending pattern of weight loss was found to be in order of: neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, malathion and novaluron. 4.3 Effect of insect growth regulators on germination of wheat seed 4.3.1 Seed treatment with insect growth regulators: The germination test of treated wheat seed with insect growth regulators was conducted after 150 days of storage to know the viability. The insect growth regulator treated seeds revealed that their germination ranged from 82.00 to 85.67 per cent which were statiscally at par each other (Table-4.8). The data revealed that the insect growth regulators did not impair the germination of treated seed. 4.3.2 Treatment of packaging material with insect growth regulators: The germination test was conducted to know the viability of wheat seed kept in different insect growth regulators treated packaging material (gunny bags). The results revealed that the germination per cent was ranged from 83.00-85.67 per cent (Table-4.9). The range presented a non-significant difference in the data, therefore, it could be inferred that

treatment of packaging material with insect growth regulators did not inflict adverse effect on the seed viability.

Chapter-6 Summary and Conclusion Investigation on Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat was conducted at Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during September 2016 to May, 2017 on the following parameters. 6.1 Bioefficacy of insect growth regulators as seed protectant against lesser grain borer, R. dominica Different insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz., diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and neem products (neem oil and NSKE) were evaluated against lesser grain borer, R. dominica, a stored grain insect pest. A standard check of deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 2 ppm and an untreated control were maintained for comparison. These treatments was evaluated on the basis of adult emergence, grain damage, weight loss and developmental period of R. dominica. The treated grain lot has been subjected to insect infestation (adult release) after certain period of storage (24 hours, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days). The adult emergence ranged from -11.39 at different insect growth regulators as against 27.89 adults in untreated control. No adult emergence in grains treated with neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent was recorded up to 150 days of storage of wheat grain and found to be most effective. This was followed by pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzron, buprofezin, and novaluron 1 each in which adult emergence was nil upto 90 days of storage. A low number of adult emergence was recorded after 120 days of storage in these treatments. Though high number of adults were emerged at the low doses (1, 5 and

) of these treatments. The novaluron was least effective in reducing the adult emergence (11.39) from treated grains. The neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent revealed no grain damage up to 150 days of storage. The grain damage was also pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, buprofezin and novaluron 1 each upto 60 days of storage. After 90, 120 and 150 days of storage, a low grain damage was evident in these treatments. The maximum grain damage was recorded in the novaluron (11.33-25.67%) at different periods of storage but found significantly superior over the untreated control with regards to grain damage. The other treatments ranked in the middle order. No weight loss was recorded in the neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent treated grains of wheat upto 150 days of storage. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, buprofezin and novaluron in which the weight loss of grains were not observed upto 60 days of storage. After 90 days of storage of treated grain, very low weight loss was evident in these treatments. Quite high amount of weight loss was evident at low dosages of these treatments, the maximum being in novaluron (6.99-18.33%) and diflubenzuron (5.67-17.00%) but differed significantly over untreated control (22.003%). The other treatments ranked in the middle order. No developmental period of R. dominica could be observed in neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent as no adult could emerge from the treated grain. The developmental period also could not be observed in the treated grains with pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, buprofezin and novaluron 1 each as the adults could not emerge upto All the tested IGRs were found significantly superior in increase days of storage, however, the significant prolonged developmental period of R. dominica was observed in these treatments over the untreated control after 90, 120 and 150 days of storage.

On the basis of parameters, viz. adult emergence, grain damage weight loss and developmental period the descending order of effectivity of treatments was found to be: neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, novaluron, buprofezin and deltamethrin. 6.2 Effect of insect growth regulator treated packaging material on lesser grain borer, R. dominica Different insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz. diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin and neem products (neem oil and NSKE) were evaluated against lesser grain borer, R. dominica. A standard check of malathion 50 EC @ 0.05 per cent and an untreated control was maintained for comparison. These treatments were evaluated on the basis of adult emergence, grain damage and weight loss. The treated grain lot has been subjected to insect infestation and the observations were recorded after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of storage. All the tested IGRs were found significantly superior in with respect to the adult emergence over untreated control. The mean adult emergence in different treatments varied from 1.83-10.42 adults in different IGR treated wheat grain samples, vis-à-vis, 14.50 adults in untreated control. Minimum adult emergence was recorded in neem oil 10.0 per cent (1.00-2.67 adults) followed by NSKE 10.0% (1.67-3.00 adults). These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen 2 (1.004.67 adults), buprofezin 2 (1.67-4.33 adults), lufenuron 2 ( 2.67-5.67 adults), diflubenzuron 2 ( 2.33-6.67 adults) and novaluron 2 (3.33-7.67 adults). The other treatments were found in middle order but differed significantly over the untreated control (11.33-18.67 adults). The damage grain per cent ranged from 6.08-20.83 at different insect growth regulators as against 27.92 per cent in untreated control. The neem oil 10.0 per cent was found to be most effective as minimum

grain damage (3.00-9.33%) was recorded in this treatment. This was followed by NSKE 10.0 per cent (2.33-12.00%), buprofezin 2 (2.0013.33%), pyriproxyfen 2 (3.00-13.00%), lufenuron 2 (2.3314.00%) and diflubenzuron 2 (3.33-14.67%). The grain damage was maximum in the diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin each, though differed significantly over untreated control (25.00-31.00%). The other treatments ranked in the middle order. The weight loss was in range of 1.00-10.59 per cent in different insect growth regulators treated wheat grain as against 16.50 per cent in untreated control. The minimum weight loss was observed in neem oil 10.0 per cent (0.33-2.00%) and NSKE 10.0 per cent (0.67-2.33%) which were found to be most effective while maximum weight loss was observed in novaluron, diflubenzuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin 10 ppm each which were found to be least effective. All the treatments resulted in significant difference with regards to weight loss over untreated control. The other treatments ranked in the middle order. The descending order of effectiveness of treatments impregnation of packaging material was found to be: neem oil, NSKE, pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, lufenuron, diflubenzuron, malathion and novaluron 6.3 Effect of insect growth regulators on germination of wheat seed No adverse effect of tested insect growth regulators as seed treatment was observed on the germination of wheat seeds after 150 days of treatment. The germination per cent of seeds ranged from 82.00 to 85.33 which was at par with that of the untreated control (85.67%). Same results were evident in the use of IGRs as impregnation of packaging material.

Conclusion The insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz. diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin and neem products (neem oil and NSKE) were evaluated against lesser grain borer, R. dominica as seed protactant. Out of these, neem oil 1.0 per cent, NSKE 5.0% were most effective, revealed no adult emergence of R. dominica, damaged grains and weight loss. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen, lufenuron, diflubenzuron and novaluron 1 each. No development could take place in the neem oil 1.0 per cent and NSKE 5.0 per cent upto 150 days of storage. These were followed by pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, diflubenzuron, lufenuron and novaluron 1 each. The insect novaluron, growth lufenuron, regulators (IGRs), pyriproxyfen, viz. buprofezin diflubenzuron, and neem products (neem oil and NSKE) were evaluated against lesser grain borer, R. dominica as surface treatment of packaging material (gunny bags). The neem oil 10.0 per cent and NSKE 10.0 per cent were most effective (3.00-9.33, 2.33-12.00% grain damage, respectively). These treatments were followed by buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron 2. No adverse effects of tested IGRs were evident on the germination of seeds upto 150 days of treatment.

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Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and SurfaceTreatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat** Hitesh Jangir* Researcher Dr. K.C. Kumawat Major Advisor Abstract Investigation on Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators as Seed Protectant and Surface Treatment of Packaging Material Against Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) on Wheat was conducted at Department of Entomology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during September 2016 to May, 2017. The insect growth regulators, viz. diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin (in four dosage levels, viz. 1,5,10, and 1) and neem oil (in three dosage levels 0.1,0.5 and 1.0%) and neem seed kernel extract (at three dosage levels 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%) were evaluated as seed protactant on wheat seed against lesser grain borer, R. dominica. A standard check of deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 2 ppm and an untreated control was maintained for comparison. These treatments were evaluated on the basis of adult emergence, grain damage, weight loss and developmental period at 24 hours, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days after storage. Among these treatments, neem oil 1.0% and NSKE 5.0% exhibited nil emergence of adults, grain damage, weight loss and developmental period upto 150 days of storage. These treatments were followed by pyriproxyfen 1 (-2.00 F1 adults, -3.33 per cent grain damage, -4.00 per cent weight loss) and lufenuron (-3.00 F1 adults, -5.00 per cent grain damage, -4.67 per cent weight loss). The developmental period was prolonged in pyriproxyfen 1 (56.33-61.33 days) which was followed by buprofezin 1 (55.33-59.67 days), however, all the treatments proved significantly superior over untreated check. The insect growth regulators, viz. diflubenzuron, novaluron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin (in four dosage levels, viz. 10,15,20, and 2) and neem oil and neem seed kernel extract (in three dosage levels, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) were evaluated as impregnation of packaging material (gunny bags) against lesser grain borer, R. dominica. A standard check of malathion 50 EC @ 0.05 per cent and an untreated control was maintained for comparison. These treatments were evaluated on the basis of adult emergence, grain damage and weight loss at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after storage. Among these treatments, neem oil 10.0 per cent (1.00-2.67 F1 adults, 3.00-9.33% grain damage and 0.33-2.00% weight loss) followed by NSKE 10.0 per cent (1.67-3.00 adults, 2.33-12.00% grain damage and 0.672.33% weight loss) were found most effective treatments. These treatments were followed by buprofezin and pyriproxyfen 2 each. However, all the treatments proved significantly superior over untreated check. The data of germination test revealed a non-significant difference among them, therefore, it could be inferred that the insect growth regulators tested did not impair the viability of the seed.s * Post graduate student, Department of Entomology, S.K.N. college of Agriculture. Jobner * Thesis submitted to S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner for partial fulfillment of the requirement of M.Sc.(Ag.) degree under the supervision of Dr. K.C. Kumawat, Professor, Department of Entomology, S.K.N. college of Agriculture Jobner.

Table-4.8 Effect of insect growth regulator treatment on the germination of wheat seed after 150 days of treatment S.No. Treatment Dosage Germination(%) 1 2 3 4 1 Diflubenzuron 85.00 (9.25) 84.33 (9.21) 83.33 (9.16) 15ppm 84.67 (9.23) 2 Novaluron 84.33 (9.21) 84.00 (9.19) 83.33 (9.16) 15ppm 83.33 (9.16) 3 Lufenuron 85.00 (9.25) 84.33 (9.21) 84.67 (9.23) 15ppm 83.00 (9.14) 4 Pyriproxyfen 83.00 (9.14) 83.00 (9.14) 84.33 (9.21) 15ppm 85.00 (9.25) Buprofezin 84.33 (9.21) 84.00 (9.19) 83.00 (9.14) 15ppm 84.33 (9.21) 6 Neem oil 0.1% 85.33 (9.26) 0.5% 84.67 (9.23) 1% 84.33 (9.21) 7 NSKE 1% 84.67 (9.23) 2.5% 85.33 (9.26) 5.0% 82.00 (9.10) 8 Deltamethrin 2 ppm 85.00 (9.25) 9 Control (Untreated) 85.67 (9.28) SEm+ 1.21 CD (P=0.05) NS *NS = Non-significant Figures in the parenthesis are arc sine percentage values

Table-4.9 Effect of insect growth regulator treated packaging material on the germination of wheat seed after 150 days of treatment S.No. Treatment Dosage Germination(%) 1 2 3 4 1 Diflubenzuron 83.33 (9.16) 1 84.67 (9.23) 20 ppm 85.00 (9.25) 2 83.33 (9.16) 2 Novaluron 83.33 (9.16) 1 83.33 (9.16) 20 ppm 83.00 (9.14) 2 83.00 (9.14) 3 Lufenuron 84.67 (9.23) 1 83.00 (9.14) 20 ppm 84.00 (9.19) 2 85.33 (9.26) 4 Pyriproxyfen 84.33 (9.21) 1 85.00 (9.25) 20 ppm 83.67 (9.17) 2 83.00 (9.14) 5 Buprofezin 83.00 (9.14) 1 84.33 (9.21) 20 ppm 84.00 (9.19) 2 84.67 (9.23) 6 Neem oil 5% 84.33 (9.21) 7.5% 83.00 (9.14) 10% 83.67 (9.17) 7 NSKE 5% 83.00 (9.14) 7.5% 83.33 (9.16) 10% 84.33 (9.21) 8 Melathion 0.05% 84.67 (9.23) 9 Control (Untreated) 85.67 (9.28) SEm+ 1.32 CD (P=0.05) NS *NS = Non-significant Figures in the parenthesis are arc sine percentage values