FIRST 25 QUESTIONS: FROM FIRST TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLASS

EART 65: Natural History of Dinosaurs - Final Exam: Version A This test has 75 questions, each worth 2 points. You may use your two page "cheat sheet". No electronics. Turn in your scantron and this question sheet when you leave. FIRST 25 QUESTIONS: FROM FIRST TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLASS (50 pts total) 1. What was the name of the first dinosaur described in a scientific paper? a. Scelidosaurus b. Troodon c. Iguanodon d. Megalosaurus 2. Some mythical beasts may be based on people seeing and trying to understand dinosaur fossils. 3. Richard Owen, an early dinosaur worker, viewed dinosaurs as slow, reptile-like animals, which affected scientific and public views of dinosaurs for much of the next century. 4. Which of the following is an example of a body fossil? a. a foot print b. a fossil feather c. a coprolite d. all the above 5. Which of the following taphonomic processes affects organic remains before burial? a. compaction b. cementation c. trampling d. all the above 6. A key principle that allowed workers to put local columns of rock in relative temporal order was the. a. principle of superposition b. principle of inclusions c. principle of cross cutting relations d. all the above 7. Biological evolution is the theory that organisms are connected by ancestor-descendent links and that they change through time. 8. Which of the following is a component of the Theory of Natural Selection, as proposed by Darwin? a. Based on their particular traits, organisms show differences in fitness (i.e., mating ability, fertility, fecundity or survivorship) b. The existence of transitional intermediates (missing links) in the fossil record. c. Inheritance of information from parent to offspring was particulate (i.e., based on genes and not simple blending). d. All the above 9. Two shared derived characters uniting the Vertebrates are the possession of a nerve cord and a stiff notocord on their dorsal surface. 10. The skull below, which has one temporal opening behind the eye (per side of the head), is referred to as. a. euryapsid b. diapsid c. synapsid d. anapsid 1

11. The earliest dinosaurs, Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor, were small, bipedal carnivores. 12. The first dinosaurs appeared about million years ago. a. 300 b. 250 c. 230 d. 200 13. Bipedality and upright quadrupedal locomotion are both solutions to the problem of simultaneous walking and breathing that living reptiles experience. 14. A shared derived trait that unites the Saurishcia is a lizard-hipped pelvis with a forward projecting pubis. 15. Which of the following is a group of bird-like theropod dinosaurs with relatively big brains and long fore limbs? a. Herrerrasaurus b. Carnosauria c. Coelurosauria d. all the above 16. The herbivorous saurischian dinosaur in the figure below, with a huge thumb claw and long cervical vertebrae, is a. a. Pisanosaurus b. prosauropod c. sauropod d. ornithopod 17. Sauropods had high encephalization quotients. 18. One reason researchers suspect stegosaur dorsal plates may have been used for thermoregulation is that their surfaces were highly vascularized. 19. Stegosaurs defended themselves using tails bearing large spikes. 20. How did large dinosaurs deal with the fact that leg strength does not increase as fast as the stress on the legs as bodies grow larger? a. Kept the proportions of the leg constant as size increased. b. Lived in water to support weight. c. Kept legs straight when walking. d. All of the above 21. Some herbivorous vertebrates are large and indiscriminant, consuming plant parts that are rich in easily digested nutrients. 22. It is unlikely that fat-head pachycephalosaurs directly butted heads because they lack structures to align the domes during strikes, and therefore would have experienced dangerous glancing blows. 23. Advanced ornithopods, such as hadrosaurids, had complex dental batteries that allowed them to chew their food finely in their mouths. 2

24. The dinosaur figured below, with horns and frills, is a. a. psittacosaur b. ceratopsid c. ornithopod d. pachycephalosaur 25. Analysis of skull structure suggests that some hadrosaurid ornithopods may have communicated using vocalizations. NEXT 50 QUESTIONS: MOSTLY FROM THE LAST ONE-THIRD OF THE CLASS MATCHING. Fill in the blanks using words from the list below. Pick the word that most closely fits the definition or sentence (30 pts. total) 26. In the chief source of heat energy to keep the body in the optimal temperature range comes from the external environment. 27. In the chief source of heat energy to keep the body in the optimal temperature range is internal and comes from metabolic activity. 28. In the internal body temperature is kept relatively constant (± about 2 C). 29. The of a dinosaur can be calculated using relationships based on modern animals if we know the cross-sectional area of its limb bones. 30. The equals stride length divided by leg length. 31. A replica of the internal volume of the brain case is called an. 32. Offspring that are fairly helpless when born and need to be cared for by their parents are called. As a consequence, their parents have few offspring at time. 33. The most common birds of the Mesozoic were the. 34. The first flying vertebrates were Permian. 35. From the position of the within the skull, we can deduce the angle at which the head was held relative to the ground in pterosaurs and other animals. 36. The are marine reptiles with squat bodies, paddle-like limbs, long necks, and small heads. 37. Relative to fish, amphibians and reptiles, most mammals have thick on their teeth. 38. The earliest and most primitive mammals currently known is/are. 39. Deposits left by tsunamis, which ring the Gulf of Mexico at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, are known as. 40. The asteroid hypothesis for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction was proposed after scientists from Berkeley found unusually high concentration of at a boundary site in Italy. 3

Matching Answers a. enantiornithes = 33 cd. relative stride length =30 b. weight = 29 ce. endocast = 31 c. relative speed de. heterotherms d. endotherms = 27 abc. altricial = 32 e. ornithurines abd. pleisiosaurs = 36 ab. homeotherms = 28 abe. height ac. iridium = 40 acd. enamel = 37 ad. placodonts ace. flocculus ae. ectotherms = 26 ade. multituberculates bc. semi-circular canals = 35 bcd. lizards = 34 bd. tempestites = 39 bce. Morganucodon = 38 be. pterosaurs cde. precocial True or False: A = True, B = False (30 pts. total) 41. It takes more prey animals to feed an endotherm predator than to feed an ectothermic predator. A 42. Very large dinosaurs would have been warmer than their surrounding and would have had relatively invariant temperatures because they would not have shed heat efficiently. A 43. The small nasal cavity volumes of some dinosaurs suggest that they did not have high metabolic rates. A 44. There is evidence that some dinosaurs engaged in cannibalism. A 45. Growth rate data suggest that large theropods attained great size by living longer, not growing faster. B 46. To calculate encephalization quotient, one must estimate both the mass of the brain and the mass of the body. A 47. Internal fertilization of eggs first appeared in the vertebrates in the sharks. A 48. The furcula appeared in theropod dinosaurs, but it was not flexible as in modern birds. A 49. Birds evolved a special pulley structure in their shoulders that allows them to pull their wings backwards by contracting a muscle on their chest. A 50. Primitive pterosaurs had long tails. A 51. Placodonts were large generalist aquatic carnivores related to monitor lizards. B 52. The quadrate-articular jaw joint of therapsids evolved into the malleus-incus middle ear bones of mammals. A 53. Some living mammals lay eggs. A 54. Soot layers at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary suggest that the event involved massive wildfires. A 55. The Deccan Traps are massive volcanic flows in India that span about 5 million years across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. A 4

Multiple Choice (40 pts. total) 56. Living endotherms mostly all have. a. bipedal posture b. bladders c. insulating body covering d. low EQs 57. Dense haversian bone (figured below) is no longer considered strong evidence for dinosaur endothermy. Why? a. It does not occur in many adult mammals. b. It indicates fast growth, not a high metabolic rate. c. It occurs in any bone that undergoes extensive remodeling in response to mechanic stress. d. all of the above 58. The fact that some groups of dinosaurs lived at high latitudes is viewed by some workers as evidence that these animals. a. had warm body temperatures due to high metabolic rates b. were ectotherms c. were heterotherms d. were not very bright 59. If a dinosaur had a foot print that was 1 m long, roughly how long was the leg that produced that print? a. 1 m b. 2 m c. 4 m d. 10 m 60. Wilson & Fisher s experiment suggest that brachiosaurs would produce manus only prints. a. only if they were swimming b. when they were digging for food c. only in rapid currents d. if they were partially submerged, with their lighter back ends floating 61. Large theropods had a life history with. a. constant mortality from birth, to youth, to old age b. moderate juvenile mortality, followed by a long period with little mortality late adulthood c. very high juvenile mortality d. a steadily increasing rate of mortality 62. Which of the following bird-like traits are observed in the eggs and nests of coelurosaurs? a. hard egg shells of calcium carbonate b. some parental care and clutch attendance c. a bird-like oviduct d. all the above 5

63. Which of the following dinosaurs had the highest encephalization quotient? a. stegosaurs b. coelurosaurs c. sauropods d. carnosaurs 64. We argued in class that dinosaurs may have engaged in same sex coupling because of their pattern of their relationships to which of the following living taxa that engage in these behaviors? a. birds b. mammals c. lizards and snakes d. all the above 65. What trait possessed by modern birds did Archaeopteryx lack? a. a keeled sternum b. flight feathers c. a pygostyle d. pneumatic skeletons 66. What is a reason we believe that most feathered, non-avian theropod dinosaurs didn't fly? a. They had few feathers on the arms and tail. b. Their feathers were asymmetrically vaned. c. They had relatively long arms. d. All the above. 67. Which of the following structures reflects the stiffening and strengthening of bird skeletons? a. synsacrum b. tarsometatarsus c. carpometacarpus d. all the above 68. These flying vertebrates have large head crests for steering, reduced tails, fused bones (ribs, sacrum, sternum), and pneumatic foramen for their air-filled bones. a. pterodactyloid pterosaurs b. primitive pterosaurs c. enantiornithine birds d. Aves 69. Pterosaur brains have a large, which is thought to be important for gaze stabilization. a. flocculus b. otic lobe c. olfactory bulb d. cerebrum 70. were the most fish-like marine vertebrates, with fore and hind limbs modified into flippers, tail and dorsal fins, and a beak-like snout with many pointy teeth. a. Pliosaurs b. Placodonts c. Nothosaurs d. Ichthyosaurs 71. What is a solution that mammals evolved to solve the problem of simultaneous walking and breathing? a. hepatic piston b. upright posture c. secondary palate d. all the above 72. were archaic, herbivorous, rodent-like animals that first appeared in the Jurassic. a. Monotremes b. Morganucodontids c. Multituberculates d. Marsupials 73. How might a comet or asteroid impact contribute to animal and plant extinction? a. tsunami if the impact occurs in the ocean b. intense heating and wild fires caused by blast and re-entry of debris from crater c. climate changes induced by dust and gas injected into the atmosphere d. all the above 74. Mineral grains with internal deformations generated by high-speed impact in laboratories, at nuclear test sites, and at impact sites are called. a. chert b. shocked quartz c. tektites d. cenotes 75. Which group underwent an evolutionary expansion after the K-T extinction? a. placental mammals b. Neornithe birds c. monotremes d. all the above e. a and b 6