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. Hegner R.W. and Slites K.A. (9): College Zoology, 8 th ed., Macmillan Company, ew York. PP... Ratnamohan. (98): The management of Japanese quail and their use in virological research: A review veterinary research communication, 9:.. Sturkie P.D. (98): In, Avian physiology rd ed Springer Verlag, ew York. Deguchi T. (98): Rhodopsin like photosensitivity of isolated chicken pineal gland, ature, (90): 70 707.. Goldman B.D. and Darrow, J.M. (98): The pineal gland and mammalian photoperiodism. euroendocrinology, 7: 8 9.. Ohshima K. and Matsuo S. (98): Functional morphology of the pineal gland in young chickens. Anat.Anz. :07 8. 7. Collin J.P., Juillard M.T., and Voisin P. (98): Circadian information and Massages in the modified photoreceptor cells of the avian pineal organ: Retrospect and prospect, Ophthalmic Research, : 07-. 8. Osamu D., Iwasaw A., akamura T. and Tanabe Y. (99 ) : Effect of different photoperiods on plasma Melatonin rhythm of the chicken. Animal science and Technology, (): -. 9. Takanaka Y., Okana T., Ligo M. and Fukado Y. (998): Light dependent expression of pinopsin gene in chicken pineal gland. J. eurochem. 70 (): 908 9. 0. Pablso M.I, Reiter R.J., Ortiz G.G., Gnerrero J.M. and Agapito M.T. (998): Rhythms of glutathione perioxidase and glatathione reductase in brain of chicken and their inhibition by light. eurochem. Int. (): 9 7.. Zawilska J.B., Vivien R.B., Skene D.J., pevet P. and owark J.Z. (000) : Phase Shifting effect of light on the circadian rhythms of -methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the chick pineal gland. J. pineal Res. 9: 7.. Siopes T.D. and Underwood H.A. (987): Pineal gland and ocular influence on turkey breeder hens.. Reproductive performance. Poult. Sci. :-7.. Rod R., Trent S.,Stephens D.and Philip T.(998):In,Anatomy and Physiology. th ed. Saunders company,philadelphia,london. pp.7-70.. Ohshima I.,Yamed H.,Sato K.and Ebihara S.(987) : The phase relation-ship between the circadian rhythms of locomotion activity and circulatory Melatonin in the pigeon Columbia livia. Gen. Comp. Endoc. 7:09.. Liou S.S., Cogburn L.A. and Biellier H.V. (987) : Photoperiodic regulation of plasma melatonin levels in the laying chicken Gallus domesticus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 7 :.. Malpaux B., Theiery J.C. and Chemineau P. (999) : Melatonin and the seasonal control of reproduction. Repr. utr. Deve. 9 ():. 7. elson R.J. and Drazen D.L. (999): Melatonin mediate seasonal adjustment in immune function. Reprod. utr. Dev. 9:8 98. 8. Kliger C.A., Gehad A.E., Hulet R.M., Roush W.B., Lillehoj H.S. and Mashaly M.M. (000) : Effect of photoperiod and Melatonin on lymphocyte activities in 7

male broiler chicken. Poutt. Sci. 79: 8. 9. Aste., Cozzi B., Stonkov B. and panzica G. (00): Sexual difference and effect of photoperiod on Melatonin receptor in avian brain. Microscopy research and Technique, : 7-7. 0. Sayler A. and Wolfsan A. (98): Influence of the pineal gland on gonadal maturation in the Japanese quail. Endocrinology, 8: 7.. Gibson W.R., Follett B.K. and Gledhill B. (97) : Plasma level of LH in gonadectomized Japanese quail exposed to short or long day lengths. J. Endocrinol. : 87 0.. Davies D.T. and Follett B.K. ( 97) : Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and lutenizing hormone secretion in Japanese quail. J. Endocrinology 7: - 8.. Boya J. and Calvo J. ( 978) : Posthatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken. Acta Anat. 0: -9.. Glauert A.M. (980): Practical methods in electron microscopy vol. 8 Ed. Audery, M. and Strange, W., Research Laboratory, Cambridge.. Boya J. and Zamorano J. (97): Ultrastructural study of the pineal gland of the chicken Gallus gallus. Acta Anat. 9: 0-.. Ohshima K. and Hiramatsu K. (99): Ultrastructural study of the post hatching development in the pineal gland of the Japanese quail. J. Vet. Med. Sci., (): 9 90. 7. Hodges, R.D. (97): In, The Histology of The Fowl. London and ew York. Academic press. 8. Haldar C. and Guchait P. (000): Pineal gland of nocturnal bird, Indian spotted owlet, Athena brama: Morphological and endocrine observation. J. experiment Zoology, 87 (): 0. 9. Ohshima K. and Matsuo S. (99): Photo sensory element in the pineal gland of the Japanese quail with special references to the paraboloid. Anat. Anz. 7: 7. Ultra structural study of pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) of common quail Coturnix coturnix coturnix L. Khawla J. Balash and Luay O. Hamza Coll. of Vet. Med., Univ. of Baghdad Abstract The pineal gland of common quail Coturnix coturnix coturnix L was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Its ultrastructure revealed that it contains three types of pineal cells. The first type are numerous pear-shaped pinealocytes with cytoplasmic projection terminate at the follicular lumen as spherical extensions, having numerous mitochondria, well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus filled with small granules. The second type are irregular supporting cells found between the pinealocytes around the follicular lumen, with less mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum with large cisternae and their cytoplasm shows less electron density. The third type are small irregular glial cells found near the blood vessels, with few mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Also, the results showed that the most nerve fibers of the gland are non-myelinated. It was concluded that some ultrastructural features of the pinealocytes are analogous to those cells of the young chick while other features resemble those of the adult, and it may also be suggested that these cells are modified neurons due to the presence of dendrite-like structure.