Fasciolosis Fasiolosis is a chronic parasitic disease of cattle caused by the liver parasites Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and submandibular oedema are characteristic. The acute fm that is common in sheep can sometimes occur in calves. Diarrhoea may occur if complicated by the presence of Ostertagia species. Based on clinical findings, seasonality and weather conditions and previous histy of the presence of the parasite is confirmed by microscopic examination of feces. First line Triclabendazole 9-12 mg/kg, PO stat (all stages of fasciola). S/E: Higher doses are associated with inappetence, increased blood urea nitrogen, transient weight loss, and slight effect on mot activities. Second line Rafoxanide 7.5 mg/kg, PO, stat against flukes above 4 weeks old & most nematodes. S/E: At high dose inappetence, diarrhea and blindness may occur. D/F: Rafoxanide is available at 2.5%, 7.5 ml/50 kg W/P: meat 28 days; milking cows should not be treated with rafoxanide
Albendazole 10 mg/kg, PO, stat S/E: Generally it is well tolerated. It is embryotoxic at two times the recommended doses, limiting its use in pregnant animals particularly the first 45 days of gestation. Hypersensitivity to albendazole may occur. D/F: bolus, 150, 200, 250, 300, 600, 1000, 1125, 1500, 1875 and 2500mg; suspension, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, and 12.5%; powder, 20 and 30%; paste, 15gm W/P: meat 14 days; milk 3 days Oxyclozanide 15-mg/kg PO 30 mg/kg in feed stat. S/E: Although oxyclozanide has wider margin of safety, inappetence, loss of body weight & milk yield, dullness, and loosening of feces and possibly diarrhea with increasing dose may occur. D/F: bolus, 340, 450, 1000 and 2700 mg; Suspension 34mg/ml, 3% with 1.5% levamisole W/P: meat 28 days; don t use in lactating animals f human use Closantel 10 mg/kg PO, stat S/E: may cause anexia, labed breathing, recumbency, general weakness, decreased vision blindness with prolonged use. Note: Most of these drugs have long withdrawal periods, which may have health hazards due to consumption of milk meat. Hemrhagic Septicemia Hemrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute pasteurellosis caused by particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and
manifested by an acute and highly fatal septicemia principally in cattle and water buffaloes. Initial fever and inappentence are followed by respiraty distress with profuse salivation and nasal discharge; a characteristic swelling of the head, throat, and brisket, swollen hemrhagic lymph nodes, and numerous mucosal and subserosal petechial hemrhages. The season of the year, rapid course, and high herd incidence, with fever and edematous swellings indicate typical HS. Characteristic necropsy lesions suppt the clinical diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis depends on identifying Pasteurella multocida serotype E:2. Hemagglutination could be confirmaty. Sulphadimidine 33%, IV, q 24 h f 3-5 days. F C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F and W/P: see page 17. Oxytetracyline 5-10 mg/kg IM IV, q 12-24 h; Longacting 20 mg/kg SC, IM IV, q 2-4 days C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F, Precautions and W/P, see page 14. Penicillin-streptomycin 200,000 IU + 250 mg, 1ml/25kg, IM; C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F and W/P: see page 14/17. Prophylaxis Careful movement of cattle by avoiding stressful
journeys; provide adequate parasitic control. Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) is a disease of the eyes of cattle caused by the bacteria Maxella bovis. It is precipitated by facts including environmental irritants (dust, wind, tall grass, weeds, pollens), concurrent infections (IBR, Mycoplasma spp.), shipping stress, bright sunlight, exposure of susceptible calves to infected carrier animals, close confinement, and breeds strains of cattle with increased susceptibility. In Ethiopia, the disease is me serious in exotic cattle breeds and particularly calves were found me susceptible. IBR is characterized by blepharospasm, conjunctivitis with without keratitis, lacrimation, and varying degrees of focal cneal opacity, central cneal ulceration, mucopurulent ocular discharge, and extensive cneral necrosis, cneal neovascularization, dense granulation tissue, and cneal fibrosis. Seasonality of the disease, characteristic clinical signs and high incidence of ocular lesions in young animals are indicative of IBK. Microbial culture is confirmaty. Topical
Gentamicin 0.3%, triple antibiotic (neomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B), Chlamphenicol 0.5%, oxytetracyline 1% and nitrofurazone ointments q 8 h f several days on both eyes as indicated on the accompanying insert. Systemic Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h f 2 days; longacting fmulation, stat. F C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F and W/P, see page 14. Sulphadimidine 100 mg/kg, IM; other sulfonamides can be used. F C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F and W/P: see page 17 Subconjunctival Penicillin-streptomycin, see page 14/17 plus Dexamethasone 1mg, IM. F C/I, S/E, D/I, D/F and W/P see page 7