A Achatina fulica, 149 Albendazole (ABZ), 25, 234, 235 Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) E. multilocularis eggs, 255, 256 human, 255 prevalences, 255 Amoeba axenic cultivation, 2 Dientamoeba fragilis, 7, 8 E. histolytica (see Entamoeba histolytica) free-living, 9 life cycle, 2 nonpathogenic, 1 Endolimax nana, 8 Entamoeba coli, 8 Iodamoeba butschlii, 9 pathogenic, 2 trophozoites, 2 water surface, 3 Amoebiasis, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10 Angiostrongyliasis, 147 Angiostrongylus cantonensis CFS, 147 clinical features, 146 CNS, 145 COI, 155 ELISA, 153 food safety, 151, 152 genomic sequences, 154 in Hawaii, 150 ITS1-qPCR, 154 in Jamaica, 149 laboratory diagnosis, 153 life cycle, 142, 143 molecular tests, 155 mollusks, 143 145 PCR technique, 154 rodents, 150 serological tests, 153 sporadic outbreaks, 149 in Sydney, 151 Angiostrongylus costaricensis clinical features, 148 food safety, 151, 152 Anisakiasis acute and chronic allergic reactions, 163 anisakid nematodes, 161 biology and life cycle, 162 diagnosis, 163 ectopic sites, 162 epidemiology anisakid nematodes, 164 anisakid-type nematode larvae, 165 gastric anisakiasis, 164 human, 163 Pseudoterranova, 164 source, 164, 165 species-level delineation, 164 food detection, 166 molecular analysis, 167, 169 morphologic analysis, 167, 168 gastric, 162 intestinal, 162 morphologic analysis, 163 prevention and control, 169, 170 zoonotic infection, 161 Anisakidae, 333 Anisakis, 161, 163 168 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 Y.R. Ortega, C.R. Sterling (eds.), Foodborne Parasites, Food Microbiology and Food Safety, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-67664-7 367
368 Arecoline, 258 Ascaris A. lumbricoides, 358 diagnosis and treatment, 193 disease humans, 191, 192 pigs, 193 epidemiology, 190, 191 human, 188 life cycle, 189 pigs, 188 prevention and control, 193 194 taxonomy, 189 B Balantidium coli, 11, 12 Baylisascaris B. procyonis, life cycle, 199 causes, 198 disease, humans, 200 epidemiology, 199 intestinal nematode, 198 life cycle, 198 199 prevention and control, 201 Beta-Poisson model, 354, 355 Burden of disease DALYs, 345, 346 economic impact, 347 health impact, 344 346 C Capillaria hepatica causes, 205 cosmopolitan nematode, 205 humans, 205 prognosis, 205 Capillaria philippinensis diagnosis and treatment, 203, 204 disease, humans, 203 epidemiology, 202, 203 life cycle, 201, 202 prevention and control, 204 zoonotic nematode, 201 Cerebral angiostrongyliasis, 141, 145 147 Cestodes, 340 See also Tapeworm Chickens, Toxoplasma gondii, 122, 131 Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), 339 Ciliates Balantidium coli, 10 clinical presentation, 10, 11 diagnosis and treatment, 12 epidemiology, 13 life cycle, 10 morphology, 10 prevention, 13 Clonorchis sinensis, 303, 339 Coccidia, 61, 62 Coccidian parasites, 41, 43, 50, 51 Collection, Cryptosporidium, 87 detection and diagnosis, stool specimens, 87 Commensal, 1, 8, 9 Contracaecum, 161, 164 169 Cost of illness, 347 Cryptosporidiosis children, adults and young animals, 75 control, 100 diagnosis, 87, 90, 91 foodborne transmission, 87 human, 85 immunocompetent patients, 83, 84 immunocompromised patients, 84 industrialized countries, 75 prevalence, 85 relapse, AIDS patients, 98 risk factor, 85 sporadic, 85 treatment, 97, 98 waterborne transmission, 86, 87, 92 Cryptosporidium, 356 acid-fast stained oocysts, 91 apicomplexan parasites, 75 biology apicomplexa, sporozoites and merozoites, 79 C. molnari and C. huwi, 79 C. parvum and C. hominis, 80 development, Cryptosporidium spp., 79 differences, 80 gastric and duodenal digestions, 79 genotypes, 80 host adaptation, C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, 82 infections, 79 sexual phase, 81 types of meronts, 79 causes, 75 control, Cryptosporidium oocysts bacteria and viruses, 98 chlorination, 100 contaminate food, 100 filtration and disinfection, 100 flocculation, 100
369 food processing and storage practices, 101 HACCP management, 102 maintain viability, 101 survival, 98 treatments, 99 C. parvum and C. hominis, 76, 81, 93 95 Cryptosporidiidae family, 76 Cryptosporidiosis (see Cryptosporidiosis) Cryptosporidium muris, 76 detection and diagnosis antigen detection, immunoassays, 90 92 DNA sequence analysis, 92 food samples, 96, 97 microscopy, 90 multilocus subtyping tools, 95 PCR and PCR-related methods, 92 PCR-based typing methods, 87 water samples, 96 differences, 83 epidemiology (see Epidemiology) fecal-oral transmission, 75 genomic features, 81 microscopy, 91 oocysts, 75 prevalence, 88 90 size and shape, Cryptosporidium spp., 77, 78 species, 76 treatment, 97, 98 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 333, 337 animal infectivity, 43 clinical presentation, 45 diagnosis, 49, 51 endemic cyclosporiasis, 48, 49 epidemiological studies, 45 47 foodborne outbreaks, 45, 46 gastrointestinal symptoms, 44 history, 42, 43 infections, 47 sporulated oocysts, 44 TMP/SMX, 51 transmission, 46, 47 Cyclosporiasis, 41, 44, 46 48, 51 Cystic echinococcosis (CE), 338 Africa, 253 Asia, 254 E. canadensis, 253 E. granulosus, 253 E. granulosus eggs, 252 E. intermedius, 253 risk factors, human, 252 South America, 254, 255 Cysticercosis, 220, 222 235, 240 T. asiatica (see Taenia asiatica) T. solium (see Taenia solium) Cystoisospora C. belli, history, 59 clinical presentation, 60 diagnosis, 61 diarrhea, 60 oocysts, 60 TMP-SMX, 62 treatment, 62 Cytochrome oxidase unit I gene (COI), 155 D Diagnosis Toxoplasma gondii, 128, 129 Diarrhea, 17, 18, 23 Dientamoeba fragilis, 7, 8 Diphyllobothrium latum clinical presentation, 281 diagnosis, 281 epidemiology, 280 life cycle, 279, 280 prevention, 281 transmission, 280 treatment, 281 Dirty genome sequence approach, 154 Disability-adjusted life year (DALY), 328, 345, 361 Dose-illness models, 355, 356 Dose-infection models, 354, 355 Dose-response assessment chemical hazards, 353 dose-illness models, 355, 356 dose-infection models, 354, 355 FBPs, 356 358 health effects, 353 microbiological hazards, 353, 354 QMRA, 353 E Echinococcus adult worm, 247 AE (see Alveolar echinococcosis (AE)) arecoline purging, 258 CE (see Cystic echinococcosis (CE)) cestode identification, 256 control programs, 260, 261 coproantigen tests, 258 CT scanning, 257
370 Echinococcus (Cont.) cystic hydatid disease, 247 alveolar echinococcosis, 251 clinical criteria, 252 clinical symptoms, 251 252 humans, 251 protoscolices, 251 diagnosis, 256 E. canadensis, 249 E. equinus, 249 E. felidis, 249 E. granulosus, 248, 249 E. multilocularis, 250 environment and susceptibility, 261 environmental factors and disinfectants, 263 E. oligarthrus, 251 E. ortleppi, 249 E. shiquicus, 250 E. vogeli, 250 heteroxenous life cycle, 248 host species, 247 molecular diagnosis, 259 necropsy definitive host, 257 258 intermediate host, 257 portable ultrasonography, 256 serological diagnosis, 257 small cestodes, 248 space-occupying lesion and residence, 256 treatment chemotherapy, 259 PAIR, 260 surgery, 259 vaccination E. granulosus infection, dogs, 262, 263 intermediate hosts, 262 Echinococcus canadensis, 248 249 Echinococcus equinus, 249 Echinococcus felidis, 249 Echinococcus granulosus, 248, 286, 338 clinical presentation, 287 cystic echinococcosis, 285 diagnosis, 287 epidemiology, 286, 287 life cycle, 285, 286 prevention, 288 transmission, 286 treatment, 288 Echinococcus multilocularis, 250, 338 Echinococcus oligarthrus, 250 Echinococcus ortleppi, 249 250 Echinococcus shiquicus, 250 Echinococcus vogeli, 250 Empirical models, 355 Entamoeba histolytica clinical presentation, 4 diagnosis, 6 life cycle, 5 molecular assays, 7 morphology, 3 pathogenesis and immunity, 5, 6 proteinases, 6 therapy, 7 trophozoites, 3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 153 Eosinophilic meningitis, 146, 149, 150, 153 Epidemiology, 82, 83, 85 87, 129 131 Toxoplasma gondii (see Toxoplasma gondii) and transmission, Cryptosporidium spp., 83 84 anthroponotic vs. zoonotic, 85, 86 cryptosporidiosis (see Cryptosporidiosis) foodborne, 87 humans, 82, 83 waterborne transmission, 86, 87 Epilepsy, 226, 229 Exponential and hypergeometric dose-response, 358 Exponential dose-response model, 354, 356, 358 Exposure assessment concentration data, 351 count data, 351, 352 farm-to-fork pathway, 352 ingested hazard, 350 presence/absence data, 352 F Farm-to-fork pathway models, 352 Fasciola gigantica, 313 Fasciola hepatica egg, 307 pharmacological treatments, 313, 314 Fasciola spp., 311 315 chronic phase, 310 clinical signs, 310 diagnosis ELISA, 311, 312 LAMP method, 312 PCR, 312 sero-immunological tests, 311 epidemiology, 309, 310 F. gigantica, 305 F. hepatica, 305, 306
371 life cycle, 306, 308 livestock infection, 306 transmission, 310 treatment, 315 albendazole, 314 artemisinins, 314, 315 bithionol, 313 nitroxynil and closantel, 314 praziquantel, 313 triclabendazole, 313, 314 vaccine development, 315, 316 FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel, 51 Fish Capillaria philippinensis, 201 Gnathostomosis, 205 Foodborne Diseases Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG), 330 Foodborne nematode, 152, 166 168 clinical signs and symptoms, 184 detection, 166 diagnosis, 185 epidemiological patterns, 182 molecular analysis, 167, 169 morphologic diagnosis Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum, 168 characteristics, 167, 168 genus-level identification, 166 prevention and control, 187 Foodborne parasites (FBPs), 188, 194, 198 205, 346, 356 358 Capillaria hepatica (see Capillaria hepatica) Capillaria philippinensis (see Capillaria philippinensis) Gnathostomosis (see Gnathostoma) ascariasis (see Ascaris) Toxocara cani (see Toxocara) Trichinella (see Trichinella) Foodborne transmission, 87 Foodborne trematodes, control agricultural practices, 318 awareness, 317 climate change, 319 comparison, 296 food preparation, 317 freezing, 317 freshwater crustaceans, 318 praziquantel, 316 sanitary practices, 318 transmission, 319 Food safety, Toxoplasma gondii, 135 G Giardia duodenalis assemblage, 21 control, 25, 26 cyst formation, 20 dairy cattle, 23 detection, 24 epidemiological investigations, 22 foodborne transmission, 21, 22 history, 17, 18 life cycle, 18, 19 mitosome, 19 risk factors, 23 treatment, 25 VSP, 19 zoonotic potential, 21 Giardiasis, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26 Global burden of disease (GBD), 345 Global food-trade, 328, 331 333, 335 Global impacts, foodborne parasites Anisakidae, 333 Cyclospora, 334 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 333 cyclosporiasis, 335 DALYs, 329 FAO/WHO risk-ranking exercise, 328, 329, 331 measurement, 328 raspberries, 333, 334 Taenia cysticerci, 332 Trichinella, 332 T. solium and T. saginata, 329 331 T. spiralis, 331 Gnathostoma diagnosis and treatment, 208 209 disease, humans, 208 epidemiology, 206 208 human gnathostomosis, 206 infection, 205 life cycle, 206, 207 prevention and control, 209 Goats, Toxoplasma gondii, 122, 127 Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), 9 H Haplotyping techniques, 32 Hydrocephalus, 229, 230, 233, 235 Hymenolepis nana clinical presentation, 277 diagnosis, 278 epidemiology, 277 life cycle, 276 277 prevention, 278
372 Hymenolepis nana (cont.) transmission, 277 treatment, 278 I Immunomagnetic separation (IMS), 24 Internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1), 154 Isospora belli, 61 K Kissing bug, 26, 28 L Lambs, Toxoplasma gondii, 127 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), 304, 312 M Meat Gnathostomosis, 206 Toxocara, 195 Trichinella infective larvae, 178, 180, 183, 185, 188 Metronidazole (MTZ), 25 Modular process risk model (MPRM), 352 Multi-criteria-based global ranking, 362 Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), 361 Multiplex protein microarray assays, 304 Muscular sarcocystosis, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69 N Naegleria fowleri, 9 Nematodes, 177, 188 209, 340 Ascaris spp. (see Ascaris) Baylisascaris procyonis (see Baylisascaris) C. hepatica (see Capillaria hepatica) C. philippinensis (see Capillaria philippinensis) economic and demographic changes, 211 foodborne nematodes, 210 foodborne parasitic infections, 177 Gnathostoma (see Gnathostoma) health impact, 211 life cycle, 177 species, 177 Toxocara spp. (see Toxocara) Trichinella spp. (see Trichinella) Trichostrongylus, 209, 210 Neurocysticercosis, 220, 222 240, 337 criteria, diagnosis, 232 MRI imaging, human, 229 T. asiatica (see Taenia asiatica) T. saginata (see Taenia saginata) T. solium (see Taenia solium) O Ocular infections, 146 Oncosphere, 271, 272, 276, 278, 282, 285 Opisthorchiidae, 339 P Paragonimus kellicotti epidemiology, 300, 301 life cycle, 297 299 prevalence, 300 wild and domestic carnivores, 297 Paragonimus mexicanus, 297 Paragonimus spp. chronic infections, 302 clinical signs, 302 infection site, 302 LAMP, 304 microscopic examination, 303 molecular testing, 304 multiplex protein microarray assays, 304 P. westermani, 303 (see also Paragonimus kellicotti) serological testing, 304 surgical treatment, 305 treatment, 305 Paragonimus westermani, 296, 298 Perilesional edema, 230, 232, 235 Pigs, Toxoplasma gondii, 122, 127, 131 Praziquantel, 228, 234, 235, 238, 240 Product handling processes, 353 Protozoa, 333, 340 Pseudoterranova, 161, 163 169 Pulmonary paragonimiasis, 297, 302, 303 Q Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) exposure assessment concentration data, 351 count data, 351, 352 farm-to-fork pathway, 352 ingested hazard, 350 presence/absence data, 352
373 food-borne pathogens, 349 hazard identification, 350 risk analysis, 349 risk characterisation, 349 R Risk assessment, 348 defined, 348 QMRA (see Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA)) Risk characterisation, 349, 359, 360 Risk ranking, 360 362 S Sarcocystosis animal and human host, 62, 65 67 clinical disease, 64 control, 69 diagnosis, 67, 69 intestinal specimens, 64 life cycle, 63 muscle tissue, 68 oocysts, 63 symptoms, 63 treatment, 69 Seizures, Taenia solium, 225, 229, 235 Socio-economic impacts CCA, 339 CE, 338 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 337 Echinococcus granulosus, 338 Echinococcus multilocularis, 338 FAO/WHO ranking, 336 neurocysticercosis, 337 opisthorchiidae, 339 zoonotic foodborne parasites, 336 Sparganosis, 272, 288 Spirometra mansonoides, 288 Subarachnoid disease, 229, 230, 233 Summary measures of population health (SMPHs), 345 System for Reduction of Risk from Contamination (SRRC) program, 47 T Taenia asiatica biology, 238, 239 control, 240 diagnosis, 240 epidemiology, 239 transmission, 239, 240 treatment, 240 Taenia saginata, 329 331 biology, 236 clinical presentation, 283 control, 237 diagnosis, 237, 238, 284 epidemiology, 236, 237, 283 life cycle, 220, 282 prevention, 284 transmission, 237, 282 treatment, 238, 284 Taenia solium, 231 234, 329 331 asymptomatic, 228 biology, 222, 223 clinical presentation, 274 control, 227, 228 cost, 227 cysticerci, 272, 273 cysticercosis, 274 diagnosis, 275 contrast-enhanced MRI, 233 CSF, 232 CT, 232 cysticercosis, 231 eggs, 231 immunological testing, 233 MRI, 233 pigs, 234 porcine cysticercosis, 234 proglottids, 231 serological tests, 233 T2-FLAIR enhancement, 232 233 epidemiology, 225, 226, 274 forms of cysticercosis, 231 growth stages, 221 life cycle, 220, 272, 273 neurocysticercosis, 228, 274 parenchymal cysts, 229 parenchymal disease, 230 prevention, 275, 276 psychiatric symptoms, 230 seizures, 230 stages of infection, cysticercosis, 224 subarachnoid neurocysticercosis, 230 transmission, 223 225, 273 treatment, 234, 235, 275 Tapeworm, 220, 222 240 adult, 220 class Cestoidea, 219 digestive or circulatory system, 219 maturation, 219 morphological differences, 221
374 Tapeworm (Cont.) proglottid, 219 species identification, 222 Taenia species, 219 T. asiatica (see Taenia asiatica) T. saginata (see Taenia saginata) T. solium (see Taenia solium) Tinidazole (TNZ), 25 Toxocara, 195 197 diagnosis and treatment, 196 disease dogs, 196 197 humans, 195 196 dog, 194 epidemiology, 195 life cycle, 194 prevention and control, 197, 198 visceral and ocular larva migrans, 194 Toxoplasma gondii, 123 126, 129 131, 353 adult rats, 132 AIDS patients, 133 biology, genetics and genomics, 126, 127 bradyzoites, 131 coccidian parasite, 121 diagnosis, 128, 129 diagnostic tests, 135 epidemiology aquatic mammals, 130 beef, chicken and pork, 130 bradyzoite, 129 consumption, infected meat products, 130 contamination, 129 domestic cats, 129 ingestion of oocysts, 129 oocysts, soil, 130 risk, 131 sporulated oocysts, 130 estimation, 134 food animals, 122 food safety, 135 human infection source, 122 in humans, 132 infection vs. oocyst transmission, 122 infections, humans, 121 in vitro and in in vivo preparations, 127 life cycle, 123 lymphadenopathy, 133 mesenteric lymph nodes, 131 morphology and classification, 122 123 oocyst-transmitted infections, 132 pathogens, 122 prevalence, 121 ROP18, 131 stages, 125 strains, 132 structure and life cycle bradyzoites, 124 cats, 124 enteroepithelial cycle progresses, 124 infectious stages, 123 oocysts, 125, 126 parasitophorous vacuole, 123 tachyzoites, 123, 124 tissue cysts, 123 symptomatic ocular disease, 121 symptoms, 133 tachyzoites, 124 tissue cysts/sporozoites, 128, 131 transmission electron micrograph (TEM), 126, 129 treatment and prevention, 134 Trematodes, 340 Trichinella diagnosis and treatment, 185 186 disease, humans, 183 185 epidemiology, 180 183 features, 181 first stage larva, 180 infections, animals, 186 ingestion of raw/undercooked meat, 178 life cycle, 178, 179 prevention and control, 187, 188 sylvatic environment, 178 synanthropic animals, 178 taxonomy and phylogeny, 179 180 wildlife parasites, 178 Trichostrongylus, 209, 210 Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), 51, 62 Trypanosoma cruzi anthroponotic transmission, 31 Chagas disease, 26, 32 clinical phases, 27 control, 34 detection, 33 foodborne transmission, 31, 32 haplotyping techniques, 32 kissing bug, 28 life cycle, 27 oral transmission, 31 treatment, 33, 34 trypomastigotes, 30 vectors, 28 zoonotic transmission, 30
375 U Upper East Region (UER), 66 V Variant-specific surface proteins (VSP), 19 Vegetables Toxocara control, 198 Trichostrongylus, 209 W Waterborne transmission, Cryptosporidium drinking water, 86 industrialized nations, 86 infection, 86 recreational water, 86 swimming and water sports, 86