BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2014, 60 (2), 289-293 PKISSN 0006 3096 (Print) ISSN 2313 206X (On-Line) Supplementation of Mannan-Oligosaccharides (MOS) in Four Close-Bred Parent Flocks of Japanese Quail Breeders and Its Subsequent Effects on Chick Weight 1 MUHAMMAD ANWAR IQBAL 1, NABILA ROOHI 1, MUHAMMAD AKRAM 2 & OMAIMA KHAN 1 1 Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2 Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan. ABSTRACT In the present study, twelve week old Japanese quail breeders (n=960) of four close-bred flocks (CBF) were randomly divided into four treatment groups (240 birds/group), comprised of 12 replicates having 20 birds each (15 females and 5 males). Birds were fed with three levels of Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) and a control group for 15 weeks. Eggs were hatched after five week interval. Results showed that chick weight was significantly (p 0.0001) higher in MOS supplemented groups compared to control. No significant differences were observed in the chick weight among strains of close-bred flock (CBF). A significant (p 0.0001) difference in chick weights was observed in interaction of CBF and MOS levels. The highest chick weight was recorded in flocks of Kaleem and Major, fed with 0.5% MOS, while, lowest chick weight was of control group of Sadat and Kaleem flocks. It is concluded that 0.50% MOS supplementation is the best one to increase chick weight and chicks of Kaleem and Major flocks were heavier compared to other flocks. Key words: Mannan-oligosaccharides, Japanese quail, Chick weight, Close-bred flocks INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are being used since past 50 years to control diseases and enhance the production performance of poultry birds, but this sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production is under severe scientific and public scrutiny, as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) are linked with the development of pathogenic bacteria which are antibiotic-resistant. These pathogenic bacteria create many health problems (Smith et al., 2003). As a result, the European Union banned sub-therapeutic usage of AGP in animal production in 2006 (Burch, 2006). Due to impending ban of AGP in livestock and poultry feed, it was compulsory for poultry industry to develop alternatives of AGP. The prebiotics and probiotics seem to be alternate candidates for AGP (Cavazzoni et al., 1998). Prebiotics are considered as an alternative to antibiotics. Prebiotics are the feed ingredients that are not digested by host digestive enzymes instead are fermented by beneficial bacteria and, therefore, are beneficial for host (Gibson & Roberfroid, 1995). Oligosaccharides fall under this category and are believed to affect the gut health of host (Ferket, 2004). Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell wall, are not hydrolyzed by the host enzymes and are fermented by intestinal microbiota (Flickinger & Fahey, 2002). Mannan-oligosaccharides provide competitive binding sites for pathogens with mannose-specific type-1 fimbriae such as Salmonella and E. coli and decrease their attachment with intestinal wall and are ultimately excreted from the gut (Newman, 1994; Ferket et al., 2002). The MOS is commercially available as Bio- Mos and is being used in diets of animals and has shown some positive influence on performance of poultry and other farm animals (Rosen, 2007a; Rosen, 2007b). Various studies have been conducted to test the effects of Bio-Mos on the performance of poultry birds. Parks et al. (2001) studied MOS effects on male turkeys and found that Bio-Mos improved the performance of birds. Fritts & Waldrop (2003) and Sims et al. (2004) reported similar findings. It has been reported that MOS supplementation has some positive effects on fertility, hatchability and hatching chick weights. Abd-El-Samee et al. (2012) reported that diet containing chromium yeast (Cr) + MOS improved the egg fertility and hatching chick weight, whereas, hatchability was improved significantly in the group supplemented with Zinc alone or in combination with 1.0 g of MOS/kg of feed. In another study, Güçlü (2011) reported that prebiotics slightly increase the percentage of fertility and hatchability. Very little data is available regarding growthpromoting effects of MOS in subsequent hatching *Corresponding author: anwariqbalk@yahoo.com
290 M. A. IQBAL ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) chick weight of four close-bred flocks (CBF) of Japanese quail breeders. Keeping in view the existing knowledge, it is hypothesized that MOS supplementation can enhance weight of subsequent progeny of chick. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Birds and Feeding A trial was conducted on 960 birds (12 weeks old) of four close-bred flocks (CBF) of Japanese quail breeders namely, Major, Kaleem, Sadat and Zahid, maintained at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan. Each strain group consisting of 240 birds and was divided in four supplemental groups (A, B, C and D). Each feeding group (n=60) was further replicated into three groups (n=20) randomly (15 female + 5 male). The birds were placed in multi-deck cages for 15 weeks and fed a corn-based basal diet prepared according to NRC (1994) standards. Birds of group A, B, and C were provided basal diet supplemented with 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% MOS respectively, whereas, birds of group D were fed only basal diet (control group). Birds could feed and drink ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. Quails were exposed to 16 hrs lighting program. Hatching Chick Weight Twenty five eggs from each replicate (total 1200) were collected during the last three days of 17 th, 22 th and 27 th week of experiment and sent to the hatchery for hatching. The eggs were incubated for a period of 17 days and at completion of hatching, chick weight was recorded using digital balance. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under factorial arrangement using General Linear Model (GLM) procedures. Means were separated out using Duncan s Multiple Range (DMR) (Duncan, 1955) test with the help of SAS 9.1 for windows. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation on subsequent chick weight of Japanese quail at different age levels, i.e., at 17 th, 22 th and 27 th week. Results revealed that chick weight (g) was significantly (p 0.0001) higher in MOS supplemented groups compared to control group. At 17 th week, significantly higher chick weight (g) (7.57 ± 0.01) was recorded from eggs of birds fed with 0.50% MOS (group B) compared to other groups (7.46 ± 0.01, 7.53 ± 0.01, 7.45 ± 0.01). Similar results were recorded at 22 th and 27 th week of age. At 22 th week, the highest chick weight (g) (8.13 ± 0.01) was of B group followed by other groups (8.06 ± 0.02, 7.99 ± 0.02, 7.91 ± 0.01) respectively (Table 1). At 27 th week, chick weight (g) was significantly higher (8.87 ± 0.02) in B group compared to other groups and chicks of 17 th and 22 th week of age. Results showed a tendency of higher chick weight (g) with increasing age of birds that may be due to increase in egg size and egg weight with age. These findings are in agreement with findings of Nowasczewski et al. (2010) and Zita et al. (2013), who observed significant effect of age on egg weight. In present study, chick weight was not different significantly among close-bred flocks (CBF) of Japanese quail which was in accordance with findings of Vali et al. (2006), who observed no significant difference in Japanese quail strains, however, findings of Ali & Anjum (2014) were in contrast with our results in which they reported that egg weight was significantly differing in seven different strains of chicken that might result in higher chick weight. A significant (p 0.0001) difference in chick weights was observed during interaction of CBS and MOS levels. The highest chick weight (8.85 ± 0.02, 8.85 ± 0.02) was recorded in flocks of Kaleem and Major, fed with 0.5% MOS supplemented diet, while, lowest (8.59 ± 0.03, 8.60± 0.03) was of control group of Sadat and Kaleem flocks. In the present study, chick weight was significantly (p 0.0001) higher in MOS supplemented groups as compared to control at all three stages of experiment which were in
BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2014, 60 (2), 291-293 PKISSN 0006 3096 (Print) ISSN 2313 206X (On-Line) Table I: Hatching chick weight (g) of four close-bred flocks of Japanese quail breeders fed with different MOS levels. CBF MOS Levels % 17 th week 22 th week 27 th week CBF Major 7.50 ± 0.02 8.03 ± 0.03 8.73 ± 0.03 Kaleem 7.50 ± 0.01 8.02 ± 0.03 8.71 ± 0.03 Sadat 7.49 ± 0.02 8.00 ± 0.01 8.74 ± 0.04 Zahid 7.53 ± 0.02 8.04 ± 0.03 8.71 ± 0.03 MOS Levels % 0.25 7.46 ± 0.01 c 8.06 ± 0.02 b 8.70 ± 0.01 b 0.50 7.57 ± 0.01 a 8.13 ± 0.01 a 8.87 ± 0.02 a 1.00 7.53 ± 0.01 b 7.99 ± 0.02 c 8.71 ± 0.02 b 0.00 7.45 ± 0.01 c 7.91 ± 0.01 d 8.61 ± 0.01 c CBF MOS Levels % Major 0.25 7.46 ± 0.01 ef 8.06 ± 0.03 bcd 8.71 ± 0.01 cd 0.50 7.56 ± 0.01 b 8.15 ± 0.00 a 8.85 ± 0.03 a 1.00 7.52 ± 0.01 bc 7.97 ± 0.02 efg 8.74 ± 0.01 bc 0.00 7.44 ± 0.01 ef 7.92 ± 0.01 fg 8.61 ± 0.02 de Kaleem 0.25 7.46 ± 0.01 ef 8.08 ± 0.03 bcd 8.70 ± 0.02 cde 0.50 7.54 ± 0.02 bc 8.13 ± 0.01 ab 8.85 ± 0.02 a 1.00 7.52 ± 0.01 bcd 7.94 ± 0.02 fg 8.68 ± 0.03 cde 0.00 7.46 ± 0.01 ef 7.93 ± 0.01 fg 8.60 ± 0.03 e Sadat 0.25 7.47 ± 0.01 def 8.03 ± 0.01 de 8.71 ± 0.03 cd 0.50 7.55 ± 0.03 b 8.11 ± 0.01 abc 8.92 ± 0.03 a 1.00 7.53 ± 0.02 bc 7.98 ± 0.01 ef 8.71 ± 0.03 cd 0.00 7.41 ± 0.02 f 7.89 ± 0.00 g 8.59 ± 0.03 e Zahid 0.25 7.45 ± 0.02 ef 8.07 ± 0.02 bcd 8.67 ± 0.03 cde 0.50 7.62 ± 0.01 a 8.12 ± 0.01 abc 8.83 ± 0.04 ab 1.00 7.55 ± 0.01 b 8.05 ± 0.02 cd 8.69 ± 0.02 cde 0.00 7.48 ± 0.01 cde 7.90 ± 0.01 g 8.63 ± 0.02 de Different alphabets on means ± SEM in column show significant differences at P 0.05 CBF= close-bred flocks, MOS= Mannan-oligosaccharides. a= highly significant value among CBF and in treatment groups followed by other alphabets. The order of highly significant values is a> b>c>d. accordance to the findings of Abd-El-Samee et al. (2012), who reported that diet containing chromium yeast + MOS improved the egg fertility and hatching chick weight. King ori (2011) reported that hatching weight depends on egg size. A positive correlation of eggs weight and hatchability was observed by
292 M. A. IQBAL ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) Senapati et al. (1996). In another study, Abiola (1999) and Abiola et al. (2008) also observed similar correlation in egg size and hatching weight. This increase in chick weight might be due to increase of egg size by MOS supplementation, which contained larger quantity of yolk (Williams, 1994). Heavy chicks had the ability to show best growth performance and resistance to optimal environmental factors. Conclusion It was concluded that MOS had the potential to enhance the growth performance of poultry birds and diet supplemented with 0.50% MOS had given the best results to increase hatching chick weight compared to other treatment groups and control, however, it did not affect the chick weight among close-bred flocks. The chicks, of Kaleem and Major flocks, were heavier as compared to other flocks. Acknowledgment Experimental birds and research facility at Avian Research and Training (ART) centre was provided by Department of Poultry Production, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. REFERENCES Abd-El-Samee, D.L., El-Wardany, I., Ali, N.G. & Abo-El-Azab, O. M., 2012. Egg quality, Fertility and Hatchability of laying quails fed diets supplemented with Organic inc, Chromium Yeast or mannanoligosaccharides. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 221-224. Abiola, S.S., 1999. Effects of turning frequency of hen's egg in electric table-type incubator on weight losses, hatchability and mortality. Nig. Agr. J., 30: 77-82. Abiola, S.S., Meshioye, O.O., Oyerinde, B.O. & Bamgbose, M. A., 2008. Effect of egg size on hatchability of broiler chicks. Arch. Zootec., 57: 83-86. Ali, A. & Anjum, R., 2014. Evaluation of egg quality traits among different breeds / strains of chicken locally available in Pakistan. Sci. J. Anim. Sci., 3:27-34. Burch, D., 2006. Anticipated effects of the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) from pigs in the European Union available at: http://www.octagonservices.co.uk/articles/withdrawalagp.htm. Accessed Aug.2006. Cavazzoni, V., Adami, A. & Castrovilli, C., 1998. Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with bacillus coagulans as probiotics. Brit. Poult. Sci., 39: 526-529. Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Ferket, P.R., 2004. Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production: Responses, practical experience and recommendations. Pages 56 67 in Re-imaging the feed industry. Proc. Alltech s 20th Annu. Symp. (T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques, eds). Nottingham Univ. Press, UK. Ferket, P.R., Parks, C.W. & Grimes, J.L., 2002. Benefits of Dietary Antibiotic and Mannanoligosaccharide Supplementation for Poultry. Proc Multi-State Poultry Meeting. Indianapolis, Indiana. Flickinger, E.A. & Fahey, G.C., 2002. Pet food and feed applications of fructans and other oligosaccharides. Br. J. Nutr., 87: 297-300. Fritts, C.A. & Waldroup, P.W., 2003. Evaluation of Bio-Mos mannan-oligosaccharide as a replacement for growth promoting antibiotics in diets for turkeys. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2: 19-22. Gibson, G.R. & Roberfroid, M.B., 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiotica: Introducing the concept of prebiotica. J. Clin. Nutr., 125: 1404 1412. Guclu, B.K., 2011. Effects of probiotic and prebiotic (mannanoligosaccharide) supplementation on performance, egg quality and hatchability in quail breeders. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 58: 27-32. King'ori, A.M., 2011. Review of the factors that influence egg fertility and hatchability in poultry. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10: 483-492. Newman, K., 1994. Mannan-oligosaccharides, natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system. pp: 167 174 in Biotechnology in the feed industry. Proc. Alltech s10 th Annu. Symp. T. P.Lyons and K. A. Jacques, ed. Nottingham Univ. Press, UK. Nowaczewski, S., Kontecka, H., Rosiñski, A., Koberling, S. and Koronowski, P., 2010. Eggs quality of Japanese quail depending on layer age and storage time. Folia biol. (Kraków). 58: 201-207.
VOL. 60 (2) SUPPLEMENTATION OF MANNAN-OLIGOSACCHARIDES (MOS) 293 Parks, C.W., Grimes, J.L., Ferket, P.R. & Faırchıld, A. S., 2001. The effect of Mannanoligosaccharides, bambermycins and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys. Poult. Sci., 80: 718-723. Rosen, G.D., 2007a. Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio- Mos in broiler nutrition. Br. Poult. Sci., 48: 21-26. Rosen, G.D., 2007b. Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio- Mos in turkey nutrition. Br. Poult. Sci., 48: 27-32. Senapati, P.K., Madal, K.G.D. & Chatterjee, A.K., 1996. Relationship between egg weight, shape index, fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs. Environ. Ecol. Stat., 14: 574-577. Sims, M.D., Dawson, K.A., Newman, K.E., Spring, P. & Hooge, D. M., 2004. Effects of Mannan-oligosaccharide, bacitracin methylene disalicyclate or both on live performance and intestinal microbiology of turkeys. Poult. Sci., 83: 1148 1154. Smith, D.L., Johnson, J.A., Harris, A.D., Furuno, J.P., Perencevich, E.N. & Morris, J.G., 2003. Assessing risks for a pre-emergent pathogen: Virginiamycin use and the emergence of streptogramin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Lancet Infect. Dis., 3: 241 249. Vali, N., Edriss, M.A. & Moshtaghi, H., 2006. Comparison of Egg Weight between Two Quail Strains. Int J Poult Sci., 5: 398-400. Williams, T.D., 1994. Intraspecific variation in egg size and egg composition in birds: Effects on offspring fitness. Biol. Rev., 68: 35-59. Zita, L., Ledvinka, Z. & Klesalova, L., 2013. The effect of the age of Japanese quails on certain egg quality traits and their relationships. Veterinarski Arhiv. 83: 223-232.