Food Microbiology and Food Safety Series Editor: Michael P. Doyle More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7131
Food Microbiology and Food Safety Series The Food Microbiology and Food Safety series is published in conjunction with the International Association for Food Protection, a non-profit association for food safety professionals. Dedicated to the life-long educational needs of its Members, IAFP provides an information network through its two scientific journals (Food Protection Trends and Journal of Food Protection), its educational Annual Meeting, international meetings and symposia, and interaction between food safety professionals. Series Editor Michael P. Doyle, Regents Professor and Director of the Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffi th, GA, USA Editorial Board Francis F. Busta, Director, National Center for Food Protection and Defense, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Patricia Desmarchelier, Food Safety Consultant, Brisbane, Australia Jeffrey Farber, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa, ON, Canada David Golden, Professor of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Vijay Juneja, Supervisory Lead Scientist, USDA-ARS, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Michele Jay-Russell Michael P. Doyle Editors Food Safety Risks from Wildlife Challenges in Agriculture, Conservation, and Public Health
Editors Michele Jay-Russell Western Center for Food Safety University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA Michael P. Doyle Center of Food Safety University of Georgia Griffin, GA, USA Food Microbiology and Food Safety ISBN 978-3-319-24440-2 ISBN 978-3-319-24442-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24442-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956771 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Dr. William E. Keene (1957 2013), Senior Epidemiologist, Oregon Public Health Division.
Preface The purpose of this book is to share information and insights into emerging topics related to wildlife and food safety. While other texts have delved extensively into wildlife conservation, agriculture, and resource management, this book uniquely brings these subject areas together in a food safety context. The first half of the book addresses the prevalence, epidemiology, and ecology of foodborne pathogens in wildlife hosts. Beginning with a review of the major bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens associated with wildlife, the following chapters cover a wide range of international wildlife and food safety topics. The chapters not only bring together the available science in this relatively new area of research but also highlight the societal and economic implications where public health, food production, and wildlife conservation priorities sometimes conflict. In the second half of the book, strategies to mitigate microbial food safety risks from wildlife hosts are presented. Novel approaches in risk communication, comanagement, and One Health are highlighted broadly by the authors through the description of real-world experiences. There is an emphasis on produce food safety because of the many recent foodborne disease outbreaks linked to contaminated fruit and vegetable crops, and the promulgation of new on-farm regulations by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Produce Safety Rule. Wildlife intrusions are one of the potential sources of microbial contamination addressed in the proposed FSMA rule. Because of the unique role of wildlife in human societies, the book covers topics not usually addressed in scholarly discussions on food safety (e.g., human-wildlife conflict, wildlife-livestock interactions, habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, endangered and invasive species). Balancing food safety, agriculture, and conservation goals are underlying themes throughout the book. Historically, wild animals have been used by humans for food, clothing, recreation, entertainment, and other utilitarian purposes. But, increasingly attitudes about wildlife are shifting toward more ecologistic, humanistic, and moralistic feelings and beliefs (as defined by Kellert and Westervelt (1983)). These influences are addressed throughout the book, with many examples provided by the authors. vii
viii Preface Our goal for this book is to advance the understanding of wildlife and food safety and assist in the development of the best science and policy to protect the public health, support a robust agriculture industry, and promote environmental stewardship in a world shared by humans and wildlife. We thank our esteemed authors for sharing their expertise, time, and passion to create this book. It was an honor to work with such a distinguished group who provided a variety of timely and well-informed perspectives. We are also grateful to Susan Safren for recognizing the importance of this topic and inviting us to publish this book, and to Michael Koy for his conscientious assistance with production. We have dedicated this book to the memory of Dr. William Keene, an incredible epidemiologist who had a passion for solving food-associated outbreaks in the interest of preventing future outbreaks. He never shied away from a public health challenge (or fecal sample). Davis, CA, USA Griffin, GA, USA Michele Jay-Russell Michael P. Doyle Reference Kellert SR, Westervelt MO (1983) Historical trends in American animal use and perception. Int J Study Anim Probl 4:133 146
Contents 1 Overview: Foodborne Pathogens in Wildlife Populations... 1 Marilyn C. Erickson 2 Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities... 31 Kris A. Murray, Toph Allen, Elizabeth Loh, Catherine Machalaba, and Peter Daszak 3 A European Perspective on the Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens at the Wildlife Livestock Human Interface... 59 Nora Navarro-Gonzalez, María Ugarte-Ruiz, Lucas Domínguez, and Francisco Ruiz-Fons 4 Microbiological Hazards of Wild Birds and Free-Range Chickens... 89 Susan Sanchez, Monique França, and Nicole M. Nemeth 5 Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Source-Tracking Salmonella in Wildlife and the Environment... 131 Anita Wright, Amber Ginn, and Zhiyao Luo 6 Reducing the Risk of Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus... 151 Stephen P. Luby, Nazmun Nahar, and Emily S. Gurley 7 A Survey of How Growers, Shippers, and Handlers Address Food Safety Risks from Wildlife in Leafy Greens... 169 Henry Giclas and Diane Wetherington 8 Keeping Wildlife Out of Your Food: Mitigation and Control Strategies to Reduce the Transmission Risk of Food-Borne Pathogens... 183 Alan B. Franklin and Kurt C. VerCauteren ix
x Contents 9 Co-management: Balancing Food Safety, the Environment, and the Bottom Line... 201 Mary Bianchi and Karen Lowell 10 Recommendations to Regulations: Managing Wildlife and Produce Safety on the Farm... 217 Gretchen L. Wall and Elizabeth A. Bihn 11 A One Health Approach to Wildlife and Food Safety... 241 Amanda Arens, Cheryl Scott, and Bennie Osburn Index... 249
Contributors Toph Allen EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA Amanda Arens Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA Mary Bianchi University of California Cooperative Extension, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA Elizabeth A. Bihn Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA Peter Daszak EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA Lucas Domínguez VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Marilyn C. Erickson Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA Monique França College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Alan B. Franklin USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA Henry Giclas Western Growers, Irvine, CA, USA Amber Ginn Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Emily S. Gurley Centre for Communicable Diseases, ICDDR, B, Dhaka, Bangladesh Elizabeth Loh EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA Karen Lowell United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Salinas, CA, USA xi
xii Contributors Stephen P. Luby Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Zhiyao Luo Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Catherine Machalaba EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA Kris A. Murray EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA, Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, London, UK Nazmun Nahar Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland Nora Navarro-Gonzalez Servicio de Ecopatología de Fauna Salvaje, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Nicole M. Nemeth Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Bennie Osburn Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA Francisco Ruiz-Fons Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain Susan Sanchez College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Cheryl Scott Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA María Ugarte-Ruiz VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Kurt C. VerCauteren USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA Gretchen L. Wall Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Diane Wetherington idecisionsciences, Seattle, WA, USA Anita Wright Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA