Care Center Level I Volunteer Training Workbook Name
Volunteer Name Start Date Completion Date Level I volunteers are primarily responsible for making sure the Care Center runs smoothly. You will be working closely with staff and other volunteers feeding animals, cleaning cages, washing dishes and syringes, doing laundry, preparing food, answering the door and undertaking general cleanup in the Care Center. Without you, we would not be able to give over 10,000 animals that come through our door each year a second chance. More than 320 different species come through our doors and even the most experienced volunteers still run into species or situations they have never seen before. You will continue to train every day that you volunteer with us. After learning the basics and discovering where to find the information you need, you too will be handling new situations with ease. This workbook is a training tool to use while you re at the Care Center. It will help structure your learning process and ensure that you get experience in basic areas and duties. To be considered for training on additional species, we look for a demonstrated ability to handle animals safely, thoughtfully and within the guidelines set forth by our policies and procedures. There is a lot to learn, so take it slowly and ask questions! We re here to help you. You may leave your workbook at the Care Center in the Volunteer Training Materials binder or take it home with you. Certain sections will need to be signed off by a Mentor or a staff member. When you ve completed the workbook, read through each page as a refresher and to ensure you didn t skip a question. When it is complete, you can submit it to any staff member. If there are omissions or mistakes, you may be asked to make corrections. After a member of staff has signed off on the workbook, you can keep it as a handy reference! Please note: During Baby Season, completion of the workbook will come secondary to taking care of the basic needs at the Care Center. 1
Workbook Content Care Center Reminders Common Species at Project Wildlife Care Center Scavenger Hunt Basic Wildlife Vocabulary and Care Center Signage House Keeping and Sanitation: Products and Procedures Disease Control Caging and Perches Basic Animal Handling Avian Identification Avian Diets Avian Feeding Techniques Feeding Corvids: Crows, Ravens, and Scrub Jays Guest Relations: The Front Door Animal Intake Review and Submit Workbook 2
Care Center Reminders While you go through this workbook, you might run into difficult questions, especially if you have little experience with animals. Our intention is to develop your skills in learning how and where to find the answers. You will not remember every answer to every question, but if you remember which materials are good sources of information, where to find and how to use those materials, you ll always be able to find the answer again. To get the most out of your training, try to look up the answers on your own first before asking others. This will help build your inquiry skills and enable you to learn by doing. Always feel free to discuss your answers with experienced volunteers and Care Center staff to expand your knowledge. Also, remember that the signage around the Care Center is there to help you work through learning the duties at your own pace. While in the Care Center, please remember: Keep noise and activity in the Care Center to a minimum Safety comes first; do not handle anything you are uncomfortable with or not trained on You must always wear long pants and closed toed shoes Always wear gloves when handling animals and wash your hands thoroughly and often; wearing gloves is mandatory Read all signage before opening a cage and/or handling an animal Rabies vector species (foxes, skunks, bats, raccoons) never enter the Care Center, but will enter through the side fence with the help of a technician 3
Common Species at PW Songbirds House Finch cliff swallow Kestral Hummingbirds House Finch Kestrel Cliff swallow Western gulls Pigeons Scrub jay Rock dove Goldfinch Kingbird Northern Mockingbird California Towhee House Sparrow Western Bluebird Black Phoebe 4
Gulls Grebes Ducklings Coopers Hawk Red Shouldered Hawk Red Tailed Hawk Barn Owl Great Horned Owl Crow Opossums Cottontails Raccoons Skunks Photos: Project Wildlife and Audubon Squirrels Bats 5
Care Center Scavenger Hunt 1. Where can you find bird nets? 2. Where are the species ID books located? 3. Where do you put used syringes? 4. Where can you find greenery for the cages? 5. Where are unopened boxes of gloves stored? 6. Where are the fleece mammal pouches stored? 7. Where are the extra water cups for volunteers stored? 8. Where are cardboard carriers stored? 9. Where is the first aid station? 6
Basic Wildlife Vocabulary & Care Center Signage Basic Wildlife Vocabulary Crop: A specialized structure in birds that links the esophagus and gizzard (stomach). This structure is an expandable pouch that allows for the storage of food when the bird eats more than it can immediately digest. Most songbirds such as finches and sparrows also have crops located in their esophagus on the right side of their neck, but not all birds have crops! Most insectivorous birds like mockingbirds, scrub jays, cliff swallows and blackbirds do not have crops. These birds are fed much smaller quantities of food more often since they do not have a crop to store the food. Esophagus: The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Birds may have a specialized area, called a crop, for food storage. A bird s esophagus always runs down the right side of its neck. This is important to know for tube and syringe feeding. Glottis: In birds, a hole on the back of the tongue that is the opening to the airway. Food and liquid should never go down the glottis. Trachea: Airway; a tube that connects the glottis and lungs. Vent: Cloaca; the area through which fecal matter, urine, and urates are passed. Keel: The middle ridge on the breastbone of birds. The bird s pectoral muscles (flight muscles) are located to either side of the keel. Aspirate: When foreign material (usually food or liquids) is inhaled into the lungs via the glottis. This can be fatal. Birds that have been aspirated make a clicking noise when they breathe. 7
Imprinting: This behavior may occur when a wild animal has too much interaction with people and becomes dependent on and friendly toward humans. Imprinted animals cannot be released into the wild because they will not be able to adequately care for themselves. They may also seek human interaction which can be very dangerous. To prevent imprinting, please limit your interactions with the Care Center animals to those necessary for the feeding and care of that animal. Please do not unnecessarily handle or play with any animal at the Care Center. In particular, please do not talk to Corvids (scrub jays, crows, ravens) and ducklings; these animals are very susceptible to imprinting. Processing: This term refers to food passing from the crop into the stomach. When a bird s crop does not empty between feedings, he is not processing. This can also refer to a bird that has been eating but has not been defecating. Stick-feeding: Using a lid of soaked kibble and a bamboo skewer, kibble is stick-fed one at a time to weaning mockingbirds, blackbirds, scrub jays and starlings. Remember to stick-feed gently since bamboo skewers may be sharp. You may need to cut the kibble pieces in half with the stick for smaller mouths. Syringe-feeding: Using a 1-cc syringe, formula is fed to young birds. Finches are the only birds fed from 1-cc syringes with a white tip attached. Young sparrows, mockingbirds, swallows, blackbirds, starlings and scrub jays are syringe-fed from 1-cc syringes without white tips since those birds are large enough to swallow the tip (Level II/III, Baby Room Team). 8
Care Center Signage Always make sure to read all the signs on a cage before going into the cage. Cage card: Laminated sign with general information on the group of birds in the cage. Information will include dates when the bird was first put in the cage and its movements throughout the Care Center, feeding instructions (self-feeding, check crop, syringe-feed), the day to be weighed and the results of tests such as fecals or throat swabs. Disease signs (coccidia, pox, trich, etc.): Birds in this cage have a contagious disease. Use extra caution to limit the chance of other birds exposure to the disease. Change gloves immediately after leaving the cage and make sure any syringes or dishes used are disinfected in bleach. Newspapers, water and food dishes should be changed more often to prevent constant reexposure to the disease. Feeding charts: Pigeons and doves will have feeding charts attached to their med card that indicate whether they should be fed 3, 4 or 5 times a day (depending on their age). The charts will have a place to record the weight of the animal and boxes to indicate whether their crop is empty, filled with seed or if you have fed them and how much. 9
Med cards: One or more birds in this cage are on medications. Check intake cards and attached med cards to determine what medication should be given, to which bird and when. Always initial the correct box if you give meds; if you are not sure about giving meds, alert a staff member that meds are needed. Quarantine: This laminated sign indicates that this bird has a contagious disease or ectoparasite (feather lice), when it was discovered and when it needs to be rechecked. No other animals should be placed in this cage and this cage should be placed on a quarantine rack. Also, some contagious diseases (such as roundworm, pox, trich) require that all dishes and feeding implements used in the cage are bleached. These quarantine cards will have a highlighted note to that effect at the bottom. Self-feeding: Birds in this cage are eating on their own. You do not need to check that each bird is eating and you should not handle them unless one looks sick or unhealthy. Make sure selffeeding birds have plenty of fresh food and clean water. Stick-feed: Birds in this cage are fed at regular intervals (every 20 45 minutes) using a bamboo skewer and soaked kibble. Watch to see if any of these birds pick up on their own and note it on the cage card. 10
Housekeeping & Sanitation: Products and Procedures Participation Exercise: Do a load of laundry to ensure you feel comfortable with this task Spend an hour washing crates and cages Learn how to use the sanitizer and what can/cannot be placed in it Ask your mentor to initial that you have been taught these procedures. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date Critical Thinking Exercise (Housekeeping): 1. What should you do with aprons before putting them in the washing machine? 2. Which sinks can you put contaminated animal items in? Check all that apply. Main Room Kitchen Patio Food Prep Med Room Bathroom Outside 3. Who should mix the cleaning chemicals when they need refilled? 4. Describe the crate cleaning process: 5. What items should not be placed in the large blue laundry bins? Critical Thinking Exercise (Sanitation): 1. Match the following products to their usage: Trifectant Clean dishes and feeding implements from quarantine cages. Nolvasan Bleach Lemon Clean Clean surfaces, superficial wounds, incubators and bird bands. Clean surfaces, floors and syringes. Clean cages, carriers and incubators (must be aired out afterward). 11
2. There are five items that cannot be placed into the sanitizer. Check them off in the following list. Nets Feeding lids Syringes Feather dusters Laminated tags Medical instruments Baskets Baskets nets Bird dishes ID Exercise: Locate the following: The dumpster for cardboard The surgical instrument drying area Three locations for clean towels to be put away 12
Disease Control Participation Exercise: Locate the syringe washing area and ask a volunteer or a staff member to show you how to wash syringes and surgical/feeding instruments. Have them initial that they showed you. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. What are Zoonoses? 2. Which of the following diseases are zoonotic? Rabies West Nile virus Avian coccidian Lyme disease Trich Roundworm 3. What virus do rats and mice carry and why are we required to euthanize them when brought to the Care Center? 4. Any mammal can potentially carry rabies; however, which 4 species that come into the Care Center are considered to have the highest potential for the disease? What is the protocol for rabies vector species at the Care Center? 5. How can you limit your own pet s exposure to any possible diseases that you may carry home with you from the Care Center? 13
6. At the Care Center, there are supplies for you to use that will help protect you from exposure to diseases. Check the supplies that should be used: Latex/nitrile gloves Shoe covers Surgical masks Goggles Surgical gowns Hand sanitizer, antibacterial soap 7. One diseased bird can spread disease to all other birds in the cage, as well as to birds in surrounding cages. Routes of transmission include fecal to oral, oral to oral, skin to skin, feces to inhalation, oral (saliva) to skin. How will you avoid cross contamination? 8. Why does newspaper need to stay in covered bins until it is used? 9. Being able to recognize symptoms of disease in birds is very important. Signs that a bird is not feeling well include being fluffed, not interacting socially with cage mates, not gaping (for some species and ages only) and being relatively inactive. Match up the following diseases with the additional symptoms given. Feather lice Trich Pox Oral lesions, weight loss and lethargy Warty nodules on unfeathered areas; possible GI involvement, swollen abdomen or respiratory issues Tiny black specs 14
ID Exercise: Name the following diseases. How are they transmitted? Are they zoonotic? Use books around the Care Center to help you. Ask to see alternative pictures if you cannot tell from these photos. Many charts in the Med Room provide good pictures as well. 15
Caging and Perches Participation Exercise: If you have not already learned how to clean a cage that is in use, ask another volunteer to show you. Make sure you know the location of each of the following items. If you cannot find these items, ask an experienced volunteer to show you where they are. Check them off as you find them. Clean Cages Cage Covers Perches Fake Greenery Dishes Newspaper Towels Cage Screens Worms Set up a finch cage and a pigeon cage. Ask a Mentor or staff member to check your work and sign below. Finch cage: (Signature/Date) Pigeon cage: (Signature/Date) Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. What should you consider during perch placement in a cage? a. Room for tail feathers b. Where to place food and water dishes c. The height of the bird d. All of the above 16
2. Explain a few reasons doves are placed in soft-sided cages rather than wire cages like pigeons. 3. In a cage, hanging dishes or lids of food should never be placed under 4. Before cleaning the cage, you should first do the following things: a. Check the birds bands against their cards b. Check to see if the bands are too tight or too loose on the birds legs c. Check to see if any birds are missing their bands d. Check to see if any birds need medications d. All of the above 5. What do you do if you notice a bird is not banded? 6. Summarize what you would do if you observe a bird sitting fluffed in the corner of a cage? 7. What are three things you will consider when setting up a cage for a cliff swallow? 17
Basic Animal Handling Know what you can handle. During your first season at Project Wildlife, you will be trained to handle pigeons, doves, songbirds, and other small birds that may be suitably contained in an intake basket. Handling any juvenile and adult mammals, raptors (birds with talons and hooked beak), seabirds, adult waterfowl or other large birds (such as ravens) will come once you ve gained experience and feel comfortable with the smaller species. Participation Exercise: Ask a staff member or an experienced volunteer to show you the proper way to pick up and handle small birds. Start with a pigeon and a small songbird. Then ask the experienced volunteer to initial your workbook afterward. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date On each of your next 4 shifts, handle at least 1 bird and record below: 1 Date Bird Species Notes 2 3 4 When you feel comfortable with your handling abilities, demonstrate your skill to a mentor or staff member and ask them to sign here. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date 18
Avian Identification Participation Exercise: Observe the fledglings in the Main Room. Try to tell the differences between them. You ll notice that their beaks differ in size and shape according to what they eat, their feather coloration differs and their size differs. If there are fledglings in the Main Room, practice stick feeding. Depending on the season, you may not be able to handle fledglings. If this is the case, ask a staff member or experienced volunteer to demonstrate using a stuffed animal. You won t be feeding nestlings or hatchlings in the Baby Room until becoming certified, but working with fledglings in the Main Room will offer invaluable experience! Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. A new batch of baby birds arrives at the front door and they are ice-cold! What do you do? What solutions might you suggest from the following options? Where do you take them? Who do you notify? What do they need? 2. A new batch of baby birds arrives at the door in their nest. There seems to be tiny little bugs on the birds. What do you do? Where do you take them? Who do you notify? What do they need? 19
3. What is the difference between a hatchling, a nestling and a fledgling? Match up the bird s life stage with the description. Hatchling Nestling Fledgling The baby s eyes are open, pin feathers are starting to show and it is able to lift itself up with good head control. The baby has just hatched, has some fuzz but no real feathers, has minimal head control and is 1 7 days old. This bird is able to perch on the side of the nest and jump out; it is mostly feathered. 4. How do you tell the difference between a finch and a sparrow? 5. Which bird is which? Match the following with its description. Starling Mockingbird Large yellow gape phalanges (sides of the beak); they look like clowns; dark gray or black feathers Smaller gape phalanges; light gray and white feathers; white belly 6. How do you tell the difference between scrub jays and Western bluebirds? 20
Avian Diets Participation Exercise: One of the first steps in making diets is to assess how many animals and what types of animals are in care. Take a quick look around the Main Room and read the intake cards on the cages to see what species of birds are here as well as to figure out what kinds of food will be used. Also, refer to the diet charts located on the wall of the Main Room near the feeding bins. When possible, help prepare the diets being made on the outside patio; there are recipes for all of the diets located in a binder on the counter next to the outside patio sink. You will be introduced to the following prepared foods: soaked kibble, green salad and fruit salad. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. We have several cages in the main room filled with various songbirds, pigeons and doves. What do you feed to whom? (Hint: Use the diet charts located on the wall in the Main Room next to the seed dispensers.) 2. Look at the supply containers of pigeon and dove seed, songbird seed and jay seed. Note the differences in the seeds. Label the following seeds: 21
3. Explain how the following characteristics can help you determine what types of foods that a bird typically eats: a. A short, thick beak b. A long, pointed beak c. A long, thin beak with a very long tongue d. A wide, flat bill e. Eyes on either side of their 4. What is the name of the only pigeon that is native to San Diego and how is their diet different from other pigeons? 5. Name three insectivorous birds that do not get seed? 6. Which of the following species are seed-eaters? a. House finch d. House sparrow b. Towhee e. All of the above c. Lesser goldfinch f. None of the above 6. Which species of bird receives a small amount of grit in its cage? 22
Avian Feeding Techniques Critical Thinking Exercise: It is important to know which species of bird are stick-fed and which are syringe-fed. For each species, circle the feeding method used at the Care Center. Next, circle if that species does or does not have a crop. (Hint: Most insectivores do not have a crop.) 1. House Sparrow Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 2. House Finch Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 3. European Starling Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 4. Northern Mockingbird Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 5. Western Kingbird Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 6. Hooded Oriole Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 7. California Towhee Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 8. Cliff Swallow Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop 9. Western Scrub Jay Stick-Fed Syringe-Fed Crop No Crop The Basics of Stick-Feeding: Always blunt your skewer on a wall or counter before using it in order to prevent injury to the birds. When feeding, skewer the kibble on a stick, and then present it to the bird. Make circles around the head and gently tap the beak to encourage birds to gape. Always give birds bite-size pieces; small birds can t swallow whole kibble, so they may need to be cut in half. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. How long should soaked kibble and salads be kept in cages? 2. What are some creative ways to figure out if an older juvenile bird is self-feeding without watching it directly? Choose the correct answer or answers. a. Count the number of kibble you put in. b. Create a design on top of the salad that will enable you to see if it s been disturbed. c. Stand at a distance from the cage and watch the activity of the bird. d. Monitor its hydration, weight and body condition. e. All of the above 23
3. What steps should you take if a bird has not eaten during your shift? Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. Explain what you should do if formula drips onto a bird s feathers while feeding: 2. Where is the crop of a songbird located? 3. What are the characteristics of a full crop? Participation Exercise: Practice Stick-Feeding: Ask a member of staff to supervise your stick-feeding of one cage of birds. Then ask that person to initial that you have done so. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date Practice checking crops: Check the crops of one cage of finches. Ask a staff member to initial that you have done so. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date 24
Feeding Corvids: Crows, Ravens & Scrub Jays Corvids are very intelligent animals and are also easily imprinted. They require stimulation in order to grow properly. Cages should offer both shelter and comfort for older individuals that are self-feeding and enrichment/stimulation for younger, curious individuals. Handling and talking should be kept to a minimum. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. Corvid food is put in a shallow dish so that we can monitor what they re eating and how much. What makes up a Corvid salad? 2. Match the Corvid cage setup with the life stage. Hatchling Nestling Juvenile/Adult Wire cage with towel covering half of cage, newspaper on the other half. Donut towel nest on towel side. Place food and water in shallow dish on newspaper side. Feed from dishes. Keep ½ of cage covered with towel. Basket with a towel on the bottom, a towel donut, and a small towel on top of the donut. Large wire cage with newspaper on bottom and several perches. Food and water on one side. Always add enrichment items such as bells, and mirrors. Cover ¾ with a towel to limit stress. 3. You will feed crows until they stop gaping. Choose the portions that are offered each feeding: a. 3 4 pieces kibble b. 1 piece fruit e. All of the above c. 1 piece egg d. Hydration 25
4. You are feeding a cage of crows. They re all gaping well, except for one. What could be going on? Choose the correct answers: a. The bird is dehydrated. b. There is an underlying injury that has developed. c. The bird is being bullied by cage mates. d. It s new to the Care Center. 5. How often should food and newspaper be changed? Participation Exercise : Under the supervision of a staff member or experienced volunteer, hand-feed one cage of Corvids. Ask that person to initial that you have done so. Mentor s or Staff Member s Signature Date 26
Guest Relations: The Front Door Guest Relations Standards: We will provide a warm and sincere greeting and explain how we are here to help. We are always responsive and try to anticipate the needs of our guests. We are empowered to create unique and positively outstanding experiences for our guests. We own and do our best to immediately resolve guest concerns. We are responsible for uncompromising levels of cleanliness and creating a safe and accident-free environment for people and animals. We feel empowered to actively plan and participate in carrying out our Mission. We strive to discover ways to say yes to guests and to each other as we look at ways to improve the work that we do. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. A cat caught house finch comes to the front door. The guest tells you their cat catches birds all the time and that their cat is a very good hunter. What should you do? a. Offer them the "Keeping Cats Indoors" brochure b. Scold them c. Offer them solutions like putting a bell on their cat d. Both A and C 2. A guest brings in a box of baby birds and would like to watch us work on the animals and if they can t watch they want to wait until they are treated and take them back. How would you respond? 3. A healthy opossum is brought to the front door in a trap. The guest says they trapped the animals because he wants to keep it out of his garage. What should you do? 4. A mouse is brought in for rehabilitation. What should you do? a. Call a staff member. b. Tell the guest we euthanize the animal as a Hanta Virus vector species. c. Take it in and say nothing. d. Give them the brochure on Hanta Virus. 27
5. A guest brings in a gull found on the beach with a fishing hook in its mouth. When you take the gull into the med room, the technician tells you that the gull is no longer alive. The guest is filling out the intake card and asks you what an appropriate donation amount would be to help the gull. What is your response? 6. A guest comes to the door and tells you they have picked up a very large bird from the side of the road. The bird is in their car, but they do not want to bring it in until you promise that you will not euthanize the animal. How do you respond? 7. A guest has brought us donations of towels, birdseed and food bowls. What do you do? Do you need to fill anything out? 28
Animal Intake Know what you can handle. Knowing what you can handle is important both for your safety and for the safety of the animal and the member of the public. As a new volunteer, you may take in any small bird that can be safely contained in a small basket. Be sure that the holes in the basket are smaller than the bird's head; otherwise, they may either get stuck or escape. The one exception is the hummingbird. Since this bird closes its toes tightly when it perches, you may very easily break its toes if you try to remove it from a perch, please ask for help. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1. When assisting with an intake at the front door, which of the following activities should you remember to accomplish? a. Greet the community member with a smile. b. Offer them the opportunity to make a donation. c. Get them started on paperwork while you find a staff member, Intake or Level II/III volunteer. d. All of the above. 2. If a member of the community asks you if they can follow up on the animal they have brought in, what do you tell them? If they begin to get angry, what should you do? 3. We accept cash, check and Visa or MasterCard donations, in addition to in-kind supply donations. Find a volunteer or staff member to show you how to accept each form of donation and the steps that must be taken for each. Ask them to initial once they showed you how to: a. Take a credit card donation b. Log an in-kind donation c. Take in cash or a check 4. Which part of the intake form stays with the patient and why? 29
5. During your first year in the Care Center, you are not trained to handle all of the animals, but you can help someone else at the door by knowing which container and bedding material to use for the incoming animal. Circle the animals that you cannot handle as a Level 1 volunteer and that you must get a more experienced person to help with. Adult kestrel Baby opossum Juvenile Western gull Adult squirrel Pigeon 6. Assuming that the animal can be taken in without a staff member s assistance, please circle the conditions you should immediately inform a technician about? Obvious fracture Wet and cold Naked baby bird Hummingbird Seizures Profuse bleeding All of the above 7. Which animals are all Care Center volunteers restricted from handling? What are the reasons behind these restrictions? 8. Why is it important that we collect name, address and phone number information from the public? Why do we always take the animal before discussing it with the public? *If you are interested in completing Wildlife Intake training on the WRMD database, please email Volinfo@sdhumane.org. 30
ID Exercise: Although we take in many animals, there are some that we do not have permits for. Of the animals below, please circle those we do not have permits for and note where we can send them. Always check with a staff member before taking in these animals. 31
Review & Submit Congratulations, you have finished your workbook! Please sign and date this and turn your entire booklet in to a staff member. After it has been reviewed, the workbook will be returned to you to be continually used as a resource. By signing below, you are assuring us that you have completely reviewed your workbook and feel competent in the skills you have learned. If you do not feel you have reached that point, you may choose to wait several shifts before turning in your packet. Taking the extra time to develop your skills will benefit both you and the Care Center. Volunteer Name: Volunteer Signature: Date Completed: Staff Member: Staff Signature: Date Reviewed: 32
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