A Review on Epidemiology of Mange Mites in Small Ruminants

ISSN 2079-2018 IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.apg.2015.6.3.95234 A Review on Epidemiology of Mange Mites in Small Ruminants Assfaw Fentanew, Samuel Derso, Shewatatek Melaku, Shiret Belete, Habtamu Girma a Natnael Mekonnen Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goar, P.O.Box:196, Goar, Eiopia Abstract: The objective of is paper is to review on e epidemiology, paogenesis, diagnosis, control a prevention of mange mites of ruminants a to review e economic impact of ruminants mange mites. There are approximately 53.99 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million goats, 1.91 million horses, 6.75 million donkeys, 0.35 million mules, 0.92 million camels, a 50.38 million poultry in e Eiopia; however e economic gain from ese animal is insignificant; when it is compared to eir huge number, due to e effect of ectoparasites, like, lice, tick, flea a mange. The ectoparasite mange mites severely affect e body coition of animals, production capacity, a heal status of animals a also affect e quality of hide a skin. The common mange mites at affect ruminants are: Demodex, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes a Chorioptes. They are known to affect e heal status of animal a quality of processed skin a hides a are responsible for dawn grading a rejection.generally mites cause simple allergic reaction to sever epidermal a dermal lesions. Mange mite infestation can be diagnosed by using history, clinical sign a laboratory examination of e skin scraping. Therefore, mange mite infestation can be controlled by isolation of affected animals from healy, quarantine e suspected animal a treat wi topical a systemic drug. All infested premises should be cleaned by using appropriate chemicals. Good husbary system wi supply of good nutrition has great importance in e control of e spread of mange mite. Key words: Epidemiology Mange Mite Ruminant INTRODUCTION live animals hides a skins [4]. The sector also employs about one ird of e country s rural population [5]. Agriculture is e predominant ministry of e Therefore, livestock can serve as a vehicle for improving Eiopian economy a animal production is an integral food security a better livelihood, a contribute part of e country Agricultural system [1]. Eiopia is significantly to agricultural a rural development [6]. home to Africa s largest livestock population, a is e In Eiopia, e exportation of skin a hide is ranked continent s top livestock producer, eigh in e world as e ird largest foreign exchange earner next to coffee a exporter [2]. There are approximately 53.99 million a oil seed. Yet as many as one quarter to one ird of all cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million goats, 1.91 million skin a hides processed are unsuitable for export due to horses, 6.75 million donkeys, 0.35 million mules, 0.92 various defects [2]. Ectoparasites are organisms, which million camels, a 50.38 million poultry in e country [3]. inhabit e skin of e host for various periods. The Livestock in Eiopia is an essential component of presence of external parasites on e host is termed as e overall farming system. Various estimate shows at infestation. The association between arropod e livestock contributes 12-16% of e total a 30-35% ectoparasite a vertebrate hosts may take on variety of of agricultural GDP, respectively. The sectore s forms. In some cases e parasite may be totally contribution to e national output is uerestimated depeent on e host, alternatively, e parasite may because e traction power a manure for fertilizer are feed, or live only occasionally on e host, wiout being not valued. It contributes 12-16% of e total export of e depeent on it Walla Shearer [7]. Correspoing Auor: Samuel Derso, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goar, P.O. Box: 196, Goar, Eiopia. 182

Among ectoparasites, mange mites are most common Generally mange mite is one of e most important which parasitize different domestic a wild animals. diseases at seriously hier small ruminant skin a They spent eir lives on e animal body by feeding on hide quality in Eiopia a oer part of e world. blood, lymph, skin debris a inject subcutaneous Knowledge of e disease in terms of symptoms observed secretion while puncturing e skin, damaging e skin a prevention meods are important in combating e surface [8]. Small numbers of species of mites are disease a consequently improve e quality of skin a parasites living in e lung, nasal passage a oer hide of small ruminants. tissues of mammals a birds. Majority of mites are ectoparasites which are living in different parts of e The objective of is paper is: body of domestic a wild animals [9]. The infectious To review on e epidemiology, paogenesis, activity of ese ectoparasitic mites, which cause purities diagnosis, control a prevention of common mange accompanied by hair loss or alopecia on e mites in small ruminants subcutaneous tissue a hair loss wi associated skin To review e economic impact of mange mites. ickening [10]. The feeding habits depes on fluids which are secreted in e body of e host like edematous, Literature Review fluid, blood a oer body fluid [11]. Most ectoparasites Definition: Mange mites belong to Phylum Arropoda, mites which spe eir entire life on e host by Class Arachnida, a Order Acarina. The parasitic mites ingesting a puncturing e skin surface a causing are small, most being less an 0.5mm long, ough a few epidermis lesion a reduce skin qualities [12]. blood-sucking species may attain several mm when fully Mites have different species which causes cattle engorged. Wi few exceptions, ey are in prolonged mange a ey are; Demodexspps, Sarcoptesspps, contact wi e skin of e host, causing e coition, Chorioptes spps a Psoroptesspps [13]. They are generally known as Mange. Mites are obligate parasites located on e neck, back of e tail, inner surface of igh at most species spe eir life cycles, from egg to a root of e tail. Generally ey causes intense itching adult, on e host so at transmission is mainly by a scratching accompanied by exudates which coagulate contact. Mites are classified according to eir location on to from crust on surface of skin characterized by excessive e host as burrowing a non-burrowing mite [17]. keratinization a proliferation of connective tissue a Common sites of ese mites are skin, scales, feaers leading to huge loss of skin a hide a decrease or fur [18]. They feed on lymph, skin debris or sebaceous production capacity of animals a in some case leading secretion. They ingest by puncturing e skin, scavenge to dea [8]. from e skin surface [14]. Mange mites are e major According to tannery report, hides a skins account causes of skin diseases a at affect ruminant for 12-16% of e total value of exports. The current reproduction in many areas of Eiopia. The infestations utilization of hides a skins is estimated to be 48% for by ese mites are called acariasis a can result sever cattle hide, 75% goat skin a 97% sheep skin wi dermatitis, Known as mange [7]. expected off take rate of 33%, 35% a 7% for sheep, goats a cattle respectively. The share of sheep a Etiology: There are four main genera of mange mites goat skin from total value of export is about 85% [14]. which cause disease in ruminants: Demodectic mange The Eiopian tannery iustry has long complained (follicular mange), Sarcoptic mange (barn itch), about poor quality processed skin a hides because of Psoropticmange (body mange, ear mange a e sheep e effect of insects, arropods, a oer parasites [6]. scab) a Choroptic mange (tail mange, leg mange a On e oer has, hide a skin problem due to external e scrotal mange). D. bovis, D. ovis, a D.capraeis parasites cause 35% of sheep a 56% ofgoats skin species affecting cattle, sheep a goat, respectively. rejection [15]. Of ese parasites mange mites are In cattle a goat, Demodectic mange causes significant responsible for significant loss, accounting, 33% in sheep damage to e hide a skin rarely dea at may result a 21% in goats. Even ough deterioration in quality of from secoary bacterial infection [19]. Demodex species skin is evident from all parts of e country Wollo was usually live as commensals in e skin, a are highly site cited as providing e country s worst skin [14]. specific, occupying hair follicles a sebaceous glas. According to Amsalu et al. [16] report mange in sheep Demodex mites present much deeper in e dermis an a goat killed about 60% of e affected animals in Sarcoptes, Therefore ey are less access able surface Amhara region. acting acaricides [20]. 183

Sarcoptes mites (burrowing mites) are economically relatively large or 750 um sized adult female a are visible e most important cause of mange in ruminants. wi necked eye [12]. The legs of adult female are Sorcopticmange is a highly pruritic coition caused by approximately e same leng where as in male e four irritation from tunneling of female mites in to e epidermis pair is extremely short [7]. whereby ey deposit eir eggs [21]. The causative agent Chorioptesspps e mou parts are distinctly rou, Sarcoptes scabies is usually considered to have number e abdominal tubercles of male are notice ably truncate of varieties, each generally specific to particular host a e pedicles are short unjoined wi e cup shaped species. Morphological, immunological a molecular sucker [19]. Adult female C. bovis are about 30 u.m in research confirms e close relationship among varieties, leng a considerably smaller an psoroptesovis [20]. but don t explain biological difference particularly wi respect to host specificity [2, 19]. Life Cycle: Sarcoptesfertilized female creates wouing Psoroptes mange:-p. ovis, P. bovis, a P.equi are burrow or tunnel in e upper layer of epidermis, feeding e scab mites of large animals; which reside. Some feed on liquid oozing from e damage tissue. The eggs are laid on skin scales while oers suck tissue fluid [7] on e in is burrow, hatch in 3 to 5 days a six legged larva sheep, cattle, a horse, respectively. This mite is host crawl on to e skin [17]. Two to ree days later larval specific a resides wiin e ick hair, long wool area molted to proto nymph which en moult to become a of e animal [22]. Psoroptes mites don t burrow but, live tritonymph a again after few days to adult. Bo sexes on e surface of e skin uer e scabs a scales at of adults en start to feed a burrow on e skin a ey iuce [21]. Psoroptesovismite at causes e body create small pockets in e skin for feeding a mange form of Psoroptes mange in sheep a [22]. reproduction [21]. The normal exfoliation e skin They don t burrow in to e skin a feed on superficially eventually exposes e tunnel exposing e egg as well. Chorioptesmange e primary effect on cattle is The life cycle is completed in 10-13 days [19]. aesetic; a causes production effects in dairy animal Demodexfemale lays 20 to 24 eggs in e hair follicle, [19]. These mite feed superficially a have moun part which gives rise to hexapod larvae; each short leg es in which do not pierce e skin but, are adapted slowly for pair of ree pronged claws. Usually a seco hexapod chewing, feeding on shed scales a oer skin debris larvae stage follows, in which e legs e in a pair of [17]. Alough specific name have been given ree pronged octopod protonymph, tritonymph a adult tochorioptes fou in cattle, sheep, goat a equine, ey stage e follows [7]. Immature stages a ese migrate are now all considered to belong to e single specie more deeply in to dermis. The life cycle is completed in 18- Chorioptesbovis [23]. Chorioptc mites are considered as 24 days [20]. permanent skin inhabitant [24]. Chorioptes (Chewing mite). The life cycle is similar topsoroptes except at is mite feed only on e skin Morphologically: Demodex species are tiny, worm like surface [17]. Egg, hexapod larvae is followed by cigarette shaped mites wi short, stubby legs which octopodoprotonymph, tritonymph a adult (wall a live in e hair follicle a sebaceous gla of host [13]. shearer, 2001). The life cycle is completed entirely on e They have elongated tapering body up to 0.1-0.4 mm in host [25]. Eggs are deposited singly at e rate of one egg e leng wi short pairs of stumpy legs eing in small for day a are attached wi sticky substance to e host blunt claws in e legs. The legs are located in front of e skin. Adult female usually lives for two weeks or more. body [20]. Producing about, 14-20 eggs during is time [26]. Sarcoptes is rou in outline a up to 0.4 mm in Psoroptes: The female produce relatively large eggs diameter, wi short legs scarcely project beyo e from which a small six legged larvae hatched. The larvae body margin. Its most important recognition characters molt to become an eight lagged nymph. There are two are e numerous transverse ridge a triangular scales nymphal stages called protonymph a deutonymph. on dorsum, afeature possessed by no oer manage mites The final mouls produces adult stage [12]. Adult male of domestic mammals [17]. attach to female tritonymph a occasionally Psoroptidae are oval mites; e legs are long. Male protonymphs a remain attach until e female molt have two posterior lobes wi setae a two copulatory for e final time at which point insemination occur. suckers. The species belonging to is genus are The whole life cycle is completed in 10-11 days [7]. 184

Epidemiology: The distribution of mite on e animal body e case for Psoroptic a Sarcoptic mange in sheep a varies based on season, temperature, sun light a pig respectively. However, oer species have more humidity. The infection has been quiescent in locations limited distribution, which depe on climatic coition such as axilla, intra orbital fossa a internal surface of a relative susceptibility of different breeds [12]. pinna a auditory canal. During summer, spring a The transmission of mange from host to host is early autumn ey spread rapidly a distributed over e primarily by physical contact a all e ree stages; rest of e body. In e cooler mon e fleece a skin infect larvae, nymph a adult are capable of migrating become ickened a resist mite infestation [17]. a inert materials such as bedding a grooming tools Sarcoptes: Hairless or in skinned areas of e body can act as a carrier. Adult mite do not usually survive are usually affected a show alopecia, icking of e more an two weeks away from e host, but, optimum skin a crust formation [21]. Animals in poor coition coitions like high temperature, humidity a sun light appear to be most susceptible, but in coitions are favorable, so at ey may remain alive for up to especially overcrowding in which sarcoptic mange occur ree weeks [19]. often going wi poor feeding a poor husbary. The disease is most active in cold, wet weaer a spread Risk Factors: Management system: The prevalence of slowly during summer season [19]. Sarcoptic mange is mange mitesiifferent management systems was highly contagious a spread is usually by close physical 10.344%, 2.988% a 0.46% in extensive, semi-intensive contact between infested a healy animal or a intensive systems respectively.among e ree contamination from e environment as a result single management systems relatively higher prevalence is case are rarely seen in groups of animals kept togeer [7]. observed on cattle from semi intensive (82.14%) while e lowest from intensive (30%) management system [27]. Demodex: Geographical distribution is worldwide [20]. Transmission of demodex often occur by contact, Herd Size: There is difference among difference herd size, probably early in e life. Calves can acquire mites from herd which have 10-30 were more commonly infested wi infected dam in half day [19]. Transmission of D. caprae mange (32.4% [28]. to new born goat typically occurs wi e first day following bir. Oer possible means are parentral licking Breed: The prevalence rate of mange in different breed of a intimate contact of mammals during copulation [26]. cattle 14.1375% a 13.38%in local a cross breed respectively. This is due to local breeds are prone to poor Chorioptes: It is more prevalent in winter. Different managements in rural area an cross breed [28]. species e genus live on e skin of several species of domestic animals, causing choriopticmange [10]. Their Sex: It is more prevalent in females an male due to predilection sites are on e lower part of e Leg, but different factors like pregnancy a lactation reduces ey may spread to flank a shoulder area. This mite immunity [29]. doesn t spread rapidly or extensively [22]. Age: The prevalence is higher in young animals an Psoroptes Mange: The optimum coitions for adult [28]. development include high humidity a cool temperature. Body coition: Poor body coition animals have The disease is most active in autumn a winter mons. significantly higher mange infestation (6.4%) an ose This is e result of not only increase activity of e mite at have moderate (1.8%) body coition [30]. but also e more rapid development in housed animals, a e teencies for disease to be most severe in Host Range: There are large of number species of mange animals in poor coition [19]. It is worldwide distribution mites a among which Demodex, Sarcoptes, in sheep [12]. Transmission of Psoroptes occurs directly Psoroptesa Chorioptes can affect all farm animals rough contact between animals [25]. namely cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses a camel; Geographical distribution of different mites including cat, dog a human. Sarcoptes species in each responsible for mange in different livestock is fairly animal species one or more infections are described variable. Some spices have worldwide distribution; is is depeing on e specificity of e causal agent [12]. 185

Epidemiology O F Mange Mites in Eiopia: Mange mites Table 1: Overall prevalence of mange mites in different agro climate. are common in Eiopia a erefore are reported from many geographic areas. Based on e reports mange mites are most prevalent in ree national regional states of Eiopia namely, e Tigray, Amhara a Oromia regional states [28]. The overall prevalence of mange mite of small ruminants in different part of Eiopia is described in Lowla Midla Highla (source:)[30] 2.9% 1.4% 1.2% Table 3. Sarcopticscabieivar. capraea Sarcopticscabieivar. Table 2: The overall prevalence of mange in different part of Eiopia Prevalence (%) ovishave a wide geographic distribution in many goat a sheep rearing in arid a semi-arid areas of Eiopia, a 1. Hararghe 7.85 11.8 it is more commonly seen in goats an sheep. In Eiopia, 2. Bale Robe 67.7 ND ey are widely distributed in lowla mainly [30], but also 3. Addis Ababa 32.7 ND fou in low a midlas as well as central midla part 4 DirieDawa 0.73 6.8 of e country. According to [30] in different agro climate 5 Mekele 1.5 ND ere was high prevalence of mange mites in e Lowlas 6 Wolayta 0 6.87 compared to e highla a midlas as described in Table 2. The highest prevalence of sarcoptic mites observed 7 8 9 Centeral Eiopia Sidamo zone Selected Zone of Tigray 2.69 2.07 30.2 3.96 4.27 31.8 in sheep a goats were 30.32% in Tigray [32] a 57% in souern Eiopia [32]. Psoroptic mange (sheep Scab), caused by Psoroptesovis, which is common in Eiopia, is reported from different regions. Mites of e genus Psoroptes cause psoroptic mange in sheep a goats. In sheep, its prevalence is fou greater an in goats. Therefore, it causes greater damage in sheep an in goats have been reported at Psoropteshas a prevalence of 42.9 a 32.87% from Cheffe State farm (Wollo). Recent studies iicate at in Eiopia, Psoroptic mange is most common among small ruminants in lowla areas of nor a Sou [33]. Demodectic mange has been reported in sheep (Demodexovis) a goats (Demodexcaprae). It is one of e major skin diseases of sheep a goats. Demodectic mange is distributed in different agroecological zones in Eiopia [30]. In e central lowlas of Oromia[15] a in e midla a highlas of Amhara region [34], e highest prevalence was 6.8% in goats a arou Mekele, followed by 2.83% [32]. Economic Significance of Mange Mite Infestation: The economic significance of mite infestation is great in developing countries, like Eiopia because of traditional husbary system, poor housing system, poor nutritional supply a insufficient veterinary services. Economic loss of mite infestation was recorded on skin a leaer production, reduction in grow rate of animal,a loss of body coitions. These losses are due to skin inflammation, puritis a disturbing of animal from grazing [10]. Mites damage leads to skin inflammation a is often accompanied by hair a wool loss [13]. Agro climate Prevalence (%) --------------------------------------- Location Sheep Goats (Source: [15]) ND=No data Demodex is acommon mange, especially in goats. This mange enters e hair follicles a sebaceous glas producing a chronic inflammation wi proliferation a ickening of e epidermis a loss of hair. It can be a major cause of downgrading skin quality at e tannery. Demodexcaprae causes decrease in milk production a it has chief economic effect on caprine. Demodexovis in sheep has little economic importance [20]. During e early tannery process e cheesy mass is washed out us producing pitted a scar grain surface at reduce e value e leaer [36]. The economic importance of sarcopticmange in food producing animal is due to retarded grow rate a decreased rate of feed conversion [14]. Mites multiply profitably uer e skin a damage e hide [35]. Choriopticmange result in matting of e hair a result in rubbing a scratching wi damage to e hide [19, 20]. Sheep scab caused by psoroptic mange is particularly devastating in sheep; especially ose maintained for production of high quality wool [13]. Eiopia used to get e seco largest foreign currency earnings from e export of skins a hides. This has been deteriorating due to decrease in skin quality. Thirty years ago tanneries in Eiopia used to produce 70% of processed skins wi grades 1-3. About 10-20% of e skins were graded as poor quality. Currently, only 10-15% is in e good category while e rest are downgraded or rejected due to e increase in external parasite infestations [8]. 186

Table 3: Mite species fou in livestock; zoonotic importance a sensitivity to commonly applied systemic a topically Genus Transmission to man Sensitivity to topically applied drug Sensitivity to systemic drugs Inject able Pour on Sarcoptes + +++ +++ +/+++ Psoroptes - +++ +++ +/+++ Chorioptes - ++/+++ + +++ Demodex -??? SOURCE: [12] Key: +/++, variable efficacy,? Not known Paogenesis: Young animals infected in e first few weeks of life develop hypersensitivity wiin 8-10 days which lasts for 8-9 mons a during is time affected animals exhibit constantly itching [19]. Sarcoptic mange in ruminants has variable predilection sites. However, ear, neck, face a occasion ally e limbs are most commonly affected [25]. In some cases ere may be spread from e limb to face a oer regions a in occasional sever Fig. 1: Sheep scab infestations are rampant causing cases, pustular dermatitis occurs. In goats e coition serious welfare problem (source[40]). is often chronic a may have been presented simply as skin disease for many mons before definitive According to tannery report, hide a skin problem diagnosis has been made Sorcoptic infection e main due to external parasite causes 35% of sheep a 56% of signs are irritation wi encrustation, loss of hair a goats skinrejection [15]. Of ese external parasites mange excoriation from rubbing a scratching [20]. Most mites are responsible for loss in 33% of sheep a 21% of Sarcoptes related diseases in ruminants are caused by goats. Even ough deterioration in quality of skin is allergic reaction a en lesions will be exaggerated by evident from all parts of e country; Wollo was cited as sever pruritis a itching [39]. providing e country s worst skin [14]. Early infection wi Demodex species causes aslight loss of hair on e face a fore limbs, followed by Public Heal Importance: Mites can diversely affects ickening of e skin; lesion may spread over e entire human heal in many ways ey can infest homes of e body [17]. Invasion of hair follicle a sebaceous including carpets, mattresses a bedding, close gla leads to chronic inflammation, loss of hair fibers, stored feed a oer material. They have also a e development of secoary staphylococcal occupational hazard for farmer a filled la mill worker pustules or small abscess. It is ese foci of infection [36]. The activity of scabies mite on human population which causes small pin hole in e hides which interfere increase rough autumn to winter a decline to spring. wi its iustry processing as well reduce value The transmission between e populations is depeing dramatically. The disease is especially severe in goats, up on e prolonged personnel contact [36]. Source of spreading extensively before it is suspected a in some zoonotic scabiei include dogs, foxes, cats, horses, a instance causing dea [19]. pigs. Feline scabiei caused by Notoederscati is zoonetic Chorioptic mite punctures e skin, causing serum to [37]. exude. Thin crusts of coagulated, serum are formed on e Zoonotic scabies is also highly pruritic but e skin surface. The skin wrinkle a icken, alough lesions usually occur on e arms, chest, abdomen a purities is not severe [22]. Chorioptes.bovis causes ighs. In humans, e zoonotic varieties of exudative dermatitis on e lower leg a scrotal of rams. Sarcoptesscabiei are generally believed to cause vesicles, In extreme case e crust may be 5 cm ick. Detoriation of papules a oer symptoms of dermatitis, but not classic semen quality was associated wi chorioptic mange burrows. However, in one case, burrows caused by S. lesion covering more an one ird of scrotum a was scabieivarcanis were fou in e skin by apparently related to elevation of testicular temperature histopaology. Zoonotic scabies is almost always self- [13]. limiting; e mites usually disappear wiin a few days, The mites cluster arou accessory digits a along a e clinical signs resolve in 1 to 3 weeks unless e coronary border of e outer claws a causing crusts person becomes reinfested [38]. below e accessory digits a in e inter-digital space. 187

Lambs are ought to become infected by contact wi e legs of e ewe in some cases; ey may spread from e limb to face a oer regions [20]. Posroptesovis doesn t burrow in to e epidermis, but remain at e base of hair a pierces e skin wi styletic chelicerae. This manner of feeding results in exudation of serum which leads to form scabs. Psorptesovisis particularly devastating in sheep especially ose maintained principally for production of high quality wool [13]. The lesion at develop consists of papule, pustule, wi yellowish crust, e wool often become matted wi crust a large area of wool may be shaded [25]. Heavy crusting a scab formation wi associated inflammation, hair damage a depletion of wool are typically in animal at are antigenic ally sensitive to is mite. Heavily infested lambs have been fou to have crust a scab formation wi associated inflammation, hair damage a depletion [26]. Clinical Sign: Mange mite spent eir entire life in intimate contact wi eir host. It affects e sebaceous tissue, epidermal cells a causes various form of clinical feature [41]. Sarcoptic mange is common in some countries. It commences on e head a lateral aspect of e neck. The marked edema a inflammation causes e formation of vertical skin fold which are quite characteristic. Usually it extes rapidly to e entire body; scratching is continuous a responsible for extensive mechanical lesion [12]. Demodex mange also called as follicular mange which affects all domestic animals hair follicle. It causes significant damage in cattle a goat [42]. D.bovis is common species which affects cattle a causes clinical feature on different body coition. These are pea sized nodule containing caseous material a mite particularly on e wier, lateral neck, back a flank region [20]. Concurrent pyoderma may occur leading to furunclosis wi ulceration a crust formation [19]. Chorioptic mange is common mange of cattle which have e production effect on dairy cattle. Scabs or scales develop on e skin of lower part of e body. There is some exudation a crust formation on e legs a lower body [20]. The main lesion in e sheep is seen on e scrotum of rams where allergic dermatitis results in e production of yellowish serous exudates over e area from few millimeters to several centimeters [19]. Bo in sheep a cattle infected iividual can be seen to stamp a scratch at eir legs to relieve irritation. In rams it can lead to temporary infertility [7]. Psoroptes mange is most common in sheep but in cattle has a little effect [13]. Psoroptesovis affects bo cattle a sheep which cause some typical lesion on cattle. These lesions are appearing first on e wier, neck a arou root of tail. In several cases it may spread to e rest of body [19]. The large area of e skin may covered after involvment of severe infestation wi e consequent hair loss a skin become ickened, wrinkled a covered wi scab [7]. Paological Lesion: In mange typical gross lesions are multiple cutaneous papule or nodule usually between 2-4mm diameter a occasionally reaching 1cm or more [10].Nodules are visible in smoo coated animal, often iicated by over lying tuft of erect hair. The content of ick, waxy, or caseous material are sometimes stained blood [19].The content may liquiefy a discharge to e surface forming a ick crust or rupture f nodule in e dermis may generate abscess or granulomatous reaction [21]. In case of psoroptic mange e lesion are characterized by alopecia, marked lichnification, accumulation of ick gray, scale crust a fissure. The infection appears dry encrusted scale lesion on e edge of ears a face[17]. Histopaology: The nodules are follicular cyst lined by flattened squamous epielium a filled wi keratinized squamous a large number of demodectic mite. Rapture of follicular cyst iuce marked nodular granulomatous reaction in which degenerating a keratinized debris are surroued by epieliod macrophage, multinucleated giant cells, Lymphocytes, plasma cells a eosinophil [43]. Eosinophils are most numerous of e infiltrated leukocyte followed by lymphocyte, oer mononuclear cells a mast cells. Dermal edema is usually marked. Sebaceous gla hyperplasia has been described in lesion in sheep a cattle [21]. Morbidity a Mortality: Morbidity rate is higher in bo young a adult animals. However, mortality rate is significant in younger animals a animals in poor body coition. Animal dea is due to dehydration, wi direct result of feeding of huge number of mites [17]. Inability to move a feed due to severe lesion in muzzle, face a on e joint or secoary cases such as pneumonia, a septicemia introduced rough scratching wou [44]. Diagnosis: Clinical diagnosis of ese diseases relies on e existence of pruritic skin coition in suspect able species, but also, on herd history a record of 188

purchase, sales a animal movement [17]. Location, of e left ha a scrap e skin. The scraping should extent a appearance of lesion may determine final be collected so deep at some blood oozes out. The skin diagnosis scraping is collected in 10%KOH, a en transported to Psoroptes initial diagnosis is based on e season of laboratory [12]. e occurrence a e sign of e wet, discolored wool, debility a intense puritis wi easily elicited nibbling Diagnostic Technique: Direct smear meod: collected reflex. Confirmatory diagnosis is made by identification of skin scraping in 10% KOH is placed on adry a clean e mite [45]. slide wi one drop of 10% KOH. The scraping is Confirmation is essential by demonstration of live macerated wi scalpel or spatula covered wi cover slip, mites by a veterinary surgeon. Skin scrapings taken using examine uer microscope [22]. a scalpel drawn at right angles over e skin surface at e Sedimentation meod: skin scrapin g is kept in 10% periphery of active lesions demonstrate large numbers of KOH or NaOH to digest e debris; e digestion process mites uer X100 magnification. [40]. Identifying may be expedited by providing gentle heat to e sample. characters are; body is oval, e pedicles are joined which The scraping should be transferred to e centrifuge tube are present at tarsal sucker for female a at first, a pair a centrifuge at 3000 rmp for 5 minutes. The supernatant legs a in male, legs are long, are host specific, are non- is discarded a one drop of sediment is placed on dry burrowing mites, mites mostly occur in e skin wi a clean slide en covered wi cover slip en dense hairs [46]. examined uer microscope [47]. Demodex; can be fou in deep scraping a contents of pustules a abscess. Scraping must be deep Differential Diagnosis: Sheep a goat pox: it is caused enough to assure sampling of e hair follicle a by sheep a goat pox virus, e lesion, erosion, a hence should cause capillary oozing. The skin must be ulcers commonly occur in mou, trachea, pharynx a softened wi weak solution of KOH to assisting doesnot form hole in e skin [48]. scraping. Uncomplicated case of demodicosis is Dermaohilosis; it is caused by associated wi large number of mites in all stages of Dermaophilescongolonsis, it doesn t break normal development [12]. barrier of e skin. It may be transmitted mechanically by Sarcoptes; clipping e area wi a no 40 blade feeding flies. Prolonged wetting of e fleece or sheaving before scraping enables better visualization of e cut are e environmental factors, e primary lesion is lesion a removes excess hair at impe pro per pain less a non pruritic [19]. scraping a at interfere wi collecting of epidermal debris en e skin should be scraping until capillary Demaophytosis: It is caused by genera of, blood oozes out [21]. Trichophyton a Microsporum, it can only parasitize Histological examination: skin biopsy specimen keratinized epidermal structures like hair, nail, feaer, reveals varying degree superficial perivascular dermatitis claws [19]. wi aggregate of numerous eosinophils a eosinophilic micro abscess, leucosytic exocytose ulceration for Treatment: For treatment of mite infestation, acaricides Demodecosishistopaological examination e skin are most widely used. Pay particular attention to biopsy specimen reveals hair follicle wi numerous uerside of acaricide for scaly skin a leg. The scaly Demodex mites, in many instances to e point of skin or legs should be dipped into e acaricide solution formation of follicular cyst [25]. [17]. According to e characters tics of mites, treatment ELISA for detection of antibody to scabies has been is recommeed for each species by considering eir developed e test has high specificity a moderate activity [19]. sensitively, being more sensitive in young animals Demodex mange; Because it is aburrowing mite, not uergoing eir first infestation [19]. easily attach wi acaricides, but e application of systemic a topical clinical compou has been given to Laboratory Diagnosis: The scraping must be collected relieve to infestation [21]. Topically applications of Benzyl from e most affected parts of e skin as more parasites Benzoate, ivermectin inject able form or oral formulation. are fuoon is part an any oer. The affected part Chorioptesbovis is fou superficially on e skin a should be moistened wi mineral oil or 10% KOH. not sensitive to ivermectin because it is fou The skin scrapings are collected wi e help of scalpel. superficially so it should be treated wi topical acaricides Press e lesion on e skin wi umb a iex finger by dipping or spraying [49]. 189

For Sarcoptic manage ivermectin 200 microgram per reasons yet unknown, a few mites often survive such kg/subcutaneous is more sensitive because mites are unfavorable summer coitions in a few animals wiin a fou burrowing uer epidermal scales of e skin. herd, wiout showing any clinical signs. Once e herd After one treatment given live mites are not fou in e goes back to e winter quarters in fall, ese animals will skin. Dipping & spraying may also used to reduce clinical transmit e mites measures are not taken. Therefore it is effects of sarcoptic mange [46]. For psoroptes mites also highly recommeed for preventive treatment of e herds applied topical treatment compou which effective to in late autumn. All animals in a herd must be treated, ese because ey are fou topically on e skin, because it is impossible to know which are carrier animals chloruloted, Rychocalion a profilons (0.5-0.6%), [19]. comphos (0.3%), Plosment/ 0.2-0.25% diazinon/ 0.0204 %) [41] synetic pyreroids; like, Allerin, phenorine, CONCLUSION permerin a cyflurin a organophosphate drugs like,amitrazine,doramectine a Avermectine are Despite e large livestock population in Eiopia available for treatment of arropods [51]. eir contribution in economy is less an expected. This All treatment should be administered strictly is due to e presence of many diseases a skin diseases according to e manufacturer instruction [20]. Treat all of ruminants have impact on eir heal, performance a incoming animals wi inject able products effectively product. There are number of ectoparasites which affect against ectoparasites or dip in an organophosphate ruminants. Among mange mites Demodex, Sarcoptes, wheer or not ey show sign. Quarantine treatment of Psoroptes a Choriopes are common. There are various incoming groups of animals saves e cost a labor of risk factors affecting e prevalence of mange mites such treating e entire flock be introduced a check regularly as, body coition a management system a different for oer diseases [7]. agroecologicalzone causing diseases on e iividual animal mange mite infestation impairs e quality of hide Prevention a Control a skin. It leads to loss huge amount of income to e Psoroptesovis: Because of its short population turn over country due to down grading a rejection of skin a period ere is very rapid spread, a it is is character hides in terms of foreign exchange earnings. Furermore which has led to legislative control in many countries e seasonal dynamic of mite infestation causes since e economic consequence of uncontrolled sheep considerable economic loss on e livestock production. scab are serous. Legislation in support of control is based In addition to is mange mites have segnificant public on inspection of flocks, limitation of movement of sheep heal importance, because ey are contagious from in a from area in which e infection has been diag infected animal. Unless control measures are taken e nosed a compulsory treatment of all sheep at loss is going to be huge. Based on e above conclusion prescribed times [20]. If treatments are used ey must be e following points are recommeed; oroughly applied so at all parts of e skin especially uer e skin in e ears, between legs are wetted by Awareness must be created about favorable seasons acaricide. Alough building, bedding a oer inert of mange mites a eir effect on animal heal a materials do not support e mite for more an a few days production. ey should also be treated unless ey can be left in dry Aware e owner about management system since it state for 3 weeks [19]. is one of e factor for mange occurrence. The affected animal should be quarantined a Educate society about zoonotic importance of mites infested house cleaned to minimize e spread of infection to healy animals; all infected premises should be REFERENCES cleaned out, a disinfected by spraying wi liane solution a oer prophylaxis meodes [22]. Good 1. Eiopia Veterinary Association, 1998. Proceeding nutrition wi high mineral a vitamin content will help of Eiopian Veterinary Association of e 12 to control e disease [13]. As soon as e animals go Conferences EVA. Addis Ababa, Eiopia, back to pasture in spring symptoms recede quickly. pp: 104-105. Exposure to sun reduces e humidity in e hair coat, 2. CSA, 2004. Central Statistical Auority, Federal which slows down mite development, a wiout Democratic Republic of Eiopia, central statistical crowding mite transmission is significantly reduced. For investigatory. 190

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