Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Second Edition Volume Mammals I Devra G. Kleiman, Advisory Editor Valerius Geist, Advisory Editor Melissa C. McDade, Project Editor Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator Michael Hutchins, Series Editor In association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association
Contents Foreword... ix How to use this book... xii Advisory boards... xiv Contributing writers... xvi Contributing illustrators... xx Volume : Mammals I What is a mammal?... Ice Age giants... 7 Contributions of molecular genetics to phylogenetics... 6 Structure and function... 6 Adaptations for flight... 5 Adaptations for aquatic life... 6 Adaptations for subterranean life... 69 Sensory systems, including echolocation... 79 Life history and reproduction... 89 Reproductive processes... 0 Ecology... Nutritional adaptations... 0 Distribution and biogeography... 9 Behavior... 0 Cognition and intelligence... 9 Migration... 6 Mammals and humans: Domestication and commensals... 7 Mammals and humans: Mammalian invasives and pests... 8 Mammals and humans: Field techniques for studying mammals... 9 Mammals and humans: Mammals in zoos... 0 Conservation... Order MONOTREMATA Monotremes... 7 Family: Echidnas... 5 Family: Duck-billed platypus... Order DIDELPHIMORPHIA New World opossums Family: New World opossums... 9 Order PAUCITUBERCULATA Shrew opossums Family: Shrew opossums... 67 Order MICROBIOTHERIA Monitos del monte Family: Monitos del monte... 7 Order DASYUROMORPHIA Australasian carnivorous marsupials... 77 Family: Marsupial mice and cats, Tasmanian devil... 87 Family: Numbat... 0 Family: Tasmanian wolves... 07 For further reading... Organizations... 6 Contributors to the first edition... 8 Glossary... 5 Mammals species list... 0 Geologic time scale... 6 Index... 65 Volume : Mammals II Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Bandicoots and bilbies... Family: Bandicoots... 9 Subfamily: Bilbies... 9 Order NOTORYCTEMORPHIA Marsupial moles Family: Marsupial moles... 5 Order DIPROTODONTIA Koala, wombats, possums, wallabies, and kangaroos... Family: Koalas... Family: Wombats... 5 Family: Possums and cuscuses... 57 Family: Musky rat-kangaroos... 69 Family: Rat-kangaroos... 7 Family: Wallabies and kangaroos... 8 Family: Pygmy possums... 05 Family: Ringtail and greater gliding possums... Family: Gliding and striped possums... 5 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia v
Contents Family: Honey possums... 5 Family: Feather-tailed possums... 9 Order XENARTHRA Sloths, anteaters, and armadillos... 7 Family: West Indian sloths and two-toed tree sloths... 55 Family: Three-toed tree sloths... 6 Family: Anteaters... 7 Family: Armadillos... 8 Order INSECTIVORA Insectivores... 9 Family: Gymnures and hedgehogs... 0 Family: Golden moles... 5 Family: Tenrecs... 5 Family: Solenodons... 7 Family: Extinct West Indian shrews... Family: Shrews I: Red-toothed shrews... 7 II: White-toothed shrews... 65 Family: Moles, shrew moles, and desmans... 79 Order SCANDENTIA Tree shrews Family: Tree shrews... 89 Order DERMOPTERA Colugos Family: Colugos... 99 Order CHIROPTERA Bats... 07 Family: Old World fruit bats I: Pteropus... 9 II: All other genera... Family: Mouse-tailed bats... 5 Family: Sac-winged bats, sheath-tailed bats, and ghost bats... 55 Family: Kitti s hog-nosed bats... 67 Family: Slit-faced bats... 7 Family: False vampire bats... 79 Family: Horseshoe bats... 87 Family: Old World leaf-nosed bats... 0 Family: American leaf-nosed bats... Family: Moustached bats... 5 Family: Bulldog bats... Family: New Zealand short-tailed bats... 5 Family: Funnel-eared bats... 59 Family: Smoky bats... 67 Family: Disk-winged bats... 7 Family: Old World sucker-footed bats... 79 Family: Free-tailed bats and mastiff bats... 8 Family: Vespertilionid bats I: Vespertilioninae... 97 II: Other subfamilies... 59 For further reading... 57 Organizations... 5 Contributors to the first edition... 5 Glossary... 5 Mammals species list... 56 Geologic time scale... 580 Index... 58 Volume : Mammals III Order PRIMATES Primates... Family: Lorises and pottos... Family: Bushbabies... Family: Dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs... 5 Family: Lemurs... 7 Family: Avahis, sifakas, and indris... 6 Family: Sportive lemurs... 7 Family: Aye-ayes... 85 Family: Tarsiers... 9 Family: New World monkeys I: Squirrel monkeys and capuchins... 0 II: Marmosets, tamarins, and Goeldi s monkey... 5 Family: Night monkeys... 5 Family: Sakis, titis, and uakaris... Family: Howler monkeys and spider monkeys... 55 Family: Old World monkeys I: Colobinae... 7 II: Cercopithecinae... 87 Family: Gibbons... 07 Family: Great apes and humans I: Great apes... 5 II: Humans... Order CARNIVORA Land and marine carnivores... 55 Family: Dogs, wolves, coyotes, jackals, and foxes... 65 Dogs and cats... 87 Family: Bears... 95 Family: Raccoons and relatives... 09 Family: Weasels, badgers, skunks, and otters... 9 Family: Civets, genets, and linsangs... 5 Family: Mongooses and fossa... 7 Family: Aardwolf and hyenas... 59 Family: Cats... 69 Family: Eared seals, fur seals, and sea lions... 9 Family: Walruses... 09 Family: True seals... 7 For further reading... 7 Organizations... Contributors to the first edition... Glossary... 5 Mammals species list... 56 Geologic time scale... 90 Index... 9 Volume 5: Mammals IV Order CETACEA Whales, dolphins, and porpoises... Family: Ganges and Indus dolphins... vi Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
Contents Family: Baijis... 9 Family: Franciscana dolphins... Family: Botos... 7 Family: Porpoises... Family: Dolphins... Family: Beaked whales...59 Family: Sperm whales... 7 Family: Belugas and narwhals... 8 Family: Gray whales... 9 Family: Pygmy right whales... 0 Family: Right whales and bowhead whales... 07 Family: Rorquals... 9 The ungulates... Ungulate domestication... 5 Order TUBULIDENTATA Aardvarks Family: Aardvarks... 55 Order PROBOSCIDEA Elephants Family: Elephants... 6 Order HYRACOIDEA Hyraxes Family: Hyraxes... 77 Order SIRENIA Dugongs, sea cows, and manatees... 9 Family: Dugongs and sea cows... 99 Family: Manatees... 05 Order PERISSODACTYLA Odd-toed ungulates... 5 Family: Horses, zebras, and asses... 5 Family: Tapirs... 7 Family: Rhinoceroses... 9 Order ARTIODACTYLA Even-toed ungulates... 6 Family: Pigs... 75 Family: Peccaries... 9 Family: Hippopotamuses... 0 Family: Camels, guanacos, llamas, alpacas, and vicuñas... Family: Chevrotains... 5 Family: Deer Subfamily: Musk deer... 5 Subfamily: Muntjacs... Subfamily: Old World deer... 57 Subfamily: Chinese water deer... 7 Subfamily: New World deer... 79 Family: Okapis and giraffes... 99 Family: Pronghorn... For further reading... 9 Organizations... Contributors to the first edition... 6 Glossary... Mammals species list... 8 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Geologic time scale... 7 Index... 7 Volume 6: Mammals V Family: Antelopes, cattle, bison, buffaloes, goats, and sheep... I: Kudus, buffaloes, and bison... II: Hartebeests, wildebeests, gemsboks, oryx, and reedbucks... 7 III: Gazelles, springboks, and saiga antelopes... 5 IV: Dikdiks, beiras, grysboks, and steenboks... 59 V: Duikers... 7 VI: Sheep, goats, and relatives... 87 Order PHOLIDOTA Pangolins Family: Pangolins... 07 Order RODENTIA Rodents... Family: Mountain beavers... Family: Squirrels and relatives I: Flying squirrels... 5 II: Ground squirrels... III: Tree squirrels... 6 Family: Beavers... 77 Family: Pocket gophers... 85 Family: Pocket mice, kangaroo rats, and kangaroo mice... 99 Family: Birch mice, jumping mice, and jerboas... Family: Rats, mice, and relatives I: Voles and lemmings... 5 II: Hamsters... 9 III: Old World rats and mice... 9 IV: South American rats and mice... 6 V: All others... 8 Family: Scaly-tailed squirrels... 99 Family: Springhares... 07 Family: Gundis... Family: Dormice... 7 Family: Dassie rats... 9 Family: Cane rats... Family: African mole-rats... 9 Family: Old World porcupines... 5 Family: New World porcupines... 65 Family: Viscachas and chinchillas... 77 Family: Pacaranas... 85 Family: Cavies and maras... 89 Family: Capybaras... 0 Family: Agoutis... 07 Family: Pacas... 7 Family: Tuco-tucos... 5 Family: Octodonts... Family: Chinchilla rats... Family: Spiny rats... 9 Family: Hutias... 6 Family: Giant hutias... 69 Family: Coypus... 7 vii
Contents Order LAGOMORPHA Pikas, rabbits, and hares... 79 Family: Pikas... 9 Family: Hares and rabbits... 505 Order MACROSCELIDEA Sengis Family: Sengis... 57 For further reading... 5 Organizations... 58 Contributors to the first edition... 50 Glossary... 57 Mammals species list... 55 Geologic time scale... 586 Index... 587 viii Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
Vol. : Mammals I Family: Echidnas. Long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus sp.);. Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 9
6 5. Bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander);. Bushy-tailed opossum (Glironia venusta);. Water opossum (Chironectes minimus);. Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli); 5. Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana); 6. Thick-tailed opossum (Lutreolina crassicaudata). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 55
5 6. Alston s woolly mouse opossum (Micoureus alstoni);. Pygmy short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis kunsi);. Gray slender mouse opossum (Marmosops incanus);. Mexican mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana); 5. Red-legged short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis brevicaudata); 6. Gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins) 56 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Silky shrew opossum (Caenolestes fuliginosus);. Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus). (Illustration by Brian Cressman) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 69
5 6. Speckled dasyure (Neophascogale lorentzi);. Southern dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis);. Mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda);. Brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii); 5. Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus laniarius); 6. Chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii). (Illustration by Emily Damstra) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 9
5. Pig-footed bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus);. Northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus);. Raffray s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayana);. Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii); 5. Rufous spiny bandicoot (Echymipera rufescens). (Illustration by Gillian Harris) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus);. Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons);. Northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii). (Illustration by Brian Cressman) 5 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5 6 7. Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus);. Common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus);. Scaly-tailed possum (Wyulda squamicaudata);. Black-spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus rufoniger); 5. Small Sulawesi cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis); 6. Common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula); 7. Ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis). (Illustration by Bruce Worden) 6 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5 6 7 8. Northern bettong (Bettongia tropica);. Rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens);. Long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes);. Boodie (Bettongia lesueur); 5. Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus); 6. Gilbert s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii); 7. Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi); 8. Brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata). (Illustration by Bruce Worden) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 77
5 6 7 8 9 0. Agile wallaby (Macropus agilis);. Parma wallaby (Macropus parma);. Bennett s tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus);. Rufous harewallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus); 5. Matschie s tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei); 6. Banded hare-wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus); 7. Gray dorcopsis (Dorcopsis luctuosa); 8. Papuan forest wallaby (Dorcopsulus macleayi); 9. Eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus); 0. Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 9
5 7 6. Bridled nail-tailed wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata);. Brush-tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata);. Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor);. Nabarlek (Petrogale concinna); 5. Red-legged pademelon (Thylogale stigmatica); 6. Yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus); 7. Quokka (Setonix brachyurus). (Illustration by Marguette Donvillo) 9 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Little pygmy possum (Cercartetus lepidus);. Eastern pygmy possum (Cercartetus nanus);. Mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus). (Illustration by Amanda Smith) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 09
5 6 8 7. Greater glider (Petauroides volans);. Rock ringtail (Petropseudes dahli);. Common ringtail (Pseudocheirus peregrinus);. Pygmy ringtail (Pseudochirulus mayeri); 5. Lowland ringtail (Pseudochirulus canescens); 6. Green ringtail (Pseudochirops archeri); 7. Lemuroid ringtail (Hemibelideus lemuroides); 8. Herbert River ringtail (Pseudochirulus herbertensis). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo) 8 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps);. Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis);. Leadbeater s possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri );. Striped possum (Dactylopsila trivirgata). (Illustration by Bruce Worden) 0 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Feather-tailed possum (Distoechurus pennatus);. Pygmy glider (Acrobates pygmaeus). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Pale-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus);. Monk sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus);. Brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus);. Maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey) 66 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus);. Northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana);. Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla);. Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey) 76 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5 6 7. Yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus);. Pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus);. Small hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus);. Greater naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous tatouay); 5. Giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus); 6. Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); 7. Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah) 86 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5 6 7 8. Malayan moonrat (Echinosorex gymnura);. Lesser gymnure (Hylomys suillus);. Mindanao gymnure (Podogymnura truei);. Long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus); 5. Indian desert hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus); 6. Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus); 7. Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis); 8. Daurian hedgehog (Mesechinus dauuricus). (Illustrated by Marguette Dongvillo) 08 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
. Hottentot golden mole (Amblysomus hottentotus);. Grant s desert golden mole (Eremitalpa granti);. Stuhlmann s golden mole (Chrysochloris stuhlmanni);. Large golden mole (Chrysospalax trevelyani). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 9
. Large-eared tenrec (Geogale aurita);. Common tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus);. Nasolo s shrew tenrec (Microgale nasoloi);. Dobson s shrew tenrec (Microgale dobsoni). (Illustration by Gillian Harris) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5 6 7 8. Elegant water shrew (Nectogale elegans);. American least shrew (Cryptotis parva);. Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens);. Chinese short-tailed shrew (Blarinella quadraticauda); 5. Mérida small-eared shrew (Cryptotis meridensis); 6. Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda); 7. Himalayan water shrew (Chimarrogale himalayica); 8. Mole-shrew (Anourosorex squamipes). (Illustration by Emily Damstra) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 5
5 6 7 8. Alpine shrew (Sorex alpinus);. American water shrew (Sorex palustris);. American pygmy shrew (Sorex hoyi);. Common shrew (Sorex araneus); 5. Giant shrew (Sorex mirabilis); 6. Desert shrew (Notiosorex crawfordi); 7. Hodgson s brown-toothed shrew (Soriculus caudatus); 8. Eurasian pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra) 5 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia
5. Ruwenzori shrew (Ruwenzorisorex suncoides);. Kelaart s long-clawed shrew (Feroculus feroculus);. Forest musk shrew (Sylvisorex megalura);. Piebald shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellum); 5. Schouteden s shrew (Paracrocidura schoutedeni). (Illustration by Gillian Harris) Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia 69
5. Forest shrew (Myosorex varius);. Armored shrew (Scutisorex somereni);. Pearson s long-clawed shrew (Solisorex pearsoni);. Savi s pygmy shrew (Suncus etruscus); 5. Common European white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula). (Illustration by Gillian Harris) 70 Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia