Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil b Department of Natural History, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology

This article was downloaded by: [Fabio Laurindo Da Silva] On: 14 May 2014, At: 06:58 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nnfe20 Two new species of Parapentaneura (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Brazil, with keys to the males and immature stages Carolina Silva de Oliveira Neubern a, Fabio Laurindo Silva ab & Susana Trivinho-Strixino a a Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos Aquáticos, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil b Department of Natural History, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum, Trondheim, Norway Published online: 12 May 2014. To cite this article: Carolina Silva de Oliveira Neubern, Fabio Laurindo Silva & Susana Trivinho-Strixino (2014): Two new species of Parapentaneura (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Brazil, with keys to the males and immature stages, Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2014.909115 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2014.909115 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content ) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2014.909115 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Two new species of Parapentaneura (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Brazil, with keys to the males and immature stages Carolina Silva de Oliveira Neubern a, Fabio Laurindo Silva a,b * & Susana Trivinho-Strixino a a Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos Aquáticos, Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; b Department of Natural History, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum, Trondheim, Norway (Received 8 March 2013; accepted 25 March 2014) Downloaded by [Fabio Laurindo Da Silva] at 06:58 14 May 2014 Two new species of Parapentaneura Stur, Fittkau et Serrano, 2006 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from southeastern Brazil are described and figured as male, pupa and larva: P. brunnescens and P. flavescens. Keys to the males, pupae and larvae of known species of Parapentaneura are provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:e6860ebe-b781-4dda-9650-6e6ea3a0309e Keywords: Parapentaneura; Pentaneurini; taxonomy; Brazil Introduction Non-biting midges of the genus Parapentaneura Stur, Fittkau & Serrano are small chironomids that live associated with aquatic macrophyte roots in lakes and ponds (Stur et al. 2006; Oliveira et al. 2010). The genus is so far only recorded from the Neotropical region. Parapentaneura belongs to the tribe Pentaneurini and was erected by Stur et al. (2006) based on descriptions of all major life stages (except female) of one named species, Parapentaneura bentogomensis Stur, Fittkau et Serrano, and one pupa with associated larva from an unnamed species. The larvae of Parapentaneura bentogomensis and Parapentaneura sp. sensu Stur et al. (2006) were collected among Salvinia roots in the Rio Bento Gomes, an intermittent lowland river which flows into the northern Pantanal. Oliveira et al. (2010) redescribed and revised this species based on specimens from the state of São Paulo, added new characters to the original description and emended the genus diagnosis. Two new species of Parapentaneura from southeastern Brazil are here described and figured in all major life stages. In addition, keys to the males, pupae and larvae of known species are provided. Materials and methods The larvae were collected associated with different aquatic macrophyte roots, and were reared individually in the laboratory to obtain the associated pupal exuviae and adults. Specimens examined were slide-mounted in Euparal, following the procedures outlined by Pinder (1983, 1986, 1989). The new species were identified by comparing them to the original genus description (Stur et al. 2006) and examining the type material deposited in the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow Sæther (1980), Kowalyk (1985) and Roback (1985). Measurement methods follow Epler (1988). Measures are given as ranges with the number of observed specimens in parenthesis if different from the number (n) stated at the beginning of the description. The material examined is deposited in the Reference Collection of Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos Aquáticos (LEIA), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil. Abbreviations: A 1,A 2 :antennalsegments 1, 2; A 1 /MD: A 1 /mandible length; AR: antennal ratio; GS/AL: genital sac/anal lobe ratio; HR: hypopygium ratio; HV: hypopygium value; P 1: palp segment 1; VR: venarum ratio; WW: wing ratio. Results Taxonomy Parapentaneura Stur, Fittkau et Serrano, 2006 Parapentaneura Stur, Fittkau et Serrano, 2006: 60 Type species Parapentaneura bentogomensis Stur, Fittkau et Serrano, 2006 *Corresponding author. Email: fabelha@hotmail.com 2014 Taylor & Francis

2 C. S. O. Neubern et al. Emended diagnosis Based on specimens from southeastern Brazil, the generic diagnosis of Parapentaneura male, pupa and larva (Stur et al. 2006) must be emended to include the following characters. Male: comb of hind tibia with 5 8 setae. Pupa: anal lobe 1.65 2.16 times longer than wide. Larva: pecten hypopharyngis with 6 12 teeth. Key to the males of known Parapentaneura species 1. Antepronotals absent; tergite IX with 4 5 setae... P. bentogomensis Antepronotals present; tergite IX with 2 3 setae... 2 2. Phallapodeme posteriorly forked; HR 1.45 1.60... P. brunnescens sp. n. Phallapodeme simple; HR 1.85...... P. flavescens sp. n. Key to the pupae of known Parapentaneura species 1. Horn atrium with alveolar area reduced...... Parapentaneura sp. Horn atrium with alveolar area filling most of lumen... 2 2. Abdominal coloration pale; plastron plate 74 μm long, corona 129 μm long... P. bentogomensis Abdominal coloration dark; plastron plate 54 68 μm long, corona 100 123 μm long... 3 3. Abdominal segments I VIII with dark tergites; paratergites anterolaterally dark, posteriorly colorless; thoracic horn black; male genital sac not reaching the internal margin of anal lobe...... P. brunnescens sp. n. Abdominal segment I with dark tergite and paratergite, segments II VIII with dark tergites, paratergites colorless; thoracic horn brown; male genital sac reaching the internal margin of anal lobe... P. flavescens sp. n. Key to the larvae of known Parapentaneura species 1. Paraligula bifid... Parapentaneura sp. Paraligula trifid... 2 2. Procercus yellow; smooth base of supraanal seta 15 μm long... P. flavescens sp. n. Procercus brown; smooth base of supraanal seta 23 38 μm long... 3 3. Apices of the inner teeth of ligula directed outwards; smooth base of supraanal seta 23 μm long... P. bentogomensis Apices of the inner teeth of ligula not directed outwards; smooth base of supraanal seta 31 38 μm long... P. brunnescens sp. n. Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n. (Figures 1 15) Type material Holotype: male with pupal and larval exuviae, BRAZIL, SP, Pirassununga, Aquaculture Research and Training Center CEPTA/IBAMA, pisciculture tanks, 21 55 44 S, 47 22 23 W, 627 m asl, 10 September 2010, F. L. Silva & S. T. Strixino. Four paratypes: 3 males with pupal and larval exuviae, same data as holotype; 1 female with pupal and larval exuviae, same data as holotype. Etymology From Latin, brunneus, meaning brown, referring to the coloration of larval procercus. Diagnostic characters Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n. differs from other known Parapentaneura species by the combination of the following characters. Male: antepronotals present; tergite IX with 2 3 setae; phallapodeme posteriorly forked; HR 1.45 1.60. Pupa: Plastron plate 54 68 µm long; corona 100 123 µm long; thoracic horn black; genital sac not reaching the internal margin of anal lobe. Larva: Smooth base of supraanal seta length 31 38 µm; procercus brown. Description Adult male (n =3). Total length 2.5 2.8 mm. Wing length 1.4 1.5 mm. Total length/wing length 1.74 1.82. Wing length/length of profemur 1.95 2.46. Coloration. Head, pedicel, antenna and maxillary palp brown. Thorax brown. Wing membrane transparent without spots, with macrotrichia on veins. Abdomen and hypopygium brown. Head (Figure 1). Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, AR 1.04 1.13, flagellum 803 839 μm long. Temporal setae 8 9, uniserial (Figure 1). Eyes with dorsomedian extension containing 4 terminal facets. Tentorium 114 138 (2) μm long, stipes not measurable. Clypeus 82 88 (2) μm long, bearing 10 15 setae. Cibarial pump with anterior margin concave, 114 138 (2) μm long. Palpomere not measurable. Thorax. Antepronotum with 3 (2) lateral setae; acrostichals 28 33, anteriorly uniserial becoming

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 3 Figures 1 6. Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n.: adult male. (1) Head, frontal view. (2) Wing. (3 5) Tibial spurs of P1 (3), P2 (4) and P3 (5). (6) Hypopygium with tergite IX. biserial posteriorly; dorsocentrals 10 12; prealars 5 6; supraalar 1; scutellars 9 15. Wing (Figure 2). Width 0.40 0.43 mm long. Costa 1.26 1.34 mm long, produced beyond R 4+5. VR 0.93 0.98. WW 0.28 0.29. Brachiolum with 2 3 (2) setae. Squama with 5 setae. Legs (Figures 3 5). Foreleg: tibia with one apical spur 22 μm long(figure 3). Mid leg: tibia with two apical spurs 20 23; 20 25 μm long(figure 4). Hind leg: tibia with one apical spur 15 18 (Figure 5); comb with 7 setae. All legs with claws pointed. Pulvilli absent. Lengths and proportion of leg segments as in Table 1.

4 C. S. O. Neubern et al. Figures 7 10. Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n.: pupa. (7) Thoracic horn. (8) Tergite chaetotaxy, anal lobe and male genital sac. (9 10) Shagreen pattern on abdominal segments: (9) segment I; (10) segments II VII. Hypopygium (Figure 6). Tergite IX with 2 3 setae. Phallapodeme posteriorly forked, 75 (1) μm long. Sternapodeme curved anteriorly, 83 (1) μm long. Gonocoxite broad, 89 94 μm long, with slightly concave inner margin. Gonostylus simple, 58 63 μm long; megaseta 11 12 μm long. HR 1.45 1.60. HV 4.18 4.38.

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 5 Figures 11 15. Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n.: larva. (11) Head with chaetotaxy, left: dorsal aspect, right: ventral aspect. (12) Maxillary palp detail. (13) Mandible. (14) Mentum and M appendage. (15) Ligula, paraligula and pecten hypopharyngis. Table 1. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of leg segments in Parapentaneura brunnescens sp. n., male (n = 2 3). fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 569 785 738 969 662 677 323 354 246 262 p 2 677 708 800 923 677 723 308 169 p 3 631 692 969 1092 631 662 323 354 231 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 154 169 77 0.86 0.90 2.29 2.65 1.98 2.14 p 2 123 77 0.78 0.80 3.30 3.45 2.23 2.30 p 3 154 169 77 0.65 2.74 2.92 2.53

6 C. S. O. Neubern et al. Pupa (n = 4) Coloration. Exuviae pale brown with brown spots. Thoracic horn black. Abdominal segments I VIII with dark tergites; paratergites anterolaterally dark, posteriorly colorless. Cephalothorax (Figure 7). Wing sheath 0.88 0.94 mm long and 0.15 0.34 mm wide. Thoracic horn 198 215 μm long and 66 72 μm wide, with spinules on the surface; plastron plate 54 68 μm long; corona 100 123 μm long; aeropyle tube 134 162 μm long. Respiratory atrium tubular and with alveolar area, connected to branched central duct. Basal lobe present. Thoracic comb with 7 10 conical teeth. Abdomen (Figures 8 10). 2.23 2.60 mm long. Tergites I VIII with shagreen consisting of scale-like spinules or pointed spinules (Figures 9 10). T I with pigmented scar, 69 148 μm long. Chaetotaxy as in Figure 8. T VII with 3 taeniae. T VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe as in Figure 8, 339 370 (3) μm long and 203 206 (3) μm wide, with two anal macrosetae. Length/width 1.65 1.82 (3). Genital sac smaller than anal lobe, 142 152 (3) μm long. GS/AL 0.38 0.42 (3). 4th instar larva (n = 4) Coloration. Head and antenna pale yellow, postoccipital margin brown; distal tooth of mandible brown; anterior toothed margin of ligula pale brown. Abdomen pale yellow; procercus brown. Head (Figure 11). Length 397 430 μm, 248 309 μm wide; cephalic index 0.62 0.72 (3). Chaetotaxy as in Figure 11. Antenna. Length 288 320 (3) μm long, A 1 235 262 μm long, with ring organ located 132 151 μm from base, A 2 46 57 (3) μm long. AR 3.74 4.50 (3). Maxilla (Figure 12). P 1 35 40 μm long and 8 9 μm wide, with ring organ 23 26 μm from base, A 1 /P 1 6.37 7.08, A 2 /P 1 1.25 1.61 (3). Mandible (Figure 13). Length 55 71 μm, with 3 lateral setae. A 1 /MD 3.41 4.25. Seta subdentalis 18 19 μm long. Mentum and M appendage (Figure 14). Dorsomentum with 3 teeth; pseudoradula uniformly granulate. Hypopharyngeal complex (Figure 15). Ligula 49 57 μm long, maximum width 31 34 μm, with 5 teeth equal in size. Paraligula trifid, 32 34 μm long. Pecten hypopharyngis with 7 11 (2) teeth. Body. Without lateral fringe. Anterior parapods with simple claws. Procercus 152 172 μm long, 14 18 μm wide, anal setae 733 (1) μm long. Length/width 8.5 11.0. Supraanal seta 554 606 μm long with smooth base 31 38 μm long. Anal tubules not measurable. Posterior parapod apex with 15 simple claws. Ecology The larvae of Parapentaneura brunnescens were collected associated with Salvinia auriculata roots in pisciculture tanks at the Aquaculture Research and Training Center, in Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n. (Figures 16 30) Type material Holotype male with pupal and larval exuviae, BRAZIL, SP, Luiz Antônio, Diogo lake, Ecological Station of Jataí, 21 36 54 S, 47 48 02 W, 600 m asl, 20 October 2003, S. T. Strixino. Etymology From Latin, flavus, meaning yellow, referring to the coloration of larval procercus. Diagnostic characters Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n. differs from other Parapentaneura species by the combination of the following characters. Male: antepronotals present; tergite IX with 3 setae; phallapodeme simple; HR 1.85. Pupa: plastron plate 66 µm long; corona 123 µm long; thoracic horn brown; genital sac reaching the internal margin of anal lobe. Larva: Length of smooth base of supraanal seta 15 µm; procercus yellow. Description Adult male (n = 1) Size. Total length 2.3 mm. Wing length 1.5 mm. Total length/wing length 1.57. Wing length/length of profemur 1.91. Coloration. Head, pedicel, antenna and maxillary palp brown. Thorax brown. Wing membrane transparent without spots, with macrotrichia on veins. Abdomen and hypopygium brown. Head (Figure 16). Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, AR 1.15, flagellum 806 μm long. Temporal setae 11, uniserial (Figure 16). Eyes with dorsomedian extension containing 4 terminal facets. Tentorium 106 μm long, stipes not measurable. Clypeus 89 μm long, bearing 12 setae. Cibarial pump with anterior margin concave, 185 μm long. Palpomere lengths 1 5 (in μm): 35; 60; 103, 111; 171. Thorax. Antepronotum with 3 lateral setae; acrostichals 28, anteriorly uniserial becoming biserial posteriorly; dorsocentrals 13; prealars 6; supraalar 1; scutellars 8.

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 7 Figures 16 21. Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n.: adult. (16) Head, frontal view. (17) Wing. (18 20) Tibial spurs of P1 (18), P2 (19) and P3 (20). (21) Hypopygium with tergite IX. Wing (Figure 17). Width 0.36 mm long. Costa 1.34 mm long, produced beyond R 4+5. VR 0.94. WW 0.24. Brachiolum with 2 setae. Setae on squama not observed. Legs (Figures 18 20). Foreleg: tibia with one apical spur 23 μm long (Figure 18). Mid leg: tibia with two apical spurs 23; 28 μm long (Figure 19). Hind leg: tibia with one apical spur 26 (Figure 20); comb with 6 setae. All legs with claws pointed. Pulvilli absent. Lengths and proportion of leg segments as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figure 21). Tergite IX with 3 setae. Phallapodeme simple, 68 μm long. Sternapodeme curved anteriorly, 66 μm long. Gonocoxite broad, 97 μm long, with slightly concave inner margin. Gonostylus simple, 52 μm long; megaseta 8 μm long. HR 1.85. HV 4.48.

8 C. S. O. Neubern et al. Figures 22 25. Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n.: pupa. (22) Thoracic horn. (23) Tergite chaetotaxy, anal lobe and male genital sac. (24 25) Shagreen pattern on abdominal segments: (24) segment I; (25) segments II VII. Pupa (n = 1) Coloration. Exuviae pale brown with brown spots. Thoracic horn brown. Abdominal segment I with dark tergite and paratergite, segments II VIII with dark tergites, paratergites colorless. Cephalothorax (Figure 22). Wing sheath 0.84 mm long and 0.25 mm wide. Thoracic horn 189 μm long and 62 μm wide, with spinules on the surface; plastron plate, 66 μm long; corona 123 μm long; aeropyle tube 128 μm long. Respiratory atrium tubular and with alveolar area, connected to branched central duct. Basal lobe present. Thoracic comb with 8 conical teeth. Abdomen (Figures 23 25). 2.01 mm long. Tergites I VIII with shagreen consisting of scale-like spinules or pointed spinules (Figures 24 25). T I with pigmented scar, 109 μm long. Chaetotaxy as in Figure 23.

Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 9 Figures 26 30. Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n.: larva. (26) Head with chaetotaxy, left: dorsal aspect, right: ventral aspect. (27) Maxillary palp detail. (28) Mandible. (29) Mentum and M appendage. (30) Ligula, paraligula and pecten hypopharyngis. Table 2. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of leg segments in Parapentaneura flavescens sp. n., male (n = 1). fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 775 669 p 2 723 892 739 323 185 p 3 631 1015 662 339 231 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 p 2 115 92 0.83 2.89 2.19 p 3 154 92 0.65 2.83 2.49

10 C. S. O. Neubern et al. Downloaded by [Fabio Laurindo Da Silva] at 06:58 14 May 2014 T VII with 3 taeniae. T VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe as in Figure 23, 361 μm long and 167 μm wide, with two anal macrosetae. Genital sac smaller than anal lobe, 139 μm long. GS/AL 0.39. 4th instar larva (n = 1) Coloration. Head and antenna pale yellow, postoccipital margin brown; distal tooth of mandible brown; anterior toothed margin of ligula pale brown. Abdomen pale yellow; procercus yellow. Head (Figure 26). Length 418 μm, 230 μm wide; cephalic index 0.55. Chaetotaxy as in Figure 26. Antenna. Length 308 μm long, A 1 249 μm long, with ring organ placed 149 μm from base, A 2 52 μm long. AR 4.26. Maxilla (Figure 27). P 1 35 μm long and 6 μm wide, with ring organ 21 μm from base, A 1 /P 1 7 7.04, A 2 /P 1 1.48. Mandible (Figure 28). Length 58 μm, with 3 lateral setae. A 1 /MD 4.26. Seta subdentalis 18 μm long. Mentum and M appendage (Figure 29). Dorsomentum with 3 lateral teeth; pseudoradula uniformly granulate. Hypopharyngeal complex (Figure 30). Ligula 49 μm long, maximum width 29 μm, with 5 teeth, almost equal in size. Paraligula trifid, 32 μm long. Pecten hypopharyngis with 12 teeth. Body. Without lateral fringe. Anterior parapods with simple claws. Procercus 175 μm long, 17 μm wide, anal setae not measurable. Length/width 10.4. Supraanal seta not measurable, smooth base 15 μm long. Anal tubules not measurable. Posterior parapod apex with 15 simple claws. Ecology The larvae of Parapentaneura flavescens were collected associated with aquatic macrophyte roots in Diogo lake at the Ecological Station of Jataí, in Luiz Antonio, São Paulo, Brazil. References Epler JH. 1988. Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the world. Mem Am Entomol Soc. 36:1 214. Kowalyk HE. 1985. The larval cephalic setae in the Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) and their importance in generic determinations. Can Entomol. 117(01):67 106. Oliveira CSN, Fonseca-Gessner AA, Navarro-Silva MA. 2010. Parapentaneura bentogomensis Stur, Fittkau et Serrano (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) taken in Southeastern, Brazil: additional characters and modified generic diagnosis. Biota Neotrop. 10(2):139 142. Pinder LCV. 1983. The larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region introduction. In: Wiederholm T, editor. Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1, Larvae. Entomol Scand Suppl. 19:7 10. Pinder LCV. 1986. The pupae of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region introduction. In: Wiederholm T, editor. Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 2, Pupae. Entomol Scand Suppl. 28:5 7. Pinder LCV. 1989. The adult of Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Holarctic region introduction. In: Wiederholm T, editor. Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1, Adult males. Entomol Scand Suppl. 34:5 9. Roback SS. 1985. The immature chironomids of the Eastern United States VI. Pentaneurini-Genus Ablabesmyia. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia. 137(2):153 212. Sæther OA. 1980. Glossary of chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomol Scand Suppl. 14:1 51. Stur E, Fittkau EJ, Serrano MS. 2006. Parapentaneura bentogomensis gen. n., sp. n., a new Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa. 1384:59 68.