A review of Complementary Anthrozoology of Sociologists and Hmanities with Veterinarians One Health Approach to achieve Sstainable Development Goals in Africa: A review of Complementary Anthrozoology of Sociologists and Hmanities with Veterinarians Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, College of Social and Management Sciences International Conference on "One Health Approach to Sstainable Development Goals in Africa", November 16, 2017- Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, College of Social and Management Sciences International Conference on "One Health Approach to Sstainable Development Goals in Africa", November 16, 2017-1 2 A review of Complementary Anthrozoology of Sociologists and Hmanities with Veterinarians Key Note Speaker: BABALOBI, Oltayo Olajide (DVM, MPVM, PhD; FCVSN). Department of Veterinary Pblic Health and Preventive Medicine, Faclty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ABSTRACT The sociology of health (and ill-health), inclding the effects of socioeconomics and the sociocltral, are well-defined and recognized disease risk factors in animal, hman and environmental health (Rweyemam et al 2012, Kaynze et al 2012, Wolwedans and Zimicki 2015, and Jegede 2017). To highlight and illstrate the critical and indispensable role of the Social Sciences and the Hmanities in activating One Health approach to the attainment of relevant United Nations 2015-2030 Sstainable Development Goals in Africa; the athor starts from his local sociocltral backgrond to his pre-phd veterinary practice among Pastoralists, to his academic/research career as a Veterinary Epidemiology Lectrer with a Research career commitment to One Health advocacy and promotion in Nigeria; to review other athors work on how the social sciences and the hmanities cold work together with health professionals to apply One Health Approach to Sstainable Development Goals in Africa. He also reviewed the Veterinarian s brgeoning responsibility and professional reqirement to recognize Sociologists as one of the collaborators and partner disciplines needed in the mltidisciplinary One Health approach to effectively handle the emerging and re-emerging hman-animal-environment health challenges. 3 KEY WORDS: One Health, Social Sciences, Participatory Epizootiology, Sstainable Development Goals 4 International Conference on "One Health Approach to Sstainable Development Goals in Africa: Key Note Speaker Social backgrond and Research Focs My foray into Veterinary Sociology began with my PhD titled Falobi O.O. (1998) Epizootiology and the se of grazing reserves for the economic development of Pastoralism in Nigeria: 1993-1998 (Ph.D. Thesis), University of Ibadan, I998. 155pp. Althogh the PhD Research focs was on economic development, it was an initial evolving part of Sstainable Development. International Conference on "One Health Approach to Sstainable Development Goals in Africa: Introdction From 1999 when I joined the Department of Veterinary Pblic Health and Preventive Medicine, Faclty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria to date: my academic research focs has transcended from i. Epizootiology (Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics), to ii. Participatory Epidemiology (PE) which integrates hman and veterinary medicine into a common approach and is a powerfl tool in international pblic health; iii. Commnity-Based Animal Health, Commnity-Based Participatory Researches, iv. Membership of the Participatory Epidemiology Network for Animal and Pblic Health (PENAPH), a partnership of organizations and individals that seek to facilitate the contined development and application of participatory methods in epidemiology (www.penaph.net), to v. Internet Commnication Technology application to Veterinary Medicine (NOVICE); to vi. Researches into traditional Official Animal Disease Reporting System, Unofficial Internet based Animal Disease Reporting Systems and vii. Ultimately to the collaborative mltidisciplinary One Health advocacy and promotion partnership activities respectively 5 6 1
INTRODUCTION:Definition of Health Health: "A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. INTRODUCTION Definition of Health Health [hoelth] is a relative state in which one can fnction well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritally to express the fll range of one's niqe potentialities within the environment in which one is living 7 8 INTRODUCTION Types of Health Some existing official Health terms will inclde: i. Cltral Health ii. Economic Health iii. Emotional Health iv. Financial Health v. Marital health vi. Mental health vii. Physical health viii. Political Health ix. Psychological health x. Social health xi. Spirital health Global health: International Health: Pblic Health: Veterinary Pblic Health 9 10 Some existing official Health terms One Health: A Veterinary Respone In a 2002, The World Health Organization (WHO) has pblished its findings from a stdy grop on the ftre of veterinary pblic health (WHO Technical Report Series 907). The report describes the increasing emergence and reemergence of zoonotic diseases in the 1980s and 1990s and their importance for global pblic health. To effectively meet these challenges, hman and animal health isses mst be merged into a new pblic health agenda (World Health Organization 2002). One Health is basically a corporate Veterinary response to the vagaries of crrent pblic health challenges (The American Veterinary Medical Association. "One Health: A New Professional Imperative". One Health Initiative Task Force. Final Report. Jly 15, 2008. 11 12 2
ONE HEALTH A DEFINITION. One Health (OH) has been defined as the collaborative effort of mltiple health science professions, together with their related disciplines, and instittions working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and or environment" (^https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/what_is_one_h ealth/ retrieved November 12, 2017). 13 14 One Health Approach to Sstainable Development in Africa Gstin and Friedman (2015) have reported that: The Sstainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2015, embody a One-Health strategy healthy people living on a habitable planet. George Leddeke, Chair, One Health Edcation Task Force, One Health Commission United Kingdom reports: The recently agreed UN 2030 Agenda for Sstainable Development, inclding the 17 sstainable development goals (SDGs), present exciting and meaningfl opportnities to explore approaches for implementing these on a global scale (Leddeke George (2016): Achieving the UN-2030 Sstainable Development Goals throgh the One World, One Health Concept One Health Commission https://www.onehealthcommission.org/docments/news/mar_25_2016_r_one_health_article_us_9942316cb5117.pd f 15 16 One Health Approach to Sstainable Development in Africa calls for a better nderstanding of the many social, economic, ecological and geopolitical hrdles we face, the global goals to which nations are asked to aspire and their relationship to an interdependent and interconnected planet, which mst spport the health and well-being of all species - hmans, animals, plants ensring their srvival in an increasingly threatened environment 17 One Health Approach to Sstainable Development in Africa SDGs copled with One Health vales and principles, esposed in the UN direction-setting report, transforming or world: the 2030 Agenda for Sstainable Development, may offer s the best chance yet to free the hman race from the tyranny of poverty and want to heal and secre or planet, while balancing the three dimensions of sstainable development: the economic, social and environmental 18 3
.. Sociology is defined as a scientific or systemic stdy of hman interaction and relationship which concerns itself with social life, social change, and the social cases and effects of hman behavior. Generally, sociological data from commnities will feed into social policy and shape developmentrelated intervention programme (Jegede 2017) The sociology of health (and illhealth), inclding the effects of socioeconomics and the sociocltral, are well-defined and recognized disease risk factors in animal, hman and environmental health (Rweyemam et al 2012, Kaynze et al 2012, Woldehanna and Zimicki 2015, Margaret Loy Khaitsa et al 2017 and Jegede 2017). 19 20. : SACIDS Rweyemam et al 2012 in their article reviewed African experts in infectios diseases of hmans, animals and plants advocation in 2005 a Pan-African Vision for Infectios Disease Management as: A Pan-African concerted effort, shared by AU member governments, reflecting the needs of African society and spported by the international commnity, with the goal of a society protected from the ravages of dangeros infectios diseases that compromise either hman health or livelihoods and agricltre and economic development. 21 The above considerations propelled academic and research instittions involved with infectios diseases of hmans and animals (domesticated or wild, terrestrial or aqatic) in sothern Africa to form the SACIDS (http:// www.sacids.org), with a One Health focs to address infectios diseases in the endemic settings of sb-saharan Africa, with a particlar attention to sothern, central and East Africa throgh a collaborative effort between natral and social sciences to advance the nderstanding of interactions between hmans, animals and the environment to improve pblic and animal health 22 : SACIDS Likewise, Kaynze et al 2012 reviewed the Sothern African Centre for Infectios Disease Srveillance (SACIDS) conceptal framework to spport One Health research for policy on emerging zoonoses and conclded that a research to inform health policy mst walk on two legs: a natral sciences leg and a social science one Wolehanna and Zimicki 2015 also highlighted that Zoonotic disease emergence is not a prely biological process mediated only by ecologic factors; opportnities for transmission of zoonoses from animals to hmans also depend on how people interact with animals. Their paper ths proposes an expanded "One Health" conceptal model for hman-animal exposre that acconts for social as well as epidemiologic factors. 23 24 4
Margaret Loy Khaitsa et al 2017 in an extensive significant case stdies paper on Case Stdy #1: Cltral practices and effect on Ebola spread Case stdy #2: attitdes towards two major Zoonotic Diseases- Brcellosis and Tberclosis control in Uganda Case stdy #3: Anthrax otbreaks arond Qeen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Case stdy #4: social determinants of health among commnities in Eastern Uganda centered on a mixtre of religios and traditional beliefs Case stdy #5: jxtaposition of ntrition and disease; In its conclsion, the paper recognizes the importance of cltral beliefs, religion and traditional medicine in mch of Africa, and how these practices conflict with modern healthcare Jegede 2017 in his Inagral Lectre soght extensively to demonstrate the pivotal role of medical sociology in commnity engagement for health service delivery and tilization from his research focs on how disease conceptalization and healthsystem performance can enhance commnity engagement in health care service tilization and adherence to clinical and research best practices. 25 26 His first recommendation on the Integration of hmanities into medical training is aspicios and relevant to the sstainable actalization of One Health, especially in Africa where the social model of health, sometimes referred to as the new pblic health approach, focses on health determinants and health interventions at societal levels Thogh the Jegede 2017 work was on hman Pblic Health, it is also applicable to One Health, which thogh may be referred to as a new pblic health approach, transcends beyond jst hman pblic health to address animal health and environmental health (thogh withot adeqate attention for eqally important Plant Health) 27 28 The One Health Commission acknowledges that the Social sciences (anthropology, archaeology, architectre, bsiness, economics, entreprenership, edcation, demography/hman medical geography, history, law, lingistics, pblic health, political science, sociology) and others are essential to nderstanding and addressing the root cases of disease and determinants of commnity health 29 Withot an nderstanding of how sociological, cltral, economic, demographic, historic, lingistic, geographic, political, and other social dimensions contribte to health, society will be limited in achieving it for all. Social science disciplines are critical to making One Health the defalt way of doing bsiness at all levels of research, academia, policy, and government. 30 5
Arnold Arlke (2002) in his A Sociology of Sociological Animal Stdies, Society & Animals has berated Sociologists for having not acknowledged the importance of animal stdies by not stdying hmananimal relationship. He recalled that in the 1950s, medical sociology was itself qestioning its identity as a new sbfield 31 Arlke fond spport in Clinton Sanders s (2006): The Sociology of Hman-Anima Interaction, who stated despite the fact that hman interactions with animals are commonplace, they have, ntil fairly recently, been virtally ignored within sociology. Sande frther stated For the most part, however, sociology contined to trn a blind eye to animals ntil Clifton Bryant (1979) issed a call for sociologists to focs serios attention on what he called the zoological connection 32 Prompted by Bryant s exhortation, by the late twentieth-centry the hman-animal relationship was becoming an increasingly poplar sbstantive focs within sociology. Sociologists were pblishing papers in Society and Animals and Anthrozoos, the major jornals devoted to hman-animal stdies. 33 Another pertinent work by a sociologist is Irvine, L. (2012): Sociology and anthrozoology: Symbolic interactionist: Contribtions in Anthrozoos: A Mltidisciplinary Jornal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 25(Spplement 1), 123-137., which reviewed the work of Arnold Arlke and Clinton Sanders who were among the first American sociologists to take Bryant s admonition to heart. Irvine shared their perspectives on sociologist disinterest in animal stdies. 34 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION As viewed by Irvine (2002), this will need a paradigm shift largely by gradate stdents and seasoned African/Nigerian Sociologists who have the corage to challenge the field s otdated contempt, ideas and attitdes abot animals, animal stdies and hman: animal Sociology and anthrozoology stdies. (not anthropology stdies- Presenter) This position as also echoed by Leddeke (2016) who stated that getting yong minds involved with the global pictre, sch as the UN-2030 Agenda for Sstainable Development and the One World, One Health concept and approach, is srely the best path for secring the health and well-being of or planet and people. Failre to do so cannot be an option. 35 36 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND APPRECIATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND APPRECIATION All Glory, honor and praise to the GOD of or Lord Jess Christ for keeping me alive and active forteen (14) years after a brain srgery for a brain cancer affliction for which medically I was not spposed to live for more than for (4) months SINCERE APPRECIATION TO THE ORGANIZERS FOR THE OPPURTUNED INVITATION TO PRESENT THIS ONE HEALTH PAPER TO THIS INTERNATION AUDIENCE 37 38 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND APPRECIATION AND FOR THE HIGHLY DISTINGUISHED INTERNATIONAL AUDIENCE WHO PATIENTLY LISTENED TO THIS HUMBLE PRESENTATION BENEDICTION GOD BLESS US ALL ACCORDINGLY IN JESUS NAME 39 40 7