Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal distention, with ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 763 764 Abscesses, with dermatologic diseases, in chinchillas, 574 in guinea pigs, 557 in mice, barbering associated with, 810 in rabbits, subcutaneous, 554 in reptiles, 527 pododermatitis-related, 717 Abuse, self-injurious behaviors related to, 806 Acaricide drugs, for ectoparasites, in small mammals, 641 Acrylic ramp and the pin, for beak growth abnormalities, in avians, 788 Acupuncture, for pododermatitis, 732 Adhesives, for avian fractures, 782, 784 Adrenal disease. See Hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenal panel, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 603 604 Aesthetics, of fish dermatology, viral infections and, 688 689 Age, ovarian cysts related to, in guinea pig, 760 761 Aggression, barbering and, 810 Alopecia, as behavioral dermatopathy, 807 808 in guinea pigs, 812 813 stress impact on, 804, 809 with ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 763 765, 770, 812 differential diagnosis of, 765 Alternative therapies, for pododermatitis, 731 732 acupuncture as, 732 natural remedies as, 731 732 therapeutic laser as, 731 732 Amphibian dermatology, chytridiomycosis in, 669 685 B. dendrobatidis life cycle, 670. See also Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). cause of death from, 671 clinical signs of, 671 672 diagnosis of, 672 675 introduction to, 669 670 normal skin physiology and, 670 pathophysiology of, 670 671 skin physiology in, 670 summary overview of, 682 treatment of, 675 682 chemicals in, 679 680 benzalkonium chloride as, 680 formalin as, 679 malachite green as, 679 Vet Clin Exot Anim 16 (2013) 821 862 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(13)00065-0 vetexotic.theclinics.com 1094-9194/13/$ see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
822 Amphibian (continued ) chloramphenicol in, 678 679 failure of, 676 general considerations in, 675 676 itraconazole in, 676 678 other azole antifungals in, 678 probiotics in, 680 supportive strategies in, 681 682 antibiotics as, 678 679, 681 fluid therapy as, 681 nutrition as, 681 682 temperature in, 680 terbinafine in, 679 clinical approach to, 525, 531 537 dermatologic examination for, 525, 531 532 clinical examination in, 525 clinical history in, 525 diagnostic testing for, 531 532 differential diagnoses of, 532 537 acidic or alkaline environment, 536 537 ammonia toxicity, 537 arthropods, 533 bacterial diseases, 534 chlamydophilosis, 534 chytrid, 535 elevated water hardness, 536 flavobacteriosis, 534 fly larvae, 534 fungal diseases, 535 536 gas bubble disease, 536 husbandry-related diseases, 536 537 lead toxicity, 537 leeches, 533 metabolic bone disease, 536 mites, 534 mycobacteriosis, 534 nematodes, 533 neoplasia, 537 nutritional deficiencies, 536 parasitic diaereses, 533 pigmented fungi, 535 protozoal disease, 533 ranavirus, 535 red leg syndrome, 534 rostral abrasions, 537 ticks, 534 trematodes, 533 water molds, 536 skin structure and function review for, 525 summary overview of, 523, 525, 575 Amputation, self-injurious behaviors and, 807
Amyloidosis, with pododermatitis, 717 Amyxomatous (respiratory myxomatosis), in rabbits, 708, 710 711 Anal swab, for viral infections, in fish, 690 Analgesia, for pododermatitis, 730 Anatomic abnormalities, pododermatitis related to, 722 723 Anchor worm, in fish, 541 Antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (AIPMMA) beads, for pododermatitis lesions, 730 Antibiotics, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 678 679, 681 for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 601, 606 for pododermatitis, systemic, 729 730 topical, 729 730 Antidepressants, for self-mutilating sugar gliders, 813 Antifungal regimens, for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in humans, 667 in reptiles, 666 for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 676 678 Antigen/antibody tests, for viral infection, in fish, 691, 693, 697 Antiinflammatory drugs. See also Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 601 602, 606 607 Antimicrobial ointments, for pododermatitis, 729 730 Antimicrobial therapy, for VUND, in reptiles, 750 Arenavirus, in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742 Arthritis, with pododermatitis, 717 718 Articular gout, in avians, 795 797 Aspergillus spp., in avians, beak, claw, and feet conditions related to, 792 Autoimmune disease, in reptiles, VUND associated with, 741 Avascular necrosis, of avian distal extremities, 785 786 pododermatitis as, 717 Avian dermatology, beak, claws, and feet in, 777 799 anatomy of, 778 779 beak or bill, 778 claws, 778 779 feet, 779 environmental causes of, 779 788 avascular necrosis of distal extremities as, 785 786 avulsion fractures as, 782 783 beak growth abnormalities as, 786 787 treatment of, 787 788 fractures as, 781 783 treatment of, 782 784 frostbite injuries as, 781 782 leg-band injuries as, 780 781 pododermatitis as, 784 785 thermal injuries as, 781 trauma as, 779 780 idiopathic causes of, 793 797 articular gout as, 795 797 beak overgrowth as, 795 797 brown hypertrophy of the cere as, 797 neoplasia as, 793 794 self-mutilation as, 794 795 823
824 Avian (continued) infectious causes of, 788 793 bacterial agents as, 792 793 fungal agents as, 792 parasitic agents as, 788 789 viral agents as, 789 791 treatment of, 791 792 introduction to, 777 778 nutritional causes of, 778 779, 793 summary overview of, 797 798 clinical approach to, 539, 545 551, 556 dermatologic examination for, 546, 551, 556 clinical examination in, 546, 551 clinical history in, 546 diagnostic testing for, 551, 556 differential diagnoses of, 547 550, 556 allergic skin disease, 550 articular gout, 550 aspergillosis, 548 bacterial diseases, 547 bumblefoot, 547 candidiasis, 548 chronic ulcerative dermatitis, 549 constricted toe syndrome, 550 feather follicle cysts, 550 feather mites, 547 feather picking, 549, 551, 556 fungal diseases, 548 giardiasis, 547 hypothyroidism, 550 idiopathic diseases, 549 550 malassezia, 548 mycobacterial granuloma, 547 neoplasia, 549 nutritional deficiencies, 549 Ornithonyssus spp., 547 papillomas, 548 parasitic diseases, 547 polyoma virus, 548 poxvirus, 549 psittacine beak and feather disease, 548 quill mites, 547 red mite, 547 scaly leg/beak mite, 547 viral diseases, 548 549 xanthomatosis, 549 skin structure and function review for, 545 546 feather types and properties, 546 summary overview of, 523, 539, 545, 575 pododermatitis in, 715 735. See also Pododermatitis. differential diagnoses of, 547
825 environmental causes of, 784 785 foot anatomy and physiology and, 716 raptor examples of, 717 720, 724 Avipoxvirus spp., in avians, beak, claw, and feet conditions related to, 791 792 Avulsion fractures, of avian beak, claws, and feet, 782 783 Azathioprine, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 602 603, 607 Azithromycin, for pododermatitis, 730 Azoles, for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in humans, 667 in reptiles, 666 for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 678 B Bacterial dermatitis, in reptiles, 526, 530 ulcerative, 526, 530 self-trauma associated with, 815 Bacterial infections in amphibians, 534 in avians, beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 792 793 differential diagnoses of, 547 in chelonia, VUND associated with, 743 745 management of, 750 751 in chinchillas, 574 in ferrets, pyoderma as, 570 with erythema multiforme, 604 in fish, differential diagnoses of, 541, 545 septicemia associated with, 542 in gerbils and hamsters, pyoderma as, 561 in guinea pigs, 557 in mice and rats, 566 in rabbits, 554 in reptiles, differential diagnoses of, 526, 530 VUND associated with, 743 745 in snakes, ulcerative, in python, 526, 530 VUND associated with, 743, 745, 749 in tortoises, desert, 744 745 swamp, 745 water, 745, 747 748 pododermatitis related to, 717, 724 Bacterial ulcerative dermatitis, in python, 526, 530 self-trauma associated with, 815 Ball bandage, for avian fractures, 784 for pododermatitis, 727 729 Bandaging, for avian fractures, 784 for pododermatitis, 727 729 ball, 727 729 interdigital, 727 728 nonadherent wound dressings for, 727 polypropylene foam shoes for, 727 728 raptor cautions with, 728 729 semiocclusive dressings for, 727
826 Bandaging (continued) wet-to-dry, 728 for VUND, in reptiles, 751 Barbering, in degus, 808 in gerbils and hamsters, 807 808 differential diagnoses of, 563 in guinea pigs, 812 813 differential diagnoses of, 559 in mice, 804, 808 810 differential diagnoses of, 568 in rabbits, 555, 808 in rats, 568, 808 in small mammals, 807 808 Basal cell tumor with sebaceous and squamous differentiation, in ferrets, 572, 581 583 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), in amphibians, 669 685 cause of death from, 671 clinical signs of, 671 672 diagnosis of, 672 675 host resistance to, 671 introduction to, 669 670 life cycle of Bd and, 670 normal skin physiology and, 670 pathophysiology of, 670 671 summary overview of, 682 treatment of, 675 682 chemicals in, 679 680 benzalkonium chloride as, 680 formalin as, 679 malachite green as, 679 chloramphenicol in, 678 679 failure of, 676 general considerations in, 675 676 itraconazole in, 676 678 other azole antifungals in, 678 probiotics in, 680 supportive strategies in, 681 682 antibiotics, 681 fluid therapy, 681 nutrition, 681 682 temperature in, 680 terbinafine in, 679 life cycle of, 670 Beak, of avians, dermatologic conditions of, 777 799 anatomy of, 778 environmental causes of, 779 788 avulsion fractures as, 782 783 fractures as, 781 783 treatment of, 782 784 growth abnormalities as, 786 787 treatment of, 787 788 thermal injuries as, 781
trauma as, 779 780 idiopathic causes of, 793 797 brown hypertrophy of the cere as, 797 neoplasia as, 793 794 overgrowth as, 795 797 self-mutilation as, 794 795 infectious causes of, 788 793 bacterial agents as, 792 793 fungal agents as, 792 parasitic agents as, 788 789 viral agents as, 789 791 treatment of, 791 792 introduction to, 777 778 nutritional causes of, 778 779, 793 summary overview of, 797 798 Beak deformity, in avians, 786 Beak growth abnormalities, in avians, 786 787 overgrowth as, 795 797 treatment of, 787 788 Beak overgrowth, in avians, 795 797 Bearded dragons, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 661 663 Behavioral dermatopathies, 801 820 cutaneous sensory disorders in, 802, 806 807 introduction to, 801 802 of small mammals, 807 815 alopecia as, 807 808 in guinea pigs, 812 813 barbering in mice, 804, 808 810 fur chewing in chinchillas, 810 812 self-mutilation in sugar gliders, 813 814 ulcerative dermatitis as, 813 815 pododermatitis as, 724 primary psychiatric disorders in, 804 806 abnormal repetitive behaviors, 802, 804 805 self-injurious behaviors (self-mutilation), 805 806 in sugar gliders, 813 814 psychophysiologic disorders in, 802 804 stress and, 802 804, 809 summary overview of, 816 treatment of, 815 816 Benzalkonium chloride, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 680 Bill, of avians, anatomy of, 778 dermatologic conditions of. See Beak. Biopsies, for viral infections, in fish, 690, 699 for VUND, in reptiles, 746 of skin. See Skin biopsy. Biotin deficiency, dermatologic disease related to, in ferrets, 572 pododermatitis as, 723 Birds, dermatologic diseases in. See Avian dermatology. Birnaviridae, in fish, 694 Bites/biting, pododermatitis related to, 724 827
828 Bites/biting (continued) self-injurious behaviors and, 807 Bladder catheterization, for viral infections, in fish, 690 Blepharoconjunctivitis, with myxomatosis, in rabbits, 707 708, 710 Blood culture, for VUND, in reptiles, 746 747 treatment based on, 750 Body weight, pododermatitis related to, 720 Body-focused repetitive disorders (BFRD), 815 Boredom, in behavioral dermatopathies, 802, 812 Brain-derived neurotropin factor (BDNF), in stress response, 803 804 Brown hypertrophy of the cere, in avian, 797 Budgerigar, beak infections in, 788 789 brown hypertrophy of the cere in, 797 foot infections in, 788 789 leg-band injuries in, 780 781 pododermatitis in, 722 Bullfrogs, chytridiomycosis in, 680 Bumblefoot. See Pododermatitis. Buprenorphine, for pododermatitis, 730 Burns, in avians, beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 781 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 740 pododermatitis related to, 724 C Cage mates, barbering of, 807 809 Canary, avascular necrosis of distal leg in, 785 786 claw tumors in, 793 794 Carcinoma, basal cell, with sebaceous and squamous differentiation, in ferrets, 572, 581 583 squamous cell. See Squamous cell carcinoma. Carp, viral infections in, 694 697 Cere, brown hypertrophy of, in avian, 797 Chameleons, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 661, 663 Chelonia. See also Tortoises. bacterial VUND in, 743 745 management of, 750 751 skin anatomy and physiology in, 738 740 wound healing in, 749, 751 Chemical treatments, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 679 680 benzalkonium chloride as, 680 formalin as, 679 malachite green as, 679 Chinchillas, dermatologic disease in, behavioral, fur chewing as, 810 812 dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 574 575 abscesses, 574 bacterial diseases, 574
cotton fur syndrome, 574 dermatophytosis, 574 dietary deficiencies, 574 fungal diseases, 574 fur chewing, 574 fur-slip, 574 husbandry-related diseases, 574 matted fur, 574 moist dermatitis, 574 yellow ears/fat, 574 ectoparasites as, treatment of, 648 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 Chloramphenicol, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 678 679 Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV), in reptiles, 659 668 as pathogen, 660 clinical signs of, 661 crocodilians, 664 diagnostic testing for, 664 665 epidemiology of, 660, 667 introduction to, 659 660 lizards, 661 663 risk factors for, 667 snakes, 663 664 species found to be infected with, 661 662 summary overview of, 667 therapy for, 665 667 VUND associated with, 743 zoonotic potential of, 667 Chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 669 685. See also Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Claws, of avians, dermatologic conditions of, 777 799 anatomy of, 716, 778 779 environmental causes of, 779 788 avascular necrosis of distal extremities as, 785 786 avulsion fractures as, 782 783 fractures as, 781 783 treatment of, 782 784 frostbite injuries as, 781 782 leg-band injuries as, 780 781 pododermatitis as, 784 785 thermal injuries as, 781 trauma as, 779 780 idiopathic causes of, 793 797 articular gout as, 795 797 brown hypertrophy of the cere as, 797 neoplasia as, 793 794 self-mutilation as, 794 795 infectious causes of, 788 793 bacterial agents as, 792 793 fungal agents as, 792 parasitic agents as, 788 789 829
830 Claws (continued) viral agents as, 789 791 treatment of, 791 792 introduction to, 777 778 nutritional causes of, 778 779, 793 summary overview of, 797 798 Clinical approach, to dermatologic disease, 523 577 in amphibians, 525, 531 537. See also Amphibian dermatology. in avians, 539, 545 551, 556. See also Avian dermatology. in fish, 532, 538 545. See also Fish dermatology. in reptiles, 523 531. See also Reptile dermatology. in small mammals, 552 575. See also Small mammal dermatology; specific mammal. introduction to, 523 summary overview of, 575 Clinical examination. See Physical examination. Clinical history. See History taking. Coaptation, external, for avian fractures, 784 Cockatoos, beak growth abnormalities in, 786 787 PBFD in, 790 791 pododermatitis in, 723 Compulsive disorders, dermatopathies related to, 804 806 Computed tomography (CT), for pododermatitis, 725 Conformational abnormalities, pododermatitis related to, 722 723 Connecting rete (CR), in guinea pig, 758 759 Contaminants, environmental, VUND associated with, in reptiles, 741, 743 Coping, maladaptive, self-injurious behaviors related to, 806 Crocodilians, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 662, 664 as pathogen, 660 clinical signs of, 661 diagnostic testing for, 664 665 introduction to, 659 660 summary overview of, 667 therapy for, 665 667 zoonotic potential of, 667 wound healing in, 749 Crusting, behavioral dermatopathies and, 813 814 neutrophilic, with erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 605 with ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 765 766 Cryptocaryon protozoan, in fish, 688 Culture (and sensitivity), for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 665 for pododermatitis, 725, 729 for viral infections, in fish, 691 693, 697, 699 for VUND, in reptiles, 743 747 treatment based on, 750 Cutaneous disease. See Dermatologic disease. Cutaneous neoplasia, in small mammals, 579 598. See also specific mammal. ferrets, 580 586 guinea pigs, 592 596 introduction to, 579 580 rabbits, 586 592 summary overview of, 596
831 Cutaneous sensory disorders, behavioral dermatopathies related to, 802, 806 807 Cutting, behavioral dermatopathies related to, 805 806 in sugar gliders, 813 814 Cyclosporine, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 603, 607 608 CyHV1, in fish, 694 695 CyHV2, in fish, 694, 696 CyHV3, in fish, 694, 696 697 Cystadenoma, of apocrine gland, in ferrets, 572, 581, 585 Cysts, feather follicle, in avians, 550 ovarian, in guinea pigs, 757 776. See also Ovarian cysts. Cytokines, in stress response, 804 Cytology, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 672 674 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 766 767 for viral infections, in fish, 692 D Dalila effect, in mice, 808 810 Dart frogs, chytridiomycosis in, 673 674 Database creation, minimal, for pododermatitis, 725 Debridement, surgical, for pododermatitis, 730 for VUND, in reptiles, 750 751 Degus, dermatologic disease in, barbering as, 808 ectoparasites as, 640, 649 Depression, self-injurious behaviors related to, 806 807 Dermal anatomy and physiology. See Skin anatomy and physiology. Dermatitis, in chinchillas, moist, 574 in gerbils and hamsters, facial, 563 nasal, 563 in guinea pig, with ovarian cysts, 765 766 in reptiles, 737 755. See also Vesicular, ulcerative, and necrotic dermatitis (VUND). bacterial, 526, 530 bacterial ulcerative, 526, 530 fungal, 527 pododermatitis as. See Pododermatitis. self-trauma associated with, 815 ulcerative. See Ulcerative dermatitis (UD). Dermatologic disease, behavioral, 801 820. See also Behavioral dermatopathies. bumblefoot as, 715 735. See also Pododermatitis. Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii as, in reptiles, 659 668. See also Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV). chytridiomycosis as, in amphibians, 669 685. See also Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd); Chytridiomycosis. clinical approach to, 523 577 in amphibians, 525, 531 537. See also Amphibian dermatology. in avians, 539, 545 551, 556. See also Avian dermatology. in fish, 532, 538 545. See also Fish dermatology. in reptiles, 523 531. See also Reptile dermatology. in small mammals, 552 575. See also Small mammal dermatology; specific mammal. introduction to, 523 summary overview of, 575
832 Dermatologic (continued ) cutaneous neoplasia as, in small mammals, 579 598. See also Cutaneous neoplasia. dermatitis as. See also Dermatitis. in reptiles, 737 755. See also Vesicular, ulcerative, and necrotic dermatitis (VUND). ectoparasites as, in small mammals, 611 657. See also Ectoparasites. erythema multiforme as, in ferrets, 599 609. See also Erythema multiforme (EM). of beak, claws, and feet, in avians, 777 799. See also Beak; Claws; Feet. ovarian cysts as, in guinea pigs, 757 776. See also Ovarian cysts. viral. See also Viral infections. in fish, 687 703. See also Fish dermatology. in rabbits, 705 714. See also Rabbit dermatology. Desert tortoises, bacterial-associated skin disease in, 744 745 Deslorelin acetate, for adrenal disease, in ferrets, with erythema multiforme, 608 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 770 771 Dexamethasone, for pododermatitis, 729 730 Diet. See Nutrition. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), for pododermatitis, 729 730 Distal extremities, of avians, avascular necrosis of, 785 786 Dominance behavior, barbering and, 810 Dot blot, for viral infection, in fish, 691 Dry-docking, for VUND management, in reptiles, 750 751 Ducks, pododermatitis in, 721 Dyesthesia, self-injurious behaviors related to, 806 807 E Eastern massasauga snakes, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 664 Ecdysis, of epidermis, in reptiles, 740 wound care consideration of, 751 wound healing stages and, 748 Ectoparasites, in amphibians, 534 in avians, 547 in fish, 540 541 in reptiles, 527, 530 in small mammals, 611 657. See also specific mammal. common characteristics of, 612 fleas as, 636 637, 639 640. See also Fleas. helminths as, 639 640 introduction to, 552, 571, 611 612 lice as, 633 637. See also Lice. mites as, 612 634. See also Mites. differentiation aid for, 615 616 summary overview of, 641 therapy for, 640 drug contraindications in, 641 species-specific guidelines for, 648 657 ticks as, 635 636, 638. See also Ticks. Edema (swelling), with myxomatosis, in rabbits, 707 708 Electrolyte transport, in amphibian skin, 670 chytridiomycosis depletion of, 671 Electron microscopy, for VUND, in reptiles, 747
Enclosure temperature, for reptiles, VUND associated with, 741 Enrofloxacin, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 681 for pododermatitis, 730 Enteral tube feedings, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 682 Environment. See also Husbandry practices. avian beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 779 788 avascular necrosis of distal extremities as, 785 786 avulsion fractures as, 782 783 beak growth abnormalities as, 786 787 treatment of, 787 788 fractures as, 781 783 treatment of, 782 784 frostbite injuries as, 781 782 leg-band injuries as, 780 781 pododermatitis as, 784 785 thermal injuries as, 781 trauma as, 779 780 behavioral dermatopathies associated with, 805 807, 809 810, 812 treatment based on, 815 816 for chytridiomycosis prevention, in amphibians, 675 temperature and, 680 for pododermatitis prevention, 725 726 for reptiles, VUND associated with, 741, 743, 745 management of, 750 Enzyme topicals, for pododermatitis, 729 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for viral infections, in fish, 691, 697 Epidermis, in reptiles, ecdysis stages of, 740 in wound healing response, 748 layers of, 738 740 wound care consideration of, 751 Epithelial cells, in reptile epidermis layers, 738 739 regular replacement of, 740 wound healing response and, 748 Epizootic hematopietic necrosis virus (EHNV), 698 Erythema multiforme (EM), in ferrets, 599 609 adrenal disease associated with, 603 604 treatment of, 607 608 clinical course of, 600 604 progression variations in, 606 608 clinical history findings with, 600 definitive diagnosis of, 605 607 diagnosis of, 604 differential diagnosis of, 604 605 discussion on, 604 608 etiologies of, 600 introduction to, 599 600 laboratory findings with, 603 604 physical examination findings with, 600 skin lesions associated with, 604 605 histologic findings of, 605 607 summary overview of, 608 833
834 Erythema (continued) treatment options for, 606 608 Escherichia coli, pododermatitis associated with, 717 Estrus duration, in guinea pig, ovarian cysts related to, 760 761, 812 Exophiala angulospora, in fish, 688 689 Extraovarian rete (ER), in guinea pig, 758 759 F Feet, anatomy and physiology of, guinea pigs, dermatologic disease in, pododermatitis as, foot anatomy and physiology and, 716 717 in pododermatitis, 716 717 of avians, 716, 779 of rabbits, 716 of rodents, 716 717 of avians, dermatologic conditions of, 777 799 anatomy of, 716, 779 environmental causes of, 779 788 avascular necrosis of distal extremities as, 785 786 avulsion fractures as, 782 783 fractures as, 781 783 treatment of, 782 784 frostbite injuries as, 781 782 leg-band injuries as, 780 781 pododermatitis as, 784 785 thermal injuries as, 781 trauma as, 779 780 functional types of, 779 idiopathic causes of, 793 797 articular gout as, 795 797 brown hypertrophy of the cere as, 797 neoplasia as, 793 794 self-mutilation as, 794 795 infectious causes of, 788 793 bacterial agents as, 792 793 fungal agents as, 792 parasitic agents as, 788 789 viral agents as, 789 791 treatment of, 791 792 introduction to, 777 778 nutritional causes of, 778 779, 793 summary overview of, 797 798 Ferrets, dermatologic disease in, cutaneous neoplasia as, 580 586 apocrine gland cystadenoma as, 572, 581, 585 basal cell tumor with sebaceous and squamous differentiation as, 572, 581 583 cutaneous lymphoma as, 572, 581, 584 epitheliotropic lymphoma as, 581, 585 fibroma as, 581, 585 fibrosarcoma as, 581, 585 frequency of common, 580 581 hemangioma as, 581, 583
introduction to, 579 580 leiomyoma as, 581, 585 leiomyosarcomas as, 581, 585 mammary tumors as, 581, 585 mast cell tumor as, 572, 580 582 miscellaneous tumors as, 585 preputial gland tumors as, 581, 583 584 sebaceous epitheliomas as, 572, 581 583 spindle cell sarcoma as, 581, 585 squamous cell carcinoma as, 581, 585 squamous cell carcinoma in situ as, 581, 585 summary overview of, 596 dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 570 573, 575 bacterial pyoderma, 570 biotin deficiency, 572 canine distemper virus, 570 dermatophytosis, 570 ear mites, 571 ectoparasites, 571 environmental, 572 fleas, 571 fungal diseases, 570 hyperadrenocorticism, 571, 573 hyperestrogenism, 571 hypersensitivity, 571 neoplasia, 572 nutritional diseases, 572 sarcoptic mange mite, 571 seasonal alopecia, 572 telogen defluxion, 572 viral diseases, 570 ectoparasites as, 571 flea collar contraindications for, 641 mites, 614 616, 620 621 ticks, 635, 638 treatment of, 640, 650 651 erythema multiforme as, 599 609 adrenal disease associated with, 603 604 treatment of, 607 608 clinical course of, 600 604 progression variations in, 606 608 clinical history findings with, 600 definitive diagnosis of, 605 607 diagnosis of, 604 differential diagnosis of, 604 605 discussion on, 604 608 etiologies of, 600 835
836 Ferrets (continued ) introduction to, 599 600 laboratory findings with, 603 604 physical examination findings with, 600 skin lesions associated with, 604 605 histologic findings of, 605 607 summary overview of, 608 treatment options for, 606 608 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 Fibroplasia, in wound healing response, 748 Fine needle aspiration (FNA), of ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 766 767 Fipronil (Frontline), for ectoparasites, in small mammals, 641 Fish dermatology, clinical approach to, 532, 538 545 dermatologic examination for, 538 539 clinical examination in, 538 539 clinical history in, 538 diagnostic testing for, 539 differential diagnoses of, 539 545 anchor worm, 541 bacterial diseases, 541, 545 bacterial septicemia, 542 capsalids, 541 carp pox, 542 columnaris disease, 541 ectoparasites, 540 fish lice, 541 flagellated protozoans, 540 541 flukes, 541, 545 freshwater and marine velvet, 540 gas bubble disease, 544 goldfish herpesvirus, 542 guppy killer disease, 540 head and lateral line erosion, 544 husbandry-related diseases, 543 544 ich, white-spot disease, 540 Ichthyobodo sp., 540 idiopathic diseases, 544 koi herpesvirus, 543 koi ulcer disease, 541 lymphocystis, 542 macroparasites, 541 mycobacteriosis, 541 neoplasia, 543 poor water quality, 543 sessile ciliates, 540 viral diseases, 542 543 skin structure and function review for, 538 summary overview of, 523, 532, 575 normal skin physiology in, 689 690 viral infections in, 687 703
aesthetic appearance and, 688 689 birnaviridae as, 694 clinical signs of, 689 690 diagnostic overview of, 690 693 herpesviridae as, 694 697 introduction to, 687 689 iridoviridae as, 694, 697 698 megalocytiviruses as, 698 normal integument vs., 689 690 other viruses in, 698 pathogen isolation for, 691, 693 694 prevention of, 693, 696, 699 quarantine for, 699 ranaviruses as, 698 rhabdoviridae as, 694 species overview of, 687 688 summary overview of, 699 700 treatment of, 693, 696 Fish lymphocystis virus disease (FLDV), 697 698 Flavivirus, in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742 Flea collars, for ectoparasites, in small mammals, 641 Fleas, in small mammals, 636 637, 639 640 Archeopsylla erinacei, 639 641 treatment of, 654 655 Ceratophyllus gallinae, 639 641 treatment of, 654 Ceratophyllus sciorum, 636, 651 Ctenocephalides spp., 636 637, 639 640 treatment of, 648 649, 651, 654 differential diagnoses of, 552, 571 ear example of, 639 excreta of, 639 ferrets, 571 hedgehogs, 639 641 in bedding, 640 microscopic view of, 640 larvae, 641 Nosopsylla spp., 636 637 treatment of, 657 Pulex irritans, 636, 651 rabbits, 552, 636, 639 640 Spilopsyllus cuniculi, 636 637 Xenopsylla spp., 636 637 treatment of, 657 Fluid therapy, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 681 for myxomatosis, in rabbits, 712 Fluorescent antibody tests (FAT), for viral infections, in fish, 693 Foam shoes, polypropylene, for pododermatitis, 727 728 Follicular cysts, in guinea pig, epidemiology of, 761 gross pathology of, 768 histopathology of, 769 837
838 Follicular (continued) pathogenesis of, 762 Folliculogenesis, in guinea pig, 758 759 Food sources. See also Nutrition. as Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii risk, in reptiles, 667 Formalin, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 679 Fractures, of avian beak, claws, and feet, 781 783 avulsion, 782 783 treatment of, 782 784 Frostbite, in avian claws and feet, 781 782 pododermatitis related to, 724 Fungal dermatitis, in reptiles, 527 Fungal infections, in amphibians, chytridiomycosis as, 669 685. See also Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). differential diagnoses of, 535 536 in avians, beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 792 differential diagnoses of, 548 in chinchillas, 574 in ferrets, 570 in gerbils and hamsters, 562 in guinea pigs, 558 in mice and rats, 567 in rabbits, 553 in reptiles, 527 Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii as, 659 668. See also Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV). differential diagnoses of, 527 VUND associated with, 742 743, 745 Fur chewing, in chinchillas, as behavioral dermatopathy, 810 812 G Geckos, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 662 663 skin anatomy and physiology in, 738 740 Genetics, role of, in abnormal repetitive behaviors, 805 in barbering, 809 in ulcerative dermatitis, 813 815 Gerbils, dermatologic disease in, behavioral, barbering as, 807 808 dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 561 565, 573 bacterial pyoderma, 561 bald nose, 563 barbering, 563 Demodex aurati, 562, 565 Demodex criceti, 562, 565 Demodex meroni, 562, 649 dermatophytosis, 562 facial dermatitis, 563
fungal diseases, 562 fur mite, 562 hair coat roughness, 563 hamster polyomavirus, 561 husbandry-related diseases, 563 hyperadrenocorticism, 563 nasal dermatitis, 563 neoplasia, 563 Notoedres notoedres, 562 papovavirus, 561 parasitic diseases, 562 tail slip, 563 Trixacarus caviae, 562 ectoparasites as, treatment of, 640, 649 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 Glands, apocrine, cystadenoma of, in ferrets, 572, 581, 585 mammary. See Mammary tumors. preputial, tumors of, in ferrets, 581, 583 584 scent, in guinea pigs, impaction of, 559 skin, in reptiles, 739 740 sweat, stress and, 803 Glucocorticoid therapy, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 601 603, 606 607 Gnathotheca, of avian beak, 778 Goldfish, viral infections in, 696 697, 699 Gonadal development, in guinea pig, rete ovarii role in, 759 Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, for adrenal disease, in ferrets, with erythema multiforme, 607 608 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 769 771 Gout, articular, in avians, 795 797 Graafian follicle, in guinea pig, 760 Gross pathology, of ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 768 Guinea pigs, dermatologic disease in, behavioral, barbering as, 559, 812 813 cutaneous neoplasia as, 592 596 frequency of common, 592 593 introduction to, 579 580 lipomas as, 559, 592 593, 595 mammary gland tumors as, 592, 594 596 miscellaneous tumors as, 559, 592, 596 summary overview of, 596 trichoepitheliomas as, 592 594 trichofolliculomas as, 559, 592 594 dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 557 560, 573 abscesses, 557 bacterial diseases, 557 barbering, 559 cervical lymphadenitis, 557 839
840 Guinea (continued) cheilitis, 559 cystic ovarian disease, 559 560 dermatophytosis, 558 fungal diseases, 558 husbandry-related diseases, 558 hypovitaminosis C, 558 lice, 558, 560 neoplasia, 559 otitis media/interna, 557 pododermatitis, 559 pregnancy-associated alopecia, 559 scent gland impaction, 559 staphylococcal pyoderma, 557 ectoparasites as, mites, 615 618, 627 632 treatment of, 640, 652 pododermatitis as, 715 735. See also Pododermatitis. foot anatomy and physiology and, 716 717 nutritional factors of, 722 723 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 ovarian cysts in, 757 776 anatomy and physiology of, 758 760 ovarian follicles, 760 rete ovarii, 758 759 classification of, as periovarian vs. intraovarian, 758 diagnosis of, 762 769 cytology in, 766 767 gross pathology in, 768 histopathology in, 768 769 historical findings in, 762 imaging in, 766 768 laboratory tests in, 766 physical examination in, 762 766 sedation for, 767 768 epidemiology of, 760 761, 812 concurrent diseases in, 761 follicular cysts in, 761 neoplastic cysts in, 761 rete cysts in, influence of age, parity, and estrus duration, 760 761 prevalence of, 760 introduction to, 757 758 pathogenesis of, 761 762 follicular cysts in, 762 rete cysts in, 761 762 prognosis of, 771 summary overview of, 771 treatment of, 769 771 hormone therapy in, 769 771 percutaneous drainage in, 769 surgery in, 769 770
841 H Hair growth, stress impact on, 804 Hair pulling, as behavioral dermatopathy, 807. See also Barbering. Hamsters, dermatologic disease in, dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 561 565, 573 bacterial pyoderma, 561 bald nose, 563 barbering, 563 Demodex aurati, 562, 565, 653 Demodex criceti, 562, 565, 653 Demodex meroni, 562 dermatophytosis, 562 facial dermatitis, 563 fungal diseases, 562 fur mite, 562 hair coat roughness, 563 hamster polyomavirus, 561 husbandry-related diseases, 563 hyperadrenocorticism, 563 nasal dermatitis, 563 neoplasia, 563 Notoedres notoedres, 562, 653 papovavirus, 561 parasitic diseases, 562 tail slip, 563 Trixacarus caviae, 562 ectoparasites as, mites, 612 614, 631, 633 treatment of, 640, 653 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 Hawks, red-tailed, pododermatitis in, 785 Health examination, for viral infections, in fish, 699 HEALx Soother Plus, for pododermatitis, 731 HEALx/AVIx Booster, for pododermatitis, 731 Hedgehogs, dermatologic disease in, ectoparasites as, drug contraindications for, 641 fleas, 639 641 mites, 621, 624 627 treatment of, 640, 654 Helminths, in small mammals, 639 640 Cuterebra spp., 553, 639 640 treatment of, 657 Dracunculus insignis, 639 640 Hypodema spp., 639 640 in rabbits, 657 Hemodynamics, central vs. peripheral, stress impact on, 804 Herpesviridae, in fish, 694 697 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742
842 Histologic studies, of rete ovarii, in guinea pig, 759 Histopathology, of Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 664 665 of chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 670 674 of erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 601, 604 skin lesion findings of, 605 607 of myxomatosis, in rabbits, 710 711 of ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 768 769 of viral infections, in fish, 692, 696 697, 699 of VUND, in reptiles, 737 738, 740 treatment based on, 750 with bacterial infections, 743 745 History taking, for dermatologic diseases, in amphibians, 525 in avians, 546 in chinchillas, 569 in ferrets, 569 with erythema multiforme, 600 in fish, 538 in gerbils and hamsters, 569 in guinea pigs, 569 in mice and rats, 569 in rabbits, 569 with myxomatosis, 706 in reptiles, 524 with VUND, 746 in small mammals, 569 pododermatitis and, 724 725 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 762 Homeostasis, threat to, stress response in, 803 Honey, for pododermatitis, 731 Hormone assays, for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 766, 812 Hormone therapy, for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 769 771 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 770 771 Human immunoglobulin, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 607 Husbandry practices, behavioral dermatopathies associated with, 805 807, 809 810, 812 treatment based on, 815 816 for disease prevention, of Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 667 of chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 675 of ectoparasites, in small mammals, 640 for myxomatosis, in rabbits, 711 for viral infections, in fish, 699 pododermatitis related to, 722 therapeutic strategies for, 725 726 VUND associated with, in reptiles, 741, 745 747, 749 management of, 750 Hyperadrenocorticism, in ferrets, 571, 573 erythema multiforme related to in, 603 604 treatment of, 607 608 in gerbils and hamsters, 563 Hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA), as stress axis, 803
843 I Iguanas, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 662 663 Imaging, for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 766 768 for pododermatitis, 725 Immune response, central vs. peripheral, stress impact on, 803 804 Immunity, of myxomatosis, in rabbits, 710 711 stress impact on, 803 Immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFAT), for viral infections, in fish, 693 Immunohistochemistry staining, for viral infections, in fish, 691, 693 Immunosuppression, from topical antibiotics, for pododermatitis, 729 730 myxomatosis-related, in rabbits, 711 712 Immunosuppressive therapy, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 601 603, 606 608 failure to respond to, 604 Impulse control disorders, dermatopathies related to, 804 805 Inactivity, pododermatitis related to, 721 Infectious diseases, avian beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 788 793 bacterial agents in, 792 793 fungal agents in, 792 parasitic agents in, 788 789 viral agents in, 789 791 treatment of, 791 792 bacterial. See Bacterial infections. fungal. See Fungal infections. opportunistic, VUND associated with, in reptiles, 742 743 with long-term immunosuppressive therapy, in ferrets, 603 604 parasitic. See Ectoparasites; Parasite infestations. secondary, pododermatitis related to, 724 VUND associated with, in reptiles, 742 744 viral. See Viral infections. Inflammatory response, in dermatitis. See Ulcerative dermatitis (UD). in stress response, 804 lymphocytes in. See Lymphocytic inflammation. Interdigital bandage, for pododermatitis, 727 728 Internal parasites. See also Helminths. in fish, 541 in mice and rats, 567 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 743 Intraovarian rete (IR), in guinea pig, 758 759 Iridoviridae, in fish, 694, 697 698 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742 Itch-scratch-itch cycle, 803 Itraconazole, for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 666 for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 676 678 J Jenkins classification, of pododermatitis, 718, 721 K Keratinizing lesions, with chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 670 with erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 600 601, 604 606
844 Ketoconazole, for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 666 Knemidokoptes pilae, in avians, beak, claw, and feet conditions related to, 777, 788 789 Koch postulate, 660 Koi carp, viral infections in, 694 698 prevention of, 699 L Laboratory tests, for Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii, in reptiles, 664 for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 672 675 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 766 for viral infections, in fish, 690 693 species-specific pathogen isolation with, 691, 693 694 for VUND, in reptiles, 746 747 Laser therapy, for pododermatitis, 731 732 Leg-band injuries, in avians, 780 781 Lepidosaurs, skin anatomy and physiology in, 738 740 ecdysis stages of, 740 Leporipoxvirus spp., in rabbits, 705. See also Myxomatosis. Leuprolide acetate, for adrenal disease, in ferrets, with erythema multiforme, 607 608 for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 770 771 Lice, in fish, 541 in small mammals, 633 637 differential diagnosis of, 552, 558, 560, 567, 569 Gliricola porcelli, 634, 652 Gyropus ovalis, 634, 652 Haemodipsus ventricosus, 634 635 in chinchillas, 648 in guinea pigs, 558, 560 in mice and rats, 567, 569, 633, 635 637 in rabbits, 552 Polyplax serrata, 633 636 treatment of, 655 Polyplax spinulosa, 633 636 treatment of, 655 Lizards, Chrysosporium anamorph Nannizziopsis vriesii in, 661 663 as pathogen, 660 clinical signs of, 661 diagnostic testing for, 664 665 introduction to, 659 660 summary overview of, 667 therapy for, 665 667 zoonotic potential of, 667 Lovebird, beak fractures in, 784 beak tumors in, 793 794 Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), for pododermatitis, 731 732 Lymphocytic inflammation, in wound healing response, 747 with erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 605 607 with myxomatosis, in rabbits, 710 711 with VUND, in reptiles, 743 744
845 M Macaws, beak growth abnormalities in, 786 787 beak infections in, 792 793 Macroparasites, in fish, 541 Maculopapular lesions, in ferrets, with erythema multiforme, 605 607 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for pododermatitis, 725 Malachite green, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 679 Malpighian cells, in fish, with viral infections, 695, 697 Mammary tumors, in ferrets, 581, 585 in guinea pigs, 592, 594 596 in rabbits, 587, 590 Mandibular jaw, of avian beak, 778 Mandibular prognathism, in avians, 786 787 Maxillary jaw, of avian beak, 778 Megalocytiviruses, in fish, 698 Meloxicam, for pododermatitis, 730 Metabolic disturbances, in amphibians, with chytridiomycosis, 671 Mice, dermatologic disease in, barbering as, as behavioral, 804, 808 810 differential diagnoses of, 568 dermatologic examination for, 569, 573 clinical examination in, 569 clinical history in, 569 diagnostic testing for, 569, 573 differential diagnoses of, 566 569, 573 bacterial diseases, 566 barbering, 568, 804 dermatophytosis, 567 ectoparasites, 566 567 fungal diseases, 567 fur mite, 566 567, 569 husbandry-related diseases, 568 lice, 567, 569 neoplasia, 568 pinworms, 567 pyoderma, 566 rat range mite, 567 ring tail, 568 sialodacryoadenitis, 566 viral diseases, 566 ectoparasites as, lice, 633, 635 637 mites, 624, 627 628, 631 treatment of, 640, 655 skin structure and function review for, 560, 565 summary overview of, 523, 560, 575 Miconazole, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 678 Mink, ectoparasites in, 651 Mites, in amphibians, 534 in avians, beak, claw, and feet conditions related to, 777, 788 789 differential diagnoses of, 547 in reptiles, differential diagnoses of, 527, 530
846 Mites (continued ) VUND associated with, 743 in small mammals, 612 634 burrowing, 612 619 Demodex spp., 552, 562, 612 614 treatment of, 651 655, 657 Notoedres cati, 614 616 treatment of, 656 Sarcoptes scabiei, 614 616 treatment of, 650, 656 Trixacarus caviae, 562, 615 619 treatment of, 652 differentiation aid for, 615 616 drawing of, 631 in ferrets, 571 in guinea pigs, 615 618, 627 632 in hamsters, 612 614, 631, 633 in hedgehogs, 621, 624 627 in mice and rats, 624, 627 628, 631 in rabbits, 552, 556, 614, 621 624, 648 microscopic views of, 619, 621, 626 627, 629 630, 632, 634 other, 632 633 Ascarus furis, 632 633 Atricholaelaps chinchillae, 633, 648 sucking, 618, 620 628 Caparinia erinacei, 621, 654 Caparinia tripilis, 621, 624 627 treatment of, 654 Chorioptes cuniculi, 621, 654 Myobia musculi, 621, 624 treatment of, 655 Myocoptes musculinus, 621, 624, 627 628 treatment of, 655 Notoedres muris, 621 treatment of, 654 655 Otodectes cynoti, 618, 620 621 treatment of, 650 Psoroptes cuniculi, 621 623 treatment of, 656 Radfordia ensifera, 621, 624 surface, 624, 626 634 Cheyletiella parasitivorax, 552, 624, 648 treatment of, 656 Chirodiscoides caviae, 627 630 treatment of, 652 Dermanyssus gallinae, 629, 631 632 treatment of, 649 Gliricola porcelli, 627, 631 632 treatment of, 652 Gyropus ovalis, 627, 652 Leporacarus gibbus, 626
847 Ornithonyssus bacoti, 629, 631 634, 640 treatment of, 649, 653 655, 657 Ornithonyssus sylvarium, 629, 631 632 treatment of, 649 Moisture, environmental, for reptiles, VUND associated with, 741, 750 Molecular methods, for viral infection diagnosis, in fish, 691, 693, 697 Mycotic skin infections. See Fungal infections. Myxomatosis, in rabbits, 705 712 cause of, 706 cause of death from, 707 708 clinical signs of, 707 711 diagnosis of, 711 history of, 706 immunity of, 711 in North America, 706, 712 introduction to, 705 pathology of, 710 711 prevention and control of, 712 respiratory (amyxomatous), 708, 710 711 transmission of, 706 vector control for, 712 treatment of, 711 712 vaccination for, 710, 712 N Natural remedies, for pododermatitis, 731 732 Necropsy samples, for chytridiomycosis, in amphibians, 672 for myxomatosis, in rabbits, 711 for viral infections, in fish, 690 Necrosis, avascular, of avian distal extremities, 785 786 pododermatitis as, 717 Necrosis virus, epizootic hematopietic, 698 Necrotic dermatitis, as behavioral, 813 814 in reptiles, 737 755. See also Vesicular, ulcerative, and necrotic dermatitis (VUND). description of, 737 738 pathogens associated with, 526 527, 530, 742 745 Neoplasia, cutaneous. See also Cutaneous neoplasia. in small mammals, 579 598 in avians, dermatologic conditions related to, 793 794 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 741 malignant. See Carcinoma. Neoplastic cyst, ovarian, in guinea pig, cytology of fluid of, 767 epidemiology of, 761 Nerve fibers, in stress response, 804 Nerve growth factor (NGF), in stress response, 803 804 Neurobiology/neurophysiology, of behavioral dermatopathies, 805, 815 Neuropathic itch, 807 Neuropeptides, in stress response, 803 804 Neurotrophins, in stress response, 803 804 Neutrophilic infiltration/crusting, in ferrets, with erythema multiforme, 605
848 Nipple presentations, with ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 765 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), for pododermatitis, 730 for VUND, in reptiles, 750 Nucleic acid analyses, for viral infection, in fish, 691 Nutrition, dermatologic disease and, in amphibians, chytridiomycosis and, 681 in avians, 778 779, 793 in chinchillas, 574 in guinea pigs, 813 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 741, 750 pododermatitis related to, 722 723 therapeutic strategies for, 726 ulcerative dermatitis and, 815 O Oberhautchen, in reptile skin anatomy and physiology, 738 ecdysis stages of, 740 Obesity, pododermatitis related to, 720 Obsessive-compulsive disorders, dermatopathies related to, 804 805, 807 Ocular discharge, in rabbits, with myxomatosis, 707 708, 710 Oocyte, in guinea pig, anatomy and physiology of, 758 760 Opoids, for pododermatitis, 730 Opportunistic infections, VUND associated with, in reptiles, 742 743 with long-term immunosuppressive therapy, for erythema multiforme, in ferrets, 603 604 Oronasa cavities, of small mammals, hair-induced inflammatory lesions of, 814 815 Osteomyelitis, with pododermatitis, 717 718 Osteoscute healing patterns, 749 Ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 757 776 anatomy and physiology of, 758 760 ovarian follicles, 760 rete ovarii, 758 759 classification of, as periovarian vs. intraovarian, 758 diagnosis of, 762 769 cytology in, 766 767 gross pathology in, 768 histopathology in, 768 769 historical findings in, 762 imaging in, 766 768 laboratory tests in, 766 physical examination in, 762 766 sedation for, 767 768 epidemiology of, 760 761, 812 concurrent diseases in, 761 follicular cysts in, 761 neoplastic cysts in, 761 rete cysts in, influence of age, parity, and estrus duration, 760 761 prevalence of, 760 introduction to, 757 758 pathogenesis of, 761 762 follicular cysts in, 762
849 rete cysts in, 761 762 prognosis of, 771 summary overview of, 771 treatment of, 769 771 hormone therapy in, 769 771 percutaneous drainage in, 769 surgery in, 769 770 Ovarian follicles, in guinea pig, anatomy and physiology of, 760 cysts of. See Follicular cysts. Ovariohysterectomy, for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 769 770 Overgrowth disorders, of beak, in avians, 795 797 P Pain management, for pododermatitis, 730 for VUND, in reptiles, 750 Pain sensitivity, self-injurious behaviors related to, 806 807 Papillomas, in avians, beak, claw, and feet conditions related to, 791 792 squamous, in rabbits, 554, 587, 589 590 Papillomavirus, in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742 Parakeets, beak fractures in, 782 783 treatment of, 782, 784 Paramyxovirus, in reptiles, VUND associated with, 742 Parasite infestations, external. See Ectoparasites; specific parasite. in amphibians, 533 in avians, beak, claws, and feet conditions related to, 788 789 differential diagnoses of, 547 in fish, 541 in gerbils and hamsters, 562 in reptiles, VUND associated with, 743 internal. See Helminths; Internal parasites. Parity, ovarian cysts related to, in guinea pig, 760 761 Parrots, beak fractures in, 782 783 treatment of, 782, 784 beak overgrowth in, 795 797 PBFD in, 789 790 self-mutilation of foot in, 794 795 Pasteurella multocida, pododermatitis associated with, 717 PBFD (psittacine beak and feather disease), in avians, 790 791 Pekin duck, beak trauma in, 779 Perches, pododermatitis related to, 722 therapeutic strategies for, 725 726 Percutaneous drainage, of ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 769 Physical activity, pododermatitis related to, 721 Physical examination, for ovarian cysts, in guinea pig, 762 766 for pododermatitis, 724 for viral infections, in fish, 690 691 for VUND, in reptiles, 746 Physical therapy, for beak growth abnormalities, in avians, 787 788 Pinworms, in mice and rats, 567 Piscines, dermatologic diseases in. See Fish dermatology.
850 Pododermatitis, 715 735 as avascular necrosis, 717 diagnostics for, 724 725 culture and sensitivity in, 725, 729 history and physical examination in, 724 725 imaging in, 725 minimum database in, 725 foot anatomy and physiology in, 716 717 of avians, 716, 779 of rabbits, 716 of rodents, 716 717 in avians, claws and feet conditions related to, 784 785 differential diagnoses of, 547 raptor examples of, 717 720, 724 in guinea pigs, differential diagnoses of, 559 nutritional factors of, 722 723 in rabbits, ulcerative, 719, 721 differential diagnoses of, 555 introduction to, 715 716 Jenkins classification of, 718 719 Type I, 718 Type II, 719, 721 Type III, 719 most common bacteria associated with, 717, 724 pathogenesis of, 717 predisposing factors and prevention of, 719 724 anatomic or conformational abnormalities as, 722 723 behavioral, 724 lack of activity as, 721 nutritional, 722 723 perches as, 722 poor husbandry as, 722 substrate as, 721 trauma as, 724 weight as, 720 prognosis for, 718, 732 733 Remple classification of, 717 720 Type I, 717 718 Type II, 718 Type III, 718 719 Type IV, 718 719 Type V, 718, 720 summary overview of, 733 therapeutics for, 725 732 alternative strategies in, 731 732 acupuncture as, 732 natural remedies as, 731 732 therapeutic laser as, 731 732 correcting underlying causes in, 725 726 medical strategies in, 726 730 analgesia, 730