The Conservation of Zingiberaceae in Lao PDR Keooudone SOUVANNAKHOUMMANE (Done) Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR Tel: +8562099199726; Email: botany@pha-tad-ke.com & sxdony@gmail.com, www.pha-tad-ke.com
Introduction Survey and collection of the Zingiberaceae has been undertaken between 2011 and 2014 in many provinces of the southern, central and northern parts of Laos. Some of these trips in collaboration with Dr. Vichit Lamxay (NUoL), Dr. Jana Leong Škorničková (SBG) and QSBG The total living collection number of ginger species obtained during this field study was 224, and among these only 78% (i.e. 80 species) were identified, while the remaining 22% need to reach the flowering stage to be identified. Up to now, the whole living collection has been grown in the nursery at the Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden for future planting of a Zingiberaceae Garden for conservation, research and educational activities.
Zingiberaceae family Zingiberaceae are perennial rhizome plants, with 1,200 species occurring in South Asia. They provide a wide scope of use such as: Spices Alpinia galanga and Zingiber officinale Vegetable Alpinia spp, Curcuma spp, Medicinal Alpinia spp, Amomum spp, Kaempferia spp, Curcuma spp, Stahlianthus spp. Boesenbergia spp Ornamentals Etlingera elatior, Alpina purpurata, Hedychium coronarium Cultural C. longa uses sprinkle holy watering for Buddha
Objectives To investigate taxonomical and ecological aspects of the Zingiberaceae To undertake the ex-situ conservation of Zingiberaceae To install a ginger garden in Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden with over 200 species.
Study areas Over a three-year period, surveys have been undertaken in 23 sites in the northern, central and southern parts of Laos. Such as Houa Phanh, Bokeo, Xiengkhoueng, Luang Prabang, Vientiane, Bolikhamxay, Khammouane, Champasack and Attapeu provinces and Vientiane municipality going from 113m to 1253m altitude.
Materials and Methods All specimens used for this study were collected from these sites Ethno-botanical information was collected from local healers, traders and old women. Taxonomical aspects have been worked on as well as their conservation status. The cultivation of a living Zingiberaceae collection at Pha Tad Ke provides information on their growth performance, soil requirements and flowering habits. A database, with horticultural, botanical and ethno-botanical information was started. In collaboration with Dr. Jana Leong Skornickova from SBG a design is made for the Pha Tad Ke Zingiberaceae theme garden which will showcase over 200 specimens. Dried specimens were prepared and sent to the National Herbarium Laos in Vientiane.
Result of collecting trips up to now Account 224 collection numbers 13 genera & 80 species 16 species are new record for Flora of Laos 15 species with important local use Unidentified 48 (22%) collection numbers IUCN Conservation Status: 5 species ranked as Critically endangered 1 species ranked as Endangered 5 species ranked as Vulnerable 6 species ranked as Near threatened 32 species ranked as Least concern 31 species ranked as Data deficient
Alpinia 12 spp A. malaccensis A. napoensis A. zerumbet A. roxbrunghii Alpinia malaccensis Alpinia mutica Alpinia napoensis Alpinia zerumbet IUCN: Data deficient Alpinia aff.guinanensis Alpinia roxbrungii IUCN: Least concern A. aff. guinanensis A. mutica
Alpinia 12 spp A. conchigera A. galanga A. oblongifolia Alpinia conchiger A. purpurata A. galanga IUCN: Data deficient A. conchiger var. monsia A. aff. tonkinesis IUCN: Least concern A. oblongifolia IUCN: Near threatened A. purpurata A. conchigera var. monsia
Amomum 17 spp A. aff. muricarpum A. repoeense A. villosum Amomum prionocarpum IUCN: 1 species was ranked as Endangered 1 species was ranked as Near threatened 1 species was ranked as Vulnerable 10 species were ranked as Least concern 4 species were ranked as Data deficient A. schmidtii A. dealbatum
Boesenbergia 5 spp B. parvula B. rutonda Boesenbergia sp. nov Boesenbergia kingii Boesenbergia gelatinosa Boesenbergia pulcherrima Boesenbergia rutonda Boesenbergia sp. nov IUCN: Least concern B. kingii B. pulcherrima
Caulokaempferia 2 spp Caulokaempferia alba IUCN: Endangered Caulokaempferia bracteata IUCN: Critically endangered
Curcuma 8 spp C. corniculata sp.nov. C. aff. rhomba C. parviflora Curcuma petiolata C. flammea sp.nov. C. plicata Curcuma corniculata sp.nov. Curcuma flammea sp.nov. IUCN: Critically endangered C aff. rhomba (near threatened) Curcuma parviflora IUCN: Vulnerable Curcuma petiolata IUCN: Least concern Curcuma plicata Curcuma longa Curcuma aff. latifolia IUCN: Data deficient
Etlingera 5 spp Etlingera yunnanensis Etlingera elatior Etlingera hemisphaerica Etlingera yunnanensis IUCN: Data deficient Etlingera megalocheilos IUCN: Least concern Etlingera linguiformis IUCN: Least concern
Gagnepainia 2 spp Gagnepainia thoreliana IUCN: Near threatened Gagnepainia godefroyi IUCN: Near threatened
Globba 4 spp G. schomburgkii IUCN: Data deficient G. nuda IUCN: Least concern G. aff. nisbetiana IUCN: Vulnerable G. cf. marantina IUCN: Least concern
Hedychium 5 spp Hedychium neocarneum Hedychium flaviflora Hedychium chayanianum IUCN: Critically endangered Hedychium coccineum Hedychium coccineum Hedychium neocarneum IUCN: Least concern Hedychium flaviflora Hedychium coronarium IUCN: Data deficient
Kaempferia 5 spp Kaempferia rutonda Kaempferia aff. angustifolia Kaempferia parviflora Kaempferia angustifolia Kaempferia galanga Kaempferia parviflora Kaempferia rutonda IUCN: Data deficient Kaempferia galanga Kaempferia harmandiana IUCN: Near Threatened
Stahlianthus 3 spp Shabilanthus involulcarta IUCN: Data deficient Shabilanthus campanulata IUCN: Data deficient Shabilanthus cf. thorelii IUCN: Vulnerable
Zingiber 13 spp Z. parishii subs. phuphanense Z. fragile Z. orbiculatum Zingiber fragile IUCN: Data deficeint Zingiber laoticum Z. yunanense Z. larsenii Zingiber orbiculatum Zingiber laoticum Zingiber yunanense Zingiber larsenii IUCN: Laest concern
Zingiber 13 spp Zingiber zerumbet Zingiber thorelii Zingiber kerrii Zingiber jiewhoei sp.nov IUCN:Critically endangered Zingiber ottensii Zingiber montanum Zingiber officinale Zingiber ottensii Zingiber zerumbet IUCN: Data deficient Zingber peninsulare Zingiber kerrii Zingiber thorelii IUCN: Least concern
Zingiberaceae Nursery at PTK An area of 400 m 2 is used now for the conservation of the collected specimens divided in a wet and a dry area About 200 specimens Over 1000 plants Deciduous plants Evergreen plants
Zingiberaceae Garden at PTK A 900 m 2 area has been set aside for the future Zingiberaceae garden which will show seven groups of plants: 1. Amomum walk 2. The ginger order area which will show related families: Costaceae, Cannaceae, Heliconiaceae, Lowiaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae and Strelitziaceae. 3. Gingers of Indochina 4. Endemic gingers of Laos 5. Edible and medicinal gingers 6. Asian ornamental gingers 7. Gingers native to Luang Prabang
Conclusion The field work was quite difficult, because many species grow and flower in the rainy season, so we need more time for surveying them. Some species are growing well in the nursery, including Alpinia spp. and Amomum spp., and are easy to take care. Some species are quite difficult to maintain such as Caulokaempferia and Globba, because they don t need much water so rhizomes are decaying because in rainy season we can not control the amount of water they receive. Some specimens died, because the habitat was too different from the original habitat. For example Caulokaempferia, Boesenbergia and Globba We need to give better training to our gardeners. Now we have just small grant to support field work close to Luang Prabang, in the future when we have more funds, we will survey elsewhere in Laos.
Literature review Gagnepian (1908) 103 spp in Indochina, 39 spp in Lao PDR Newman et al. (2007) 101 spp in Lao PDR K.Larsen & Jenjitt.(2001); K. Larsen & S.S.Larsen, (2003) 1 sp of Laosanthus and 2 sp of Caulokaempferia Picheans. & Koonterm (2008, 2009); Picheans. & Mokkamul (2006, 2008, 2009); Wongsuwan (2008) 2 sp of Caulokaempferia and 4 ssp Kaempferia 2 sp of Hedychium Lamxay, V. & Newman, M. (2012) 35 spp in Indochina 31 spp in Lao PDR Phokham, Wongsuwan & Picheans. (2013) 1 sp of Kaempferia
Acknowledgements Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vichit Lamxay (National University of Laos) Dr. Jana Leong Škorničková (Singapore Botanic Garden) Dr. Axel Dalberg Poulsen (Oslo Botanic Garden) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bouakhaykhone Svengsuksa (Advisor of PTK) Dr. P. Suksathan & P. Srisanga (Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden) Mr. Rik Gadella (General Director of PTK) Mr. Kittisak Phoutthavong (Botanist of PTK)
Thank for your attention