Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis, Management, and Control Edited by Sagar M. Goyal and Julia F. Ridpath

To our families: Krishna, Vipin, Kavitha, Dinesh, Sarina, Harold, Lance, Reid, and Grant. Sagar M. Goyal, BVSc, MSC, PhD, Professor, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Julia F. Ridpath, PhD, Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, NADC/ARS/USDA, Ames, Iowa. 2005 Blackwell Publishing All rights reserved Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA Orders: 1-800-862-6657 Office: 1-515-292-0140 Fax: 1-515-292-3348 Web site: www.blackwellprofessional.com Blackwell Publishing Ltd 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Asia 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel.: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0478-1; ISBN-10: 0-8138-0478-7/2005 $.10. First edition, 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bovine viral diarrhea virus : diagnosis, management, and control / edited by Sagar M. Goyal and Julia F. Ridpath. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8138-0478-7 (alk. paper) 1. Bovine viral diarrhea virus. 2. Bovine viral diarrhea. I. Goyal, Sagar M., 1944- II. Ridpath, Julia F. SF967.M78B68 2005 636.2 08963427 dc22 2004029262 The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents Contributors Preface vii ix 1 Introduction and History 3 Dirk Deregt 2 Risk Assessment 35 Hans Houe 3 Classification and Molecular Biology 65 Julia F. Ridpath 4 Virus Replication 81 S. K. Hietala and B. M. Crossley 5 Virus Transmission 91 Mark C. Thurmond 6 Clinical Features 105 James F. Evermann and George M. Barrington 7 Pathogenesis 121 E. M. Liebler-Tenorio 8 Reproductive Disease and Persistent Infections 145 Kenny V. Brock, Daniel L. Grooms, and M. Daniel Givens 9 Immunity and Immunosuppression 157 Sanjay Kapil, Paul Walz, Melinda Wilkerson, and Harish Minocha 10 Hosts 171 Trevor R. Ames 11 Interactions of Virus and Host 177 John D. Neill v

vi Contents 12 Diagnosis 197 Sagar M. Goyal 13 Vaccines 209 Robert W. Fulton 14 Management Systems and Control Programs 223 Robert L. Larson 15 Conclusions and Future Research 239 Julia F. Ridpath and Sagar M. Goyal Index 245

Contributors Trevor R. Ames Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN George M. Barrington Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Washington State University Pullman, WA Kenny V. Brock Department of Pathobiology Auburn University Auburn, AL B. M. Crossley California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory University of California Davis, CA Dirk Deregt Animal Diseases Research Institute Canadian Food Inspection Agency Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada James F. Evermann Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Washington State University Pullman, WA Robert W. Fulton Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK M. Daniel Givens Departments of Pathobiology & Clinical Sciences Auburn University Auburn, AL Sagar M. Goyal Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN Daniel L. Grooms Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI S. K. Hietala California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory University of California Davis, CA Hans Houe Department of Large Animal Sciences Section for Veterinary Epidemiology The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Frederiksberg, Denmark Sanjay Kapil Department of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology Kansas State University Manhattan, KS Robert L. Larson Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education University of Missouri Columbia, MO E. M. Liebler-Tenorio Friedrich-Loeffler Institut Federal Research Center for Animal Health Jena, Germany vii

viii Contributors Harish Minocha Department of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology Kansas State University Manhattan, KS John D. Neill National Animal Disease Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, IA Julia F. Ridpath National Animal Disease Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, IA Mark C. Thurmond Department of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, CA Paul Walz Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University Manhattan, KS Melinda Wilkerson Department of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology Kansas State University Manhattan, KS

Preface The disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was first described in 1946, along with virus isolation from sick cattle. In the intervening 60 years, many important advances have been made in understanding this virus and the disease it produces. These developments include the recognition of BVDV biotypes and genotypes; development of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to study strain variation; defining the mechanism of development of persistent infections, mucosal disease, and immune tolerance; BVDV-induced immunosuppression; the discovery of problems caused by the presence of BVDV and anti-bvdv antibodies in fetal bovine serum used in the production of cell cultures; sequencing of viral genome; and the development of rapid methods for virus detection. These achievements have culminated in the development of control and eradication programs in several Scandinavian countries with some successes. Many other countries, including the U.S., are contemplating eradication and/or control programs. In spite of these developments and several symposia dedicated to discussing the pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and molecular virology of the virus, BVDV and BVDV-induced diseases are not completely understood, as exemplified by the appearance of severe hemorrhagic disease caused by BVDV 2 in the early 1990s in Canada and then in other countries. It is with this in mind that we have attempted to collate information on the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis, management, and control of the multifaceted diseases caused by BVD viruses. An internationally renowned team of experts has been assembled to contribute chapters on various aspects of this problem. We thank Dede Pedersen of Blackwell Publishing for keeping the book on track. ix