Expository Text Protecting the Islands by Karen Alexander PAIRED READ Penguins Go Global
STRATEGIES & SKILLS Comprehension Strategy: Reread Skill: Author s Point of View Vocabulary Strategy Suffixes Vocabulary caretakers, population, recognize, relatives, resources, success, survive, threatened Content Standard Science Life Science Word count: 1,101** Photography Credit: Cover (t) John A. Karachewski, (c) John Klavitter/USFWS/USGS **The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Send all inquiries to: McGraw-Hill Education Two Penn Plaza New York, New York 10121 ISBN: 978-0-02-119002-7 MHID: 0-02-119002-X Printed in the United States. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 17 16 15 14 13 12 C
Genre Expository Text Essential Question How can people help animals survive? Protecting the Islands Chapter 1 Precious Islands...................... 2 Chapter 2 A Coral Wonderland................. 5 Chapter 3 Marine Nursery....................... 8 Chapter 4 Animals and People.................. 12 Respond to Reading................. 15 PAIRED READ by Karen Alexander Penguins Go Global......... 16 Glossary/Index....................... 19 Focus on Science............ 20
CHAPTE R 1 Precious Islands A gray reef shark swims through the waters of Maro Reef. It is hunting for prey. Squirrelfish chase one another through branches of coral. Marine plants sway in time to the movement of the ocean. A seabird dives deep into the water. It soars back up with a fish in its beak. A turtle paddles past, munching on seaweed. James D. Watt/SeaPics.com Squirrelfish swim through the coral. 2
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument Midway Atoll Maro Reef KEY Marine National Monument border Hawaii Pacific Ocean The NWHI Marine National Monument is made up of land areas, such as islands and atolls, and the ocean around them. It is bigger than all the national parks in the United States combined. Maro Reef is part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). These islands and atolls stretch across 1,500 miles of the Pacific Ocean. Thousands of animals live on and around the islands. Many of them are threatened, or even in danger of becoming extinct. The islands and the ocean around them are so important that they are a national monument. That means that they are protected. So are all the animals there. 3
The NWHI National Monument covers 140,000 square miles. That is bigger than Missouri and Oklahoma together. It is one of the biggest protected areas in the world. More than 7,000 kinds of animals live there. About a quarter of them are endemic. That means that this is the only place in the world that they live. People don t live on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. A Special Place National monuments recognize that a place is special. The place can be of historic, cultural, natural, or scientific importance. Some national monuments are buildings, such as George Washington s home in Virginia. Others are natural features, such as the giant sequoias in California. 4 John A. Karachewski
CHAPTE R 2 A Coral Wonderland Maro Reef is just one of the coral reefs in the monument. Many of the islands are surrounded by coral reefs. Hundreds of different types of fish, crabs, and other animals live there. The monument protects this important ecosystem. James D. Watt/SeaPics.com Coral reefs are easily damaged, and they face many threats. Pollution can kill the coral. Overfishing is another threat. The population of many large reef fish is getting smaller. A bluefin trevally swims through the coral. 5
The coral reefs in the NWHI Monument are special because they are so carefully protected. People need special permission to visit the reefs. No one may remove any coral. This helps to keep the coral reefs healthy. No one is allowed to fish on the coral reefs. That is why rare predators, such as the gray reef shark, are plentiful around the reefs in the monument. It is important to protect the whole reef because all of the reef animals depend on one another. Small changes can harm the whole ecosystem. Coral Is Alive! Coral is made up of millions of tiny animals called polyps. These animals take calcium from the water and turn it into limestone. They make the limestone into a cup shape and live in it. Coral comes in different shapes. Some corals look like the branches of trees. Algae live in coral. They give the coral its color. The reef gets bigger as live polyps attach themselves to the millions of dead polyps. Darryl Leniuk/Lifesize/Getty Images 6
For example, spectacled parrotfish are herbivores that feed on marine plants. They use their sharp teeth to scrape algae off the coral. This keeps the coral healthy. Large predators, such as sharks and trevally, keep the fish population from getting too big. James D. Watt/SeaPics.com Did You Know? Some scientists believe that coral reefs may provide the resources for the development of new medicines. Coral can t move, so it has produced chemicals to defend itself. Some of these chemicals can be used to develop medicines. Gray reef sharks hunt for food on the reef. 7
CHAPTE R 3 Marine Nursery The islands in the monument are an important nesting place for birds. Every year, about 14 million birds lay their eggs on the islands in the monument. For some kinds of birds, it is the only place in the world that they nest. Most of the world s black-footed and Laysan albatrosses nest on the islands of the monument. These birds return to land only to breed. Black-footed albatrosses are endangered. Their relatives, short-tailed albatrosses, recently John Klavitter/USFWS/USGS started nesting on Midway Atoll. Did You Know? Young albatrosses stay at sea for the first five years of their life. albatross and chick 8
Adult short-tailed albatrosses are black and white. Their chicks are dark brown. Morales/age fotostock/superstock Short-tailed albatrosses are also endangered. There are fewer than 2,500 left in the wild. Many of their nesting areas have disappeared. So it is exciting that they are nesting on Midway Atoll. Short-tailed albatrosses are the biggest seabird on the islands. With their wings outstretched, they measure about seven feet across. Not Many Survivors In the past, birds were killed for their feathers, which were used to fill pillows and decorate hats. Many kinds of birds were almost wiped out. About five million short-tailed albatrosses were killed. The only survivors were 50 young albatrosses that were out on the ocean. 9
Green Turtles There are about 750 Hawaiian green turtles left in the world. In the past, turtles were killed for their meat and shells. Today, they are threatened by coastal development. The turtles crawl onto the beach at night to nest. They dig holes in the sand with their flippers. Then they lay their eggs. The eggs all hatch together. It takes all the hatchlings working together to dig their way out of the nest. A green turtle lays its eggs. People walking on beaches can scare female turtles. That may stop them laying their eggs. Lights can confuse baby turtles. They may not be able to find their way to the ocean. Hawaiian green turtles are able to nest safely on the islands of the monument. There are no people or lights to bother them. Minden Pictures/SuperStock 10
Did You Know? Green turtles always go back to the same beach to nest. Scientists believe they use Earth s magnetic field to help them find their way around the ocean. Hawaiian green turtles grow to five feet. They weigh up to 700 pounds. They come ashore to warm themselves in the sun. No other sea turtle does that. Not all green turtles Ann Cecil/ Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images are green. They are named for the color of their fat. The turtles are herbivores. They graze on seaweed and other ocean plants. Their beaks have rough edges so they can scrape algae off rocks. 11
CHAPTE R 4 Animals and People Hawaii has two endemic mammals a bat and the Hawaiian monk seal. Unlike most seals, Hawaiian monk seals live in tropical waters. They eat lobsters, eels, and fish. They can dive to more than 1,600 feet to find food. These unusual animals are endangered. Just over 1,000 Hawaiian monk seals are left in the world. Monk seals used to be killed for their oil and fur. Today, people are still the greatest threat to them. Hawaiian monk seals come ashore to give birth. Yusuke Okada/a.collectionRF/amana images/getty Images 12
The seals do not fear people. This can be dangerous, as some people hurt them. The seals can catch diseases from people, too. They can also be harmed by fishing nets and fishing lines. Today, most monk seals live around the NWHI. They swim in the safe waters and rest on the protected island beaches. Monk seal pups are born with thick black fur. Jonathan Blair/CORBIS Did You Know? Monk seals are members of a family known as true seals. They have no external ears. They hear through a hole at each side of their head. They use their back flippers to push themselves through the water, and they steer with their front flippers. 13
A Huge Step All over the world, people try to save threatened animals. They try to protect beaches and breeding areas. They try to stop waste and chemicals from going into the ocean. They teach people not to harm animals by thoughtless actions. These people act as caretakers for the world s resources. By making the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands into a national monument, people have taken a huge step in protecting the animals there. Many fishers using longlines tie bird-scaring streamers to the lines. This stops seabirds from getting caught on the hooks. NOAA 14
Summarize Use details from Protecting the Islands to summarize the selection. Your graphic organizer may help you. Details Point of View Text Evidence 1. How do you know that Protecting the Islands is an expository text? GENRE 2. Why do you think the author wrote this book? POINT OF VIEW 3. What is the meaning of the word plentiful on page 6? Look at the suffix to help you figure out the meaning. SUFFIXES 4. Use details from the book to write about how the author shows that the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument is an important place. WRITE ABOUT READING 15
Genre Expository Text Compare Texts Read what one person is doing to help save a threatened animal. Penguins Go Global Dr. Pablo Borboroglu is a marine biologist. He cares deeply about penguins. Dr. Borboroglu set up the Global Penguin Society to protect penguins. Many kinds of penguins are threatened. Overfishing means penguins need to travel farther in their search for food. Oil spills, garbage, and harmful chemicals pollute the oceans. (bkgd) Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics, (bl) Whitley Fund for Nature, (cr) Lissa Harrison. Argentinian biologist Dr. Borboroglu has won international awards for his work with penguins. 16
Penguins are also losing their habitat. People are building on land where penguin colonies used to be. The health of the penguin population helps us to learn about the health of the oceans. Penguins depend on the resources of the ocean to survive. Anything that affects life in the ocean affects the health of penguins. Perfect Predators Penguins may look clumsy on land, but they can run as fast as most people can. They can jump out of the water onto land. They also swim very fast. A hook at the end of a penguin s beak helps it to catch prey and then hold it while swimming. Bristles on a penguin s tongue let it hold onto and swallow slippery prey. 17
Dr. Borboroglu is trying to get people all over the world to protect penguins and their habitats. He wants to use penguins to highlight the threats faced by all marine animals. In some places, penguins are a tourist attraction. Dr. Borboroglu has had success helping the local people to find ways to let tourists see penguins in their natural environment without disturbing the birds or their nesting sites. (bkgd) Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics, (b) Royalty-t/CORBIS Make Connections In Penguins Go Global, what has Dr. Borboroglu done to help save penguins? ESSENTIAL QUESTION In Protecting the Islands and Penguins Go Global, how do people work together to protect animals and places? TEXT TO TEXT 18
Glossary algae (AL-jee) tiny plantlike organisms (page 7) atolls (A-tawlz) coral islands with a reef surrounding a lagoon (page 3) ecosystem (EE-koh-SIS-tuhm) a community of animals, plants, and other organisms and their environment (page 5) endemic (en-de-mik) living only in a particular place (page 4) extinct (eks-tinkt) no longer existing (page 3) habitat (HA-buh-tat) the place where an animal or a plant usually lives (page 17) herbivores (UR-buh-vawrz) animals that eat only plants (page 7) marine biologist (muh-reen bigh-ah-luh-jist) a person who studies plants and animals that live in the ocean (page 16) Index albatrosses, 8, 9 algae, 6, 7, 11 coral, 2, 5 7 Hawaiian green turtles, 10, 11 Hawaiian monk seals, 12, 13 Maro Reef, 2, 3, 5 monuments, 3 6, 8, 10, 14 predators, 6, 7, 17 19
Purpose To find out about an endangered animal. What to Do Step 1 Step 2 Choose an endangered animal. Find out as much as you can about the animal where it lives, what it eats, the threats to its survival. Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Make a chart with two columns. In the first column, list the threats faced by your animal. In the second column, list the possible solutions to the threat. Conclusion Do you think that people can help to reduce the threats faced by your animal? 20
Literature Circles Nonfiction Thinkmark The Topic What are Protecting the Islands and Penguins Go Global mostly about? Vocabulary Find two key words in these texts that relate to the topic. What new word did you learn? Author s Purpose What is the author s purpose in writing Protecting the Islands and Penguins Go Global? Conclusions What is the most important thing you learned in Protecting the Islands? What is the most important thing you learned in Penguins Go Global?