Electronic Supplementary Material for HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME?

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1 Electronic Supplementary Material for HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME? A CASE STUDY OF PTEROSAUR (REPTILIA: ARCHOSAURIA) DISPARITY Richard J. Butler, 1,2 Stephen L. Brusatte, 3,4,5 Brian Andres, 6,7 and Roger B. J. Benson 8,9 1 Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany 2 E-mail: r.butler@lrz.uni-muenchen.de 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 5 E-mail: sbrusatte@amnh.org 6 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA 7 E-mail: brian.andres@aya.yale.edu 8 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom 9 E-mail: rbb27@cam.ac.uk

2 This file includes 1. Introduction 2. Character/taxon matrix 1 3. Character/taxon matrix 2 4. Character list 1. Introduction This is one of two supplementary data files accompanying the paper How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity. This file contains the character/taxon datasets used to generate disparity data series. The second supplementary data file is in Microsoft Excel format, and contains information on taxon ranges and time bins, disparity and geological sampling data series, and results of modelling, multiple regression and statistical analyses. 2. Character/taxon matrix 1 Character matrix without missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, 1877. Parentheses denote polymorphic character codings. Inapplicable and missing data are both coded with a question mark. Valid genus and species names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation).

Euparkeria capensis 000010?01100000210?001????0102110?010000000000000?????000000100?000?00 00000000000000??00?00100000000010?00001001000000000010000000000000000?0000000000000000000?0????0000???00?00000000 Eudimorphodon ranzii 000000?1120101?0110001?????0???11?010011000000200?????003000000?100?002 00000000??0?0??01?00200100000110?0011100011001003201001?10???000?00??? 0?0002010?10011?1000??100001?????01??00??? Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi 001100?21101011011000100110011111?010011000000200?????003000000?100?00 2000000?00100??????00100100000110?0011000011001003201001?10?000000?0?0 000?001010?1?011?1000?00000010000001??0?010 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus?????????1????0110?001011??1012??????0?100????????????0?200?00???0??0????0???0????????????0?0????00??????0?10000?10?(01)0032?1?????0???0?????0?00?000 101?01??110100?????0?01??0???10000?10 Peteinosaurus zambelli?????????2???????????1?0?1???10??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????00?0000??000?0?001100001?0000022??000??????????????????0?????????????????????00100000????????0 Caviramus schesaplanensis?????????10????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????????????????0100111110000?00?10000??0?(01)0032??001????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Raeticodactylus filisurensis 000000?0110101???00???001??010111?01001110000020101010002000000??00?00 200000000??0????01??0100111110000?0011100010001003201001?10?0000???00?????????????0?11?1000??0?000?0?0???100?0??0 Austriadactylus cristatus 000000?012010?0011?0??0011?????11?0100110000001?101020001001000?100?00 10000000??10????0????200000000010?0011100010000001101000????00000000?00 000001????1??11??00????00001??00??1??????? Preondactylus buffarinii 001110?01101001?11000101110001111?010011000?00100?????001001000??0???? 1000000?????????????0100000000010??011?000100000011010000????0?00???0?00 0?001???????11??000??0000010?00001?0?0010 Dimorphodon macronyx 002010?01201011010001201110010001?010011000200210?????011001000?100?00 100000000?10????01??0100000000010?10001001100000013010000?1???000??000 10?0002?????001101010?020000100010010000010 Parapsicephalus purdoni???0?1?0???????????????????????0??0??011000200210?????012001000?100?00100 00000001000??01001??????????????0????01????(01)0??????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Campylognathoides liasicus 001000?11101021010001101111001111?010011000000210?????002000000?100?00 20000100001000??01?01200100001?10?100000011100001??00001010?0000000000 1000002111010111?1000?020000100110110100011 3

Campylognathoides zitteli 000000?11101012110000111101?01111?010011000000210?????002000000?100?00?0000100???0???????01200100001?10?100000011100001??00001????00000??0001 0?0002?11?1?111?1000??200001?01101101?0011 Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 00???????0??01?01?????00?1?????12101111110???0?11001?00?20000?0???0?0?201?00??1??000?????11????10001????100221130111111??10?0??1000000????0????00 02?????001101020?????????0210????????? Angustinaripterus longicephalus 000222?1100????????????????????1210111111000002?1001?0002000000?10??0020 1000001???????01??1100010001?10?100221130111111??1000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Harpactognathus gentryii?????????0?????????????????????12021111110???0??1001?00?200?0??????????????????????0??01??1??????????????00(23)??130???(01)1???10?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Cacibupteryx caribensis???0?1?0?0?????????????????????1??01?110100000?10?????002000000?000?00101 01000001000??010?1??????????????00(23)??03????(01)0????000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Rhamphorhynchus muensteri 000001?110110110110011101110101120010110100000210?????002000000?000?00 21100000?01000??01011000010001?10?100221030110201??1000101100000000000 10000021100(12)001101060?02001011011011010011(12) Nesodactylus hesperius????????????011001?0021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?0000?????010?0002?1102 0?11?1060???00101?01??0???????? Dorygnathus banthensis 011100?01001011011001101111001111?010111100000210?????002000000?100?00 20100000001000??01011100110001?10?100201030110101??00001010?0000000000 100000211003011101020?030010110010110100112 Scaphognathus crassirostris 000000?01000010011001101111000011?010011100000210?????002000000?100?00 201000000??0????01001100010001?10?100200030100001??000000??00000000000 100000211?020011?1020?02001011001?110100112 Sordes pilosus 000010?11000010011001101111000011?010011000000210?????002001000?100?00 20100010?01000??01001100010001?10?100300030100001??00000011?0000000000 10?0002?????0111?1030??(45)0010110010110100112 Darwinopterus modularis 00????01110001101100120111100?011?01001??10000?11112200??001000??00?00 20100010???0?10?01??1100010001?10?100300030101041??000001???10100?00?01 000002?1?020?11??030?04?010?0?01011?100112 Wukongopterus lii?0????0?110?0?10?100?101121010011?01001??1???0????????0???????????????2???????????????01??1100010001?10?100300030101041??00000??0?10?001000010000 02????2?011?103???4?01010?????1?1?0112 Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 00????011000001?11001?01111000?11?01001??10000??1101100??001000??00?002 4

1100010???0????????0100010001?10?100300030101001??000001?0???00????1010 0?0?????????11?3030??000101??010?1??0??1? Changchengopterus pani????????????000021101?011??00????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????0?100001???000?0022???0? 0?11??030??400101?00???1?????11 Batrachognathus volans?0????01110?01?011?0?2?????010101?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?0000?00110???0????10101110000201?20?100300030100001??00000??????001??00????0 002010020011?1040????01011?????1???00?? Jeholopterus ningchengensis 00????001001000110000200001000101?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?000 0?001?0???0????101?11100?020??2???00300030100001??00000????10??1100?1000 0002??????011?1040??5001011001?11?1?0010 Anurognathus ammoni 00????0110000100110001000?1010101?11000??10001?10?????0??1???00?100?000 0?00110???00???10101110000201?20?100300030100001??000001???????1?000100 00002??????011?1040??5001011??10?10100010 Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus?0????????0??000100002000??000101?11000??????1??0?????0????????????????0???????01?????1010?11000020???0??0030003?100001?????00????10??1??0?1000000 2??????011?1030??5001011?0???1??0?011 Gnathosaurus subulatus 21????0112?????????????????????11?21101??10000?11103100??001000?100?11311 00010?100?110011?1121010001??0?100201130?01201??0000?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gnathosaurus macrurus?????????2??0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11??????121010?01?????00???130???10?????0?0?01?22101???????????????????????????????????????????????? Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon?????????2?????????????????????11?211?1??1?????????????????????????????????????????0??0????1?????????????0????130???10???00000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Huanhepterus quingyangensis?????????2??00??11?0000????0???11?011???????????1103?0????????????????????????????????????110101000???0??00201030101101??00000????22?011000?0???0?2????2??1??105?????0?1???????1???0??? Elanodactylus prolatus????????????0??000?0000110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????221011000???00002???01?111?1050??400?10??0??????????? Kepodactylus insperatus????????????0????????0?????0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01012101?????????????????0 11101050??????10??0???1??????? Ctenochasma elegans 11????011211010010101000001010121?01001??10000?10?????0??001200?100?113 1100010??00????0???1100010001?10?100201120101201??00000?0??101001000?00 00002???020011?1050??4??110?0?1011010012? 5

Ctenochasma porocristata?????????2?????????????????????21?01001??1???0?11103?00??????????0???????????0?????0??0????1??????0??????0?20112?101201??00?00????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Pterodaustro guinazui 11????012212000011?0?00000?010121?00001??10000?10?????0??001200?100?113 1100000??00?0??0???1000010001?00?100201000201001??00000?0101010?10??000 000021110200?1?105??04???10000???1011?12? Eosipterus yangi????????????0???10?0000010?01?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????0?????????????1???????0?100?0???1??0?12? Beipiaopterus chenianus????????????00001100100221?0201???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1010?100?100?0022???0?0?11?105???4???1000????1????12? Gegepterus changi 11????0112?000?????????0???????2??00?01??10000?11??3000??001200?100?1?311 00000???0?0??0???10???00?01?00?10020103?101201???0?0?001?10100?????????? 22????2?????????????(01)????00???1??0???? Boreopterus cuiae 01????0012110?0??100?00000?00?011?01001??1?000?10?????0???????0?10110131 100010???0????????1100010001?10?100201030110101??00000?00?00001????100??0???????00?1?????????(01)???0?0???1?1?012? Feilongus youngi 11????0?0110???????????????????21?01001??10?00?11103000??001000?10111?3?1 00010?100?0??0??011000?0001?10?100201030110101??00000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gallodactylus canjuersensis 01????01??0??0?0???????00?1?00021?00001??10000?10?????0??000000?1011?1?1 100?10????????????11000?0001?10?1????????????0?????????????????????????0002???0????????????4??1?00??1011?1001?? Cycnorhamphus suevicus 01????02??0?000010111000001110021?20001??10000?10?????0??000?00?1011113 1100?10?????0??????1120010001?10?1002010?0100?01??0??0?000000001?0???000 0002?11020011?1050??4?0110000101101001?? Pterodactylus longicollum 01????01111000?010100000001100021?01001??10000?10?????0??001?00?100?113 1100010??00?0??0???110001?001?10??00300030100101??00000000010001?000?00 00002??0?10001?1050??4?0110?0?101101001?? Pterodactylus kochi 01????011110000010101000101000111?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100?113 1100010???0?0??0???1100010001?10?100300030100001??00000000?10001100010 000002??002001101050?04?01101001011010012? Pterodactylus antiquus 01????01?110000011100000101000111?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100?113 1100010???0?0??????1100010001?10?100300030100001??00000000?10001100010 000002010020011?1050?04001101001011010012? Normannognathus wellnhoferi???????????????????????????????11?000?1?????????112??0?????????????????????? 6

???????0????????0001??0??????00300030100?01??01000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Germanodactylus cristatus 01????011111000010101000101010012001001??10000?11103200??001000?100?10 31100010???0????????1100010001?10?100300030100001??110010?????0011000?? 000002???020011?105???4??11010???1101001?? Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 00????00111000?011?01000002010012001001??10000?11103200??001000?100?10 31100010???0????????11000?0001?10?100300030100001??010000???10001??0???? 000?20??02??11?1?????4??1?010?101101001?? Haopterus gracilis 01????0?111100?01100??0000?????11?01001??1?000??0?????0??010000??00?0?22?????0???0????????110001?001?10??00300030100001??00000??????001?00????100 0201102?001?1070??4?01?0100????????12? Anhanguera santanae 01????00111100?00???10????1????11?01101??11100?111040?0??01101101110002 2101010?10011000111110?010001?1??10151?030111101??00110101101101010010?11102???1?0100?207101401?1???011??01????? Anhanguera piscator 01????011111000001?010?????00?011?01101??11100?11104000??01101101110002 2101010?1001????1111101010001?110101511030111101??00110101101101010010 1?110200112010012071014?1?1011011?10101?2? Anhanguera blittersdorffi 01????0011?1???????????????????11?01101??11100?11104000??1????10111000221 01010?100110001111101010001?110?01511030111101??00110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Anhanguera araripensis 01????0011???????????0?????????11?01101??11100?11104000??1????10111000221 01010?100110001111?0??10?01?1??1015??030111101??0011???????????????????????????010012071014?1?1??????????????? Liaoningopterus gui?????????10?0??????????????????11?01?01??111(02)0??1104000??????????1??0022 101010?????100???1110?0?0001?1???01511030101101??00110?01???101???????????????????????????????????????????????? Tropeognathus mesembrinus 01????001101???????????????????11?01101??11100??1004000??1????10111000221 01010?100110101111101010001?110?0151?030101101??00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Coloborhynchus clavirostris????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????????????101????1??????????????0?5??030???10???0011?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Ornithocheirus simus????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????????????101????1??????????????0?5??0?0???00???00?1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Brasileodactylus araripensis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????1101010001??0??0150?030??1101??0?110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 7

Ludodactylus sibbicki 01????001111???????????????????11?01101??11100?10?????0??0110112111200221 01010?100?10101?11101010001?110101511030101101??00110????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Cearadactylus atrox?1????0?1100???????????????????11?01101??1??00??0?????0??????????????032101 01?????????????1101110001?10?101501030101101??00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Lonchodectes compressirostris???????????????????????????????1??0100??????????0??????????????????????????????????101????11??????????0??005??030???00???00010????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 00????2?010000?001000000???00?011?01001??10100?10?????0??010000?11??0?32?0011??????1110???1100010001?10?100400030101001??00010?01?01101??1?????? 1021???20?00??0710?4?1?1011????1??0???? Liaoxipterus brachyognathus?????????000???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????120010?01?1???00400010?01001????0?0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Istiodactylus sinensis 00????11010000?001?000000??10??11?21001??10010?10?????0??1????0?110?0032 100121???0????0??011?0010001?10?100430010101001??000101???01?01??1?????? 102??????000??07????01??0??01111??0???? Istiodactylus latidens 00????010100?0?0010?0??????0???11?21001??10010??0?????0??1??????110?00321 00121???????????01120010001?10?100430010101001??00010????0?10??111???111 021010?0?0012071014???10?1?11?11101??? Longchengopterus zhaoi 01????0101000??0010000000??1???11?01001??10100?10?????0??010?00??10?0032 100110???0?1110??0?100010?01?1???00400030101001??000101?1?01101????????1 102?????0?00????10?4?(12)????1????1???1??? Pteranodon longiceps 01????00??1?0??001010010???01002200000???11100?10?????0??010?01200120022 101010?10010??01111100011001?10?11??????????????????0?101101101011110111 00200101100002071014021101101011110112? Pteranodon sternbergi 02????00??1?0000?101?0100??01??2200000???11100?10?????0??0100?1200120022 101010??00????????1100011001?1???1???????????????????????????0???????1????2 0???1??0????????20??10??0???1??01??? Nyctosaurus gracilis 01????00??2?00001222002000100001200100???11000?10?????0??1????121011002 2100010?100?0??01111100011001?10?11??????????????????0?10010010101101001 1002000011001?1161011?2110?10101111011?? Nyctosaurus lamegoi??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0 1??16??????????????????????? Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis???????1????????111????????00?0??????0???11000?10?????0??1???00?1011002110 8

0010???0????????1????????1?0??11????????????????????1???00?01??1?100110???0 0?1??01?11610?102?1??????11?1?112? Tupandactylus navigans 00????00???????????????????????0200200???10120?11110110??00110??00?000221 00110??0????????????????????????1??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Tupandactylus imperator 00????10???????????????????????0200200???1?120?11110110??1????11001400221 00110???1???????????????????????1??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Bakonydraco galaczi??????????1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11200110001?11111????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Tapejara wellnhoferi 00????10??1?00?01110100000110?00200200???10120?11110100??1????110013002 2100110?10110??01101200110011?11111??????????????????0??01100101??00???? 00221??0211???1081104??110100???11?1012? Huaxiapterus corollatus 00????0???1?0??01111100000?11000200200???1??20?11116100??1???0??0?10?????????????1????????1200010001??1011?????????????????????01???101????????0022???????01??081??4?2110110??1111??12? Eopteranodon lii 00????0???1?00??111010000011???0200200???10??0??1104100????????????4??????011??????0?????1?200010?01?1??11??????????????????0?????00101?????????022????2??01?1081??4???????01011?110??? Sinopterus gui 00????0???0?01?0010???0???111000200200???10??0?11????00??1??????0??0??321?011?????????0???1200010001?11011??????????????????0?????00101???0???1?022?1?0???01?10811?4????????1011????1?? Huaxiapterus jii 00????1???0?00??1111100000?10000200200???10??0??1104100??00?10?????0??3? 1?011??????0??0???1200010001?11011??????????????????0????????01??0?1?????2 2???021?01?10811?411110110??11?110??? Sinopterus dongi 00????00??1?00?00110100000110000200200???10020?11104100??00110110?140?3 21?011????1????????1200010001?11011??????????????????0?????00101????10?1?0 22?11?21?01?108110412110110??11??1?12? Nemicolopterus crypticus 01????00??1?0?0010??1?0000?01001??0200???10000?10?????0??111001110100022 100110????????0???1200010001?10??1??????????????????0?????00??1??00100?002 2??????101??091???????????10?1?11012? Bennettazhia oregonensis?????????????0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10?????????????11 00010811????????????????????? Dsungaripterus weii 01????010011000011?1101010?11?012000001??10010?11123301??1????110013202 2110010?101111001111000010001?10?100600030101011??1200110110010101111 001001211101??0??108110?10?1011210?00210?2? 9

Domeykodactylus ceciliae?????????1???????????????????????????????????0??1?2???????????????????????????????????????110??10?01?????006??030???01?????0?1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Noripterus parvus 01????0011??01???????00??????0?12001001??10010?11103301??1????1100132022 110010???1?110????1100010001?10??00600030101011??12001???1???0???11?????????????00?????8??0?1??10?02???0021???? Noripterus complicidens?????????0??010?11?10010??01100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?0001000???0??0060??30??1?11????????01100101????100???12?????01010108110??0110?0210100210?2? Tupuxuara longicristatus??????????????????????????????????0?00???10??0?11005?0????????????????????0????????1110??????????????????1??????????????????0????????0???????????????????????????????21?0?1???????????? Tupuxuara leonardii 00????00??1?00?0101110000??10001200100???10120?11005300??1????110013202 2100110?101111101111100010001?10?11??????????????????0?101100101??11???? 00121?10110???1081104???10110???112101?? Thalassodromeus sethi 01????10???????????????????????1200100???10120?11005300??0100011001320221 00110?1?1111101?11100010001?10?11??????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Chaoyangopterus zhangi????????????00?011?1000000011002200100???1???1??0?????0???????????????????????????????????1100011001??0??1??????????????????0??00?12111????????00?21 11???001?10????4?1110??010?1?21012? Jidapterus edentus 01????0???1?00?01111000000?11002200100???1???1??0?????0?????????????????1??????????0??????1100011001?10?11??????????????????0??00?12111?????????0?2 1?101??01???????4?111011????1121??2? Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis??????????1?00?00110000000?01???????0??????????????????????????????????????????????0???????100011?01?10?11?????????????????????00?12?11??0??????022???????01??08???4?2110?10???1??1???? Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 01????10??1?0??0?1?1?00000?20?02200100???10121?10?????0??1????1110110122 100020???1????????1100011001?10??1??????????????????0?????12?11?10?????002 2???????01?108??0??21?01?0???1???012? Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis 01????00??1?10?011112000???11001200100???10120?10?????0??1????0??00?0122 101010???1????????1100011001?10??1??????????????????0?1???22?110?1110??00 22??1?1??01?118???4?2?101?31011?210??? Azhdarcho lancicollis????????????10?????????????????????10??????????????????????????????????????????????0?????11?0001?0???????1????????????????????100122111?11?????????????? 100??118???????????3????12????? Arambourgiania philadelphiae????????????2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 10

??????????????????????????????????????????????????0012211????????????????????????????????????1???????????? Quetzalcoatlus northropi??????????1?10?0011100100???00?1200100???10120?11?16(23)00??1??????10???? 22101010?????0??01?11100011001?10?11??????????????????0?1001221110111??? 100221110?10011118110412?10?13???1121012? 11

12 3. Character/taxon matrix 2 Character matrix with missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, 1877. Question marks denote missing data with multiple equally parsimonious character optimizations. Valid genus and species names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation). Euparkeria capensis 00001000110000021000010?11010211000100000000000000?0?0000000100?000?0 0000000000000001?0000010000000001000000100100000000001000000000000000 00000000000000000000000?0?0000000000000000000 Eudimorphodon ranzii 00000001120101?0110001001100?1111001001100000020001??0003000000?100?0 0200000000010001?0100020010000011000011100011001003201001010000000000 00000000201001001101000?010000100000010000010 Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi 001100021101011011000100110011111001001100000020001??0003000000?100?0 0200000000010001?0100010010000011000011000011001003201001010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus 0000?00?11?1010110000101110101211001001100000020001??0002000000?100?00 20000000001?001?01000100100000?10000110000110010032010010100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Peteinosaurus zambelli 0000000012?10??0100001001100?1011001001100000020001??0002000000?100?00?0000000001?001?0100010000000001000011?000100000022010000100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Austriadactylus cristatus 0000000012010?0011000100110001111001001100000010101020002001000?100?0 0100000000010001?0100020000000001000011100010000001101000010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Caviramus schesaplanensis 00?0?00?110101?0100001001100??1110010011?0000020?01??000?000000?100?00?0000000001?001?01000100111110000000111000100010032010010100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Raeticodactylus filisurensis 00000000110101?010000100110010111001001110000020101210001000000?100?0

0200000000010001?0100010011111000000011100010001003201001010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Preondactylus buffarinii 0011100011010010110001011100011110010011000000100010?0002001000?100?0 010000000001?001?0100010000000001000011100010000001101000010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Dimorphodon macronyx 00201000120101101000120111001000100100110002002100?0?0012001000?100?0 0100000000010001?0100010000000001001000100110000001301000011000000000 001000002?1001001101010?020000100010010000010 Parapsicephalus purdoni 00?0?1001??101?010001?011100???0100100110002002100?0?0013001000?100?00 100000000010001?0100110000000001001000100110000001?0100001?0000000000 01000002?10010011010?0?020000100010010000010 Campylognathoides liasicus 00100001110102101000110111100111100100110000002100?0?0001000000?100?0 0200001000010001?0100120010000101001000000111000011?00001010000000000 00100000211101011101000?020000100110110100011 Campylognathoides zitteli 00000001110101211000011110100111100100110000002100?0?0001000000?100?0 0200001000010001?0100120010000101001000000111000011?00001010000000000 001000002?1101011101000?020000100110110100011 Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 000???0?10?10110110011001110?01121011111100000211005?0001000000?100?00 201000001010001?0101110001000101001002211301111111?100010100000000000 0100000211002001101020?020010110210110100112 Angustinaripterus longicephalus 0002220110010110110011001110?01121011111100000211005?0001000000?100?0 020100000101?001?0101110001000101001002211301111111?10001010000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110?10110100112 Harpactognathus gentryii 000???0?10?10110110011001110?01120211111100000211005?0001000000?100?00 20100000?01?001?01011100010001010010022113011?1111?100010100000000000 0100000211002001101020?020010110?10110100112 Cacibupteryx caribensis 0000010010?10110110011101110?0112001011010000021000??0001000000?000?0 0101010000010001?01011?0001000101001002210301101011?1000101?000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110110110100112 Rhamphorhynchus muensteri 000001011011011011001110111010112001011010000021000??0001000000?000?0 0211000000010001?0101100001000101001002210301102011?10001011000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110110110100112 Nesodactylus hesperius 0000010?10?10110010002101110?0112001011010000021000??0001000000?100?00 20100000001?001?01011?0001000101001002210301101011?1000101?0000000000 0100000211102001101020?020010110110010100112 Dorygnathus banthensis 011100001001011011001101111001111001011110000021000??0001000000?100?0 0201000000010001?0101110011000101001002010301101011?00001010000000000 00100000211003011101020?030010110010110100112 13

Scaphognathus crassirostris 000000001000010011001101111000011001001110000021000??0001000000?100?0 0201000000010001?0100110001000101001002000301000011?00000010000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110010110100112 Sordes pilosus 0000100110000100110011011110000110010011000000210?00?0001000000?100?0 0201000100010001?0100110001000101001003000301000011?00000011000000000 001000002?1002011101030?040010110010110100112 Darwinopterus modularis 0000?0011100011011001201111000011001001101000021110620001001000?100?0 0201000100010011?01?0110001000101001003000301010011?000001?0010100100 001000002?1002001101030?040010100010110100112 Wukongopterus lii 0000?001110000101100110112101001100100110100002111062000100?000?100?0 020100010001?0?1?01?0110001000101001003000301010011?000001?0010?001000 01000002?1002001101030?040010100010110100112 Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 0000?001100000101100110111100001100100110100002111062000100?000?100?0 02010001000100?1?01?0110001000101001003000301010?11?000001?0010?001000 01000002?1002001101030?0400101?0010110100112 Changchengopterus pani 0000?00110?00000211011011?10000110010011010000210100?000100?000?100?00 20100010001?001?01?0110001000101001003000301000011?000001?00100001000 00000022?1002001101030?040010110010110100111 Batrachognathus volans 0000?001110?0100110002000010101010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Jeholopterus ningchengensis 0000?00010010001100002000010001010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Anurognathus ammoni 0000?00110000100110001000010101010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus 0000?001100?0000100002000010001010110001010001210100?0001?0?000?100?00?0100?10001?001?101011100002010?001003000301000011?000001?001000110001 000000201002001101030?050010110010110100011 Gnathosaurus subulatus 2100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?11021101101000021110010001001000?100?11 311000100100?1100110112101000101001002011301012011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Gnathosaurus macrurus?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?110211011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??11?0110112101000101001002011301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?110211011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 14

31100010010??01?011011?101000101001002011301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Huanhepterus quingyangensis?100?001121?00001110000??010?0?110011011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110101000101001002010301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Elanodactylus prolatus?100?001121?0000001000011010?0??1001?01101000021?100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110?01000101001002010301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1101011101050?040011000010110100121 Kepodactylus insperatus?100?001121?00001?10?00??010?0??1001?01101000021?100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110?01000101001002010301011011?000000010121011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Ctenochasma elegans 1100?00112110100101010000010101210010011010000210100?0001001200?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002011201012011?00000001010100100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Ctenochasma porocristata 1100?001121?00001?1010000010101210010011010000211100?0001001200?100?1 131100010010??01?0110110001000101001002011201012011?00000001010100100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Pterodaustro guinazui 1100?0012212000011?010000010101210000011010000210100?0001001200?100?1 1311000000100?01?0110100001000100001002010002010011?00000001010100100 00000000211102001101050?040011000010110110121 Eosipterus yangi 1100?001121?000010?00000101010121000001101000021?100?0001001200?100?11 31100000010??01?011010000?000100001002010?0101?011?0000000101010010001 00000?2?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Beipiaopterus chenianus 1100?001121?000011001002211020121000001101000021?100?0001001200?100?1 131100000010??01?011010000?000100001002010?0101??11?000000010101001000 10000022?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Gegepterus changi 1100?001121000001??01000??10?0121000001101000021110000001001200?100?11 311000000100?01?0110100000000100001002010301012011?000000010101001000 10000022?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Boreopterus cuiae 0100?00012110000110010000010000110010011010000210100?0001001000?10110 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002010301101011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Feilongus youngi 1100?00?011000001??01000001000021001001101000021110000001001000?10111 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002010301101011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Gallodactylus canjuersensis 0100?0011?0?00001?1?1000001?000210000011010000210100?0001000000?101111 31100010010??01?0110110001000101001002010301001011?000000000000011000 10000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 15

Cycnorhamphus suevicus 0100?0021?0?0000101110000011100210200011010000210100?0001000000?10111 131100010010??01?0110112001000101001002010301001011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Pterodactylus longicollum 0100?00111100000101000000011000210010011010000210100?0001001000?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301001011?00000000010001100 010000002?1001000101050?0400110?0010110100121 Pterodactylus kochi 0100?00111100000101010001010001110010011010000210100?0001001100?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?00000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011010010110100121 Pterodactylus antiquus 0100?00111100000111000001010001110010011010000210100?0001001100?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?00000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011010010110100121 Normannognathus wellnhoferi 0100?001111000001?1010000010?00110000011010000211120?0001001000?100?1 031100010010??01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?01000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?0400110?0010110100121 Germanodactylus cristatus 0100?0011111000010101000101010012001001101000021110020001001000?100?1 0311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?11001000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011000010110100121 Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 0000?0001110000011101000002010012001001101000021110020001001000?100?1 0311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?01000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011000010110100121 Haopterus gracilis 0100?00?111100?011001000001000011001001101000021010??0001010100?100?00 221000100100?01?011?110001000101001003000301000011?0000010???0001?0001 001000201102?00101070?04001101001011?100121 Anhanguera santanae 0100?0001111000001?010?0001000011001101101110021110100001011011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?00110101101101010 010111102001120100120710140111011011110101121 Anhanguera piscator 0100?00111110000010010?0001000011001101101110021110100001011011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?00110101101101010 010111102001120100120710140111011011110101121 Anhanguera blittersdorffi 0100?00011?100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?0011010110110101??10111102001?2010012071014011101101111?101121 Anhanguera araripensis 0100?00011?100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?0011010110110101??10111102001?2010012071014011101101111?101121 Liaoningopterus gui 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 16

022101010010?11000111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101??10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Tropeognathus mesembrinus 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010011010111110101000101101015110301011011?0001010110110101??10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Coloborhynchus clavirostris 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000010001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010?11010111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101??10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Ornithocheirus simus 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000010001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010?11010111110101000101101015110301010011?0011010110110101??10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Ludodactylus sibbicki 0100?000111100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??0001011011211120 022101010010011010111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101??10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Brasileodactylus araripensis 0100?000110?00000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??000101?0?12111200?2101010010?11010111110101000101001015?10301011011?0011010110110101?? 10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Cearadactylus atrox 0100?000110000000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??000101?0?12111200 32101010010?11010111110111000101001015010301011011?0001010110110101?? 10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Lonchodectes compressirostris 0100?000110?00000100?0?0001000011001001101110021010??000101?0?12111200?210?010010?11010111110?010001010010050?0301010011?0001010110110101??1 0111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Longchengopterus zhaoi 0100?0010100000001000000001100011001001101010021010??0001010000211020 032100110010011110110110001000101001004000301010011?00010101101101011?10111102?01020000120710140111011011111101121 Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 0000?0210100000001000000001000011001001101010021010??0001010000211020 03210011?010?11110110110001000101001004000301010011?00010101101101011?10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Liaoxipterus brachyognathus 0000?0?100000000010000000010000110?10011010??021010??0001?100002110200 321001??010?11110110112001000101001004000101010011?00010101101101011? 10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Istiodactylus sinensis 0000?0110100000001000000001100011021001101001021010??0001110000211020 032100121010011110110112001000101001004300101010011?00010101101101011?10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Istiodactylus latidens 0000?0010100000001000000001000011021001101001021010??0001110000211020 032100121010?11110110112001000101001004300101010011?00010101101101011 110111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 17

Pteranodon longiceps 0100?000111?000001010010001010022000001101110021010??0001010001200120 0221010100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000101101101011 110111002001011000020710140211011010111101121 Pteranodon sternbergi 0200?000111?000001010010001010022000001101110021010??0001010001200120 0221010100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000101101101011?10111002001011000020710120211011010111101121 Nyctosaurus gracilis 0100?000112?000012220020001000012001001101100021010??0001110?01210120 0221000100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000100100101011 010011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Nyctosaurus lamegoi 0100?00011??00001?1?00?0001000012001001101100021010??0001110?01?101200 22100010010?101?0111110001?0010100110?000301010011?0000010?1001010110 10011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis 0100?00111??0000111?00?0001000012001001101100021010??0001110?00?101200 211000100100101?0111110001?0010000110?000301010011?0000010?1001010110 10011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Tupandactylus imperator 0000?010111?0000111?1000001100002002001101012021111211001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Tupandactylus navigans 0000?000111?0000111?1000001100002002001101012021111211001011101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Bakonydraco galaczi 0100?0?0111?0000111??00000110000200200110101202111?210001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Tapejara wellnhoferi 0000?010111?000011101000001100002002001101012021111210001111101100130 0221001100101101?011012001100110111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211010010111110121 Huaxiapterus corollatus 0000?000111?0000111110000011100020020011010?2021111410001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Eopteranodon lii 0000?000111?0000111010000011000020020011010?2021110110001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Sinopterus dongi 0000?000111?000001101000001100002002001101002021110110001011101100130 0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Huaxiapterus jii 0000?010110?0000111110000011000020020011010020211101100011111011001?0 18

0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041111011010111110121 Sinopterus gui 0000?000110?0100010?1000001110002002001101002021110110001111101100100 0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041?11011010111110121 Nemicolopterus crypticus 0100?000111?0000101?1000001010012002001101000021010??0001110101110100 0221001100101101?011112000100010100110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 100100221110?1101010911041211011010111110121 Bennettazhia oregonensis 0100?000111?0000111?1000001?0001200?00110100?021010??00011101011101300 22100?100101101?01111?000100010100110?000301010?11???00?10110010101101 00100221110?1100010811041211011010111110121 Dsungaripterus weii 0100?0010011000011111010100110012000001101001021112010101110101100132 022110010010111100111100001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 11001001211101?001010811041011011210100210121 Domeykodactylus ceciliae 0100?00??11?0000111110?0?0011001200?0011010010211120101011101011001320 22110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?120011011001010111 1001001211101?001010811041011011210100210121 Noripterus parvus 0100?000111?01001111?000?00110012001001101001021110010101110101100132 022110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 110010012111010001010811041011010210100210121 Noripterus complicidens 0100?000101?010011110010?00110012001001101001021110010101110101100132 022110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 110010012111010101010811041011010210100210121 Tupuxuara longicristatus 0100?000111?00001?111000000100012001001101012021100330001110101100130 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Tupuxuara leonardii 0000?000111?000010111000000100012001001101012021100330001110101100132 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Thalassodromeus sethi 0100?010111?00001?111000000100012001001101012021100330001010101100132 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis 0100?000111?00000110000000001002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 0221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041211011010111210121 Chaoyangopterus zhangi 0100?000111?00001111000000011002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 0221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041111011010111210121 19

Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 0100?010111?00001111?00000020002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 1221000200101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041211011010111210121 Jidapterus edentus 0100?000111?00001111000000011002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 1221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041111011010111210121 Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis 0100?000111?10001111200000011001200100110101202101???0001110100110030 1221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001221110111 10010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Azhdarcho lancicollis 0100?000111?1000?111?0?0000100012001001101012021?1???000111010?110?301 221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?10012211101111 0010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Arambourgiania philadelphiae 0100?000111?2000?111?0?0000100012001001101012021?1???000111010?110?301 221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?10012211101111 0010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Quetzalcoatlus northropi 0100?000111?10000111001000010001200100110101202111142000111010?110?30 1221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001221110111 10010022111011001111811041211011310111210121 20

21 4. Character list Character list used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are equally weighted, and ordered as noted. Continuous codings were converted into three discrete character states using the gap-weighting method of Thiele (1993) and are numbered first. Citations indicate the earliest work to use a similar character. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation). 0. Skull, length to squamosal relative to height at the jaw articulation exclusive of crests (Haeckel, 1895): 1. Rostrum, length to external naris relative to skull length to squamosal (Young, 1964): 2. External naris, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991: character 2): 3. External naris, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2003: character 11): 4. Antorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal length (Young, 1964): 5. Antorbital fenestra, aspect ratio (Unwin, 1991: character 31): 6. Nasoantorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991: character 92):

22 7. Orbit, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2004: character 11): 8. Rostral tooth row, length relative to skull length (Haeckel, 1895): 9. Teeth, maximum number (Young, 1964): 10. Mandibular symphysis, length relative to mandible length (Unwin, 1991: character 66): 11. Mandibular tooth row, length relative mandible length (Unwin, 2002: character 11): 12. Mid-cervical, maximum length relative to mid-width (Howse, 1986: node 8): 13. Dorsal vertebrae, length with respect to maximum diameter (new character): 14. Caudal vertebrae, length relative to diameter (new character): 15. Scapula, length relative to coracoid length (Bennett, 1991: character 21): 16. Radius, diameter relative to the ulna diameter (Bennett, 1991: character 27): 17. Ulna, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 2004: character 38): 18. Pteroid, length relative to ulna length (Kellner, 1996: character 56):

23 19. Metacarpal IV, length relative to humerus length (Romer, 1956): 20. Metacarpal IV, length relative to mid-width (new character): 21. Metacarpal IV, width relative to combined ulna and radius width (Martill and Naish, 2006: character 20): 22. Metacarpal IV proximal end, dorsoventral width relative to mid-width (new character): 23. Manual digit IV first phalanx, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character 3): 24. Manual digit IV second phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996: character 60): 25. Manual digit IV third wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996: character 61): 26. Manual digit IV fourth wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (new character): 27. Ilium anterior process, length relative to posterior process length (Unwin, 2004: character 47): 28. Femur, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character 2):

24 29. Tibia, length relative to femur length (new character): 30. Fibula, free length relative to tibia length (Unwin, 2003: character 8): 31. Metatarsal III, length relative to tibia length (Kellner, 1996: character 64): 32. Skull dorsal margin, curvature exclusive of cranial crests (Unwin, 1991: character 13): ordered 0. convex 1. straight 2. concave 33. Rostrum anterior margin, shape (Maisch et al., 2004: character 8): 0. blunt tip 1. laterally-compressed process 34. Rostral process cross section, shape (Andres et al., 2010: character 2): 0. triangular 1. elliptical 35. Rostrum, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 58): 0. compressed laterally 1. shortened anteroposteriorly 2. depressed dorsoventrally 36. Rostrum anterior end, orientation (Young, 1964): ordered 0. upturned 1. straight

25 2. downturned 37. Rostrum anterior expansion (Unwin, 1991: character 63): 0. absent 1. present 38. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 10): 0. acute angle 1. subparallel 39. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra anterior margin, position relative to premaxillary tooth row (Romer, 1956): 0. dorsal 1. posterior 40. Antorbital fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 15): 0. subparallel 1. acute angle 41. Antorbital fenestra ventral margin, position relative to external naris ventral margin (Unwin, 1991: character 30): 0. same level 1. ventral 42. External naris and antorbital fenestra, configuration (Haeckel, 1895): 0. separate 1. confluent 43. Antorbital (or nasoantorbital fenestra) posterior margin, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 84):

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