Appendix I Average Analyses of B.C. Feeds The values given in the following table are not intended to substitute for the analysis of individual feeds. Looking at the crude protein (CP) values for forages in particular, it should be appreciated that wide variations are found between samples. One sixth of all samples will be above the value for each category. Likewise, a sixth of all values will be below the low value. This is illustrated in figure I1. When analysis results are received from the lab, they should be compared with both values given in the table and results obtained from previous analyses of similar material from the same farm. Analysis levels which are markedly high or low should be questioned. Spurious values may be due to poor sampling or an error in analysis. In either case sampling and analysis should be repeated so that one is confident in the results. It makes little sense to design a feeding program around analysis results which are questionable. High and low values given in the table do not represent extremes. Analysis results obtained over all feeds in each category (e.g. TDN/alfalfa hays) were divided into three groups. High values given in the table represent the average analyses of samples in the top third. Figure I1 Two thirds of samples analyzed will lie between the low and high values given. 76
TABLE I1 A summary of feed analyses performed at the BC Soil and Feed Test Laboratory 1969-1984. 77
Appendix II Nutrient Requirement Tables The values in the following tables are those in the publication Nutrient Requirements of Sheep : Sixth Revised Edition, 1985, published by National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 78
79
TABLE II1a Macronutrient Requirements of Breeding Ewes and Ewe Lambs Values are for ewes in moderate condition. Fat ewes should be fed according to the next lower weight category and thin ewes at the next higher weight category. Once desired or moderate body condition is attained, use that weight category through all production stages. 80
TABLE II1b Macronutrient Requirements of Replacement of Market Lambs Table II2 Mineral Requirements of Sheep a see Table II1 b Ca:P ratio should be in the 1:1 to 1:5 range c nitrogen:s ratio should be in the 10:1 range d Cu:Mo ratio should be at least 5:1 81
Table II3 Vitamin Requirements of Sheep Vitamin A IU/day/kg BW Vitamin D IU/day/kg BW Vitamin E IU/day/kg DM EWES Maintenance... 47 5.55 15 Flushing- 2 weeks prebreeding and first 3 weeks of breeding. 47 5.55 15 Nonlactating- first 15 weeks gestation 47 5.55 15 Last 4 weeks gestation (130-150% lambing rate expected). 85 5.55 15 (180-225% lambing rate expected) 85 5.55 15 First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles 85 5.55 15 suckling twins. 100 5.55 15 Last 4-6 weeks lactation suckling singles 85 5.55 15 suckling twins 85 5.55 15 EWE LAMBS Non-lactating: first 15 weeks gestation.. 47 5.55 15 Last 4 weeks gestation (100-120% lambing rate expected). 85 5.55 15 (130-175% lambing rate expected). 85 5.55 15 First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles (wean by 8 weeks). 85 5.55 15 suckling twins (wean by 8 weeks).. 100 5.55 15 REPLACEMENT EWE LAMBS.. 47 5.55 15 REPLACEMENT RAM LAMBS.. 47 5.55 15 LAMBS FINISHING: 4-7 MONTHS OLD 47 5.55 15 EARLY WEANED LAMBS-MODERATE GROWTH POTENTIAL. 47 6.66 20 EARLY WEANED LAMBS- RAPID GROWTH POTENTIAL 47 6.66 20 82
Appendix III Example Rations for Sheep The rations suggested here are based on the feed analyses given in Table II1 and apply to those analyses only. Profitable rations must be based on accurate analyses of the feeds on hand and, therefore, the formulae given here are intended for guidance only. TABLE III1 ANALYSES OF FEEDS USED IN EXAMPLE RATIONS 83
TABLE III2 MAINTENANCE RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES TABLE III3 MAINTENANCE RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES 84
TABLE III4 FLUSHING RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES TABLE III5 EARLY GESTATION RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES 85
TABLE III6 LATE GESTATION RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES (130-150% LAMBING RATE EXPECTED) a a these rations are also suitable for 70kg ewes in last 4-6 weeks of lactation suckling singles TABLE III7 LATE GESTATION RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES (180-225% LAMBING RATE EXPECTED) 86
TABLE III8 EARLY LACTATION RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES SUCKLING SINGLES a a these rations are also suitable for 70 kg ewes in last 4-6 weeks of lactation suckling twins TABLE III9 EARLY LACTATION RATIONS FOR 70kg EWES SUCKLING TWINS 87
TABLE III10 EARLY GESTATION RATIONS FOR 60kg EWE LAMBS TABLE III11 LATE GESTATION RATIONS FOR 60kg EWE LAMBS (100-120% LAMBING RATE EXPECTED) 88
TABLE III12 LATE GESTATION RATIONS FOR 60kg EWE LAMBS (130-175% LAMBING RATE EXPECTED) TABLE III13 EARLY LACTATION RATIONS FOR 60kg EWE LAMBS SUCKLING SINGLES 89
TABLE III14 EARLY LACTATION RATIONS FOR 60kg EWE LAMBS SUCKLING TWINS TABLE III15 GROWING RATIONS FOR REPLACEMENT EWE LAMBS 90
TABLE III16 GROWING RATIONS FOR REPLACEMENT RAM LAMBS Ration Alternatives FEED NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 60kg 60kg 80kg 80kg 100kg 100kg 1.69 Grass Hay Gr/Legume Hay 1.70 1.91 2.23 2.39 2.04 Barley 0.92 0.99 Oats 1.14 1.28 1.37 15% Ration 1.10 TM-Se Salt 14g 22g 16g 18g 19g 17g TABLE III17 MARKET LAMB RATIONS FEED NAME Ration Alternatives 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MODERATE GROWTH RAPID GROWTH -------------- FINISHING ---------------- 20kg 30kg 20kg 30kg 30kg 40kg 50kg Gr/Legume Hay 0.32 Barley 0.81 1.18 0.98 1.28 1.21 1.44 1.36 Corn Silage 1.10 Lamb Supp 0.31 0.27 0.37 0.3 0.25 0.03 0.06 1/1 Mineral 4g 5g 5g 6g 6g 13g 17g 91
92
INDEX Abomasum... 10,11 - and protein digestion.. 15 - capacity...8 Acetic acid.. 12 Acid detergent fibre.4 Acid detergent Insoluble nitrogen..5 Acidosis...50,59 Additives in feed.62 ADF (see acid detergent fibre) ADIN (see acid detergent insoluble nitrogen) Alkalosis.16 Amino acids 13 - balance 14,17 - essential..15 Amino group... 13,15,23 Ammonia..15,22 - from urea degradation 17 Amprolium..62 Aureomycin 62 Anaerobic 12 Balanced rations 29 Behavior - feeding..60 - in creep feeding..54 Bovatec 62 Breeding - ewes.32 - ewe lambs..35,40 - rams..41 - ram lambs 41 Breeds - effect on condition score 48 - effect on flushing.31 - effect on lamb growth 38 British Columbia feeds 7 Bushel weight..6 Butyric acid 12 Bypass protein..17 Ca (see calcium) Calcium...23,25,27 - /phosphorus ratio 24 Carbohydrate...2 - digestion.12,13 In monogastric 12 In sheep.12,13 - digestion rate..12,13,16,17 - readily fermentable...13,16 - reserves, in plant...2 Carbon dioxide..2,12 Carotene...3 - as source of vitamin A 28 Castration.61-62 Cecum. 8,10 - capacity 8 - monogastric 8 - sheep 10 Cellulase 13 Cellulose...2 - digestion...13 - in ADF.4 Chlorine..23 Chlorophyll.2,28 Chlortetracycline 62 Cl (see chlorine) Co (se cobalt) Cobalt 23,24,27,50 Cold stress 20-21 Colostrum - for newborn lambs..52 - from goats and cows..52 - production by ewe..33 Condition score - ewes.30, 47-48 - lambs..40,63 Copper..23, 27,28,46 - deficiency..24,28,45 - molybdenum and sulfur.24 CP (see crude protein) Creep - area.. 53 - feeder 54 - feeding on pasture 55-56 - grazing.56 - panels.53-54 - ration.55 Crude protein (see protein) Cu (see copper) Cud 9 DE (see digestible energy) Digestible energy...4,19 - relationship to TDN..4 Digestion 8-17 - carbohydrate..12,13 - monogastric 8, 12,14 - protein 14-18 - sheep 8-17 Digestive system - monogastric 8 - ruminant (sheep). 9-11 Dry matter.3 Embryo mortality - in ewes.32 Energy (see also TDN) - and environment.20 - and physical activity 21 - apparent digestible.19 - deficiency..19 - digestible...4,19 - metabolizable.4,19-20 - net.20 - partition 19 93
- /protein balance..23 - sources.23 - utilization efficiency..20,32,34 Enzymes 8,9 - cellulase 13 - microbial...13 - urease..9,15,16 Esophageal groove..11 Esophagus.9,11 Ewes - nutrient requirements 30-36 - feed intake.30-31 Ewe lambs - special requirements 35-36 - targets...36 - growing replacements..40-41 F (see fluorine) Fat - as energy store...20 - in plants..2 - vs. lean growth 39 Fe (see iron) Feed - additives...62 - allocation 48-49 - analysis 3-6 - bunk design.49 - changes.9,50 - conversion efficiency 52,57-58 - efficiency (lambs).39-40 - intake ad lib 30,31,37-38,59 and environment 21 and fibre 21,31 and ration energy levels...20 and water..18,37 ewes..37, 38, 59 lambs..31 restricted...31,49 - quality..7 and maturity...7, 61 and weathering 7 grasses vs. legumes 3,7 harvesting losses 7 leaves vs. stems..7 - restriction 31,49 - sampling.42-43 - wasting.49 Feeding behavior..60 Fermentation - in rumen/reticulum 9,11,13,17 Fetus - growth.32-33 - efficiency of growth.20 Fibre..2,4,13,21,31 Fluorine.23,28 Flushing - ewes 21-32 - rams..41 Forages - as protein source 23 - growth of.2 - processing of...59 - protein degradability..17 quality 14-15 - quality..7 - rations based on 2 Forward creep grazing.56 Fructose 2 Gain - average daily..38,58 - cost efficient 58 - effect of breed..38 - effect of sex..39 - efficiency...20 - in flushing ewes.31-32 - in lambs 38 - in pregnant ewes...29-30 Galactose 2,12 Glucose 2,12 Grain - as energy source 22 - bushel weight 6 - in creep rations 55 - in feeder rations.39,54 - in lamb rations 39,54,59-60 - overload...9,13,16 - protein degradability 17 quality..14 - quality..7 - sampling...43 - starch in...2,6 - whole digestion of..10,60 in creep rations..55 in feeder rations..39,54 in lamb rations.39,54,59-60 Grazing - ewes.31 - forward creep.56,57 - lambs..56-57 - management..48,55,56,61 - paddock 56 - rotational...56 - strip...56 Growth (see gain) Hay - heat damage in.4,17 - protein degradability...17 quality..14 - quality...7 - sampling..42 Heat damage - and ADIN 5,17 - and bypass protein.17 - in hay.4,17 - in silage.4,17 Heat of production..20,21 Heat stress 20,21 Hemicellulose..2 - digestion...13 94
I (see iodine) Insulation - effect on energy requirements 21,47 Intake - ad lib..30,31,37-38,59 - ewes 30-31 - lambs...37,59 - pasture.31,37,55-55 - restricted...31,49,57 Iodine.23,24,27,28 Iron.24,27 K (see potassium) Keto acids...12,15,16 Lactation..34-35 - and lamb gain..34 - effect of energy 34 - effect of multiple lambs.34,35 - effect of protein 34 - efficiency...20 Lactic acid 13,50 Lactose..12 Lamb(s) - feed intake 37-38,59 - feedlot....58-59 - finishing...40,63 - growth pattern 37 postweaning 39-40 preweaning.39 - market appraisal 63 price..40,58 - marketing.40,58,63 - newborn.10,11,52 - orphan 11,52-53 - pasture..55-56,61 - price cycle 40 - psychology.54-55 Large intestine - capacity...8 - carbohydrate digestion in...8,10 - microbes in.8 - monogastric 8 - ruminant (sheep) 10 Legumes 3,7 Lignin 2 - in ADF.4 - in mature forage..13 Limestone..27 Lower critical temperature.20,21 Magnesium..23,25 - in chlorophyll..3 Maintenance - and gain.29-38 - energy for.20 - lambs 38 - period, ewes 31 Mammary gland development 33 Manganese..23,26 Market lamb appraisal.63 Metabolizable Energy.4,19-20 - relationship to TDN..4 Mg (see magnesium) Microbes - and ration changes 9 - establishment in rumen 10-11 - inoculation of..11 - in large intestine 8 - in rumen and reticulum.9,10,11 Microbial protein..14,15,16,17 Milk replacer.53,57 Mineral(s) - feeder 51 - feeding 50,51 - in feed analysis..5-6 - plants..3 - interactions 23-24,27 - macro.6,23 - requirements.23-27 - sources.24,27,28 - trace...6,23 Mn (see manganese) Mo (see molybdenum) Molybdenum..23,24,26 - copper and sulfur 24 Monensin 62 Most limiting nutrient 29 Mould - in hay..4 Na (see sodium) Net energy 19-20 Nipple - cross-cut 11,53 - pail 53 - rounded-holed.11 Nitrates..2,4 Nitrogen - fixation.3 - in protein.4-5 - metabolic fecal..10,22 - non-protein (see urea) NPN (see non-protein nitrogen) Oil.2 Omasum.10 - capacity 8 Orphan lambs.52-53 Ovulation - rate, and flushing..31-32 P (see phosphorus) Palatability - and feed intake 37 - and forage quality 31 - improvement with flavors..59 - of creep ration.55 - of mineral mixes 45,51 Pasture - annual..61 - creep feeding on...55-56 - lambs.61 - management..49,57,58,61 Pearson square..43-46 95
Pentosans 2 - digestion of 13 Pentose.2 ph - in rumen/reticulum.13,16 Phosphorus 23,24,25,27,28 - in proteins.2,13 Photosynthesis 2 Placenta 32,33 Pot-bellied lamb 11 Potassium 23,24 Pregnancy - early 32-33 - mid.33 - late..33-34 - requirements.32-33 Pregnancy toxemia 31,33 Priority for nutrients..29 Processing - forages 49,59 - grain..11,58-59 Propionic acid 12 Protein - apparent digestible 22 - bypass..17 - crude 4 - deficiency.22 - degradability 17 - degradation..15 - digestible..22 - digestion.13-17 - /energy balance..17 - heat damaged..4,17 and ADIN..5 - in feed analysis.4 - in wool.3 - metabolic fecal..16,22 - metabolizable..23 - microbial 14,16,17 - partition.22 - plant.2-3 - quality..14-15 - requirements.22-23 - sources.23 - supplements 23 - /TDN ratio.16 - true digestible.22 Rams - nutrient requirements.41 - flushing.41 Ration - formulation.42-45 Pearson square..43-46 Computerized 46 - recipes..46 - sorting...60 Recipes (see ration recipes) Reticulo-omasal orifice 10 Reticulum.8 - development..10-11 - microbes...9-10 - papillae 9 - ph.13,16 Root reserves..2 Rumen 9 - capacity...8 - development.10-11 - gases.9,19 - microbes...9-10 - papillae 9 - ph 13,16 - stasis...9 S (see sulfur) Saliva 9,15,16 - enzymes in.9 - urea in 15,16 Salivary glands 8 Salt..24,50-51 - trace mineralized.27,50-51 Se (see selenium) Selenium.24,26,27,50,51 - deficiency 44-45 Self-feeders.49,54 Shearing - lambs 61 - ewes.30 Silage - and Listeriosis 6 - heat damage 7,17 - nutrient leaching 3 - ph 6 - sampling...42 - spoilage 6,17 Slotted floors 60-61 Small intestine - capacity..8 - enzymes.8 - monogastric 8 - ruminant (sheep) 10-11 Sodium 23,25,27 Soya meal - in creep ration.55 - protein degradability..17 quality..14 Spinous process.47,63 Stocking rate - effect on production 52 Starch - in plants..2 - digestion..8,12,13 Stomach - acids 8 - capacity...8 - enzymes.8 - monogastric 8 - ruminant (sheep)..10-11 Sugars..2 - digestion...12 Sulfur 2,23,24,25 - copper and molybdenum...24 - in proteins...2 Targets 96
- ewes.30 - ewe lambs 36 TDN (see total digestible nutrients) Terramycin.62 Thermoneutral zone.20 Total digestible nutrients (see also energy) 4 - /protein ratio 16 - relation to ADF...4 Transverse process 47,64 Udder (see mammary gland) UDP (see bypass protein) Undegradable dietary protein (see bypass protein) Upper critical temperature.20,21 Urea - for lambs.39,40 - in feed.16-17 - in saliva 16,17 - recycling..17 Urease..9,16,17 Vertebrae 47 VRA (see volatile fatty acids) Vitamins - administering.51-52 - in plants..3 - requirements..27-28 - sources.29 Volatile Fatty Acids 12 - and rumen development 11 Water - as nutrient...18 - consumption.18-19 - in feed 3,18 - intake 18 Weaning.57 - and rumen development 11 - early 57 - in confinement.57 - on pasture.57-58 Whole grain (see grain, whole) Wool - protein.3 Zinc 23,26 - deficiency.45 Zn (see zinc) 97