We are learning to analyze data to solve basic genetic problems

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Gene 3 We are learning to analyze data to solve basic genetic problems Success Criteria: I can - use Punnett squares to solve basic genetic problems involving monohybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, dihybrid crosses and sex-linked genes - use Punnett squares and probability rules to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data to determine parent genotype!1

Genetic Continuity

traits - distinguishing characteristics - breeders can select for certain traits eg. - disease resistance in wheat - extra spots on a dalmatian - hairless cats (Rex)

Early Theories of Inheritance Aristotle Leeuwenhoek Darwin (& many others)

Gregor Mendel What made Mendel suited for studying genetics?!8

!9

Gregor Mendel What made Mendel suited for studying genetics? What plant did Mendel choose to study & why was it an ideal plant?!10

!11

Gregor Mendel What plant did Mendel choose to study & why was it an ideal plant?!12

!13

The Inheritance of One Trait Gregor Mendel Austrian monk who studied heredity from 1853-61

Mendel s First Experiment: A Monohybrid Cross Parent generation = P generation 1st generation = F1 (filial generation) 2nd generation = F2

A. Mendel crossed TALL x SHORT plants X P Generation F1 All Tall

Mendel also crossed Yellow Peas x Green Peas

Conclusion determined that: - tall plant and yellow peas = dominant traits - short plants and green peas = recessive trait blending theory disproved repeated for all 7 characteristics with same results

Principle of Dominance - individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, the offspring will only express the dominant trait

NB: See the table 5.1 on pg 204 for the traits.

B- Next, Mendel crossed F1 X F1 (tall x tall)

Conclusion ---> 3 of 4 plants were tall & 1 of 4 was short - 75% : 25% ratio = Mendelian ratio 3:1 - observed for all 7 characteristics

Law of Segregation - inherited traits are determined by pairs of factors. These factors separate in gametes (one in each). factors = allele alleles = alternative forms of a gene (or different options) eg., yellow and green are different alleles for seed colour

homozygous - state when the alleles are the same (2 dominant or 2 recessive..ie purebred for a trait) (P generation for Mendel eg. TT or tt) heterozygous - when the alleles are different (1 dominant, 1 recessive) (F1 generation eg. Tt)

Punnett Squares: phenotype - visible appearance of a trait eg: the plants are tall or dwarf

Punnett Squares: genotype - genetic make-up of an organism ( alleles) TT or Tt

Punnett Squares: genotype - genetic make-up of an organism ( alleles) TT or Tt tt

Use a Punnett square to determine the phenotype & genotype of the F1 generation Let T be the allele for Tall Let t be the allele for dwarf Tall Purebred T T TT Dwarf Purebred t Tt Tt tt t Tt Tt

Tall Purebred TT T T Dwarf Purebred t Tt Tt tt t Tt Tt Therefore all offspring show the same genetic makeup Phenotype = 100% tall plants Genotype= all plants are heterozygous Tt

Recall that B- Next, Mendel crossed F1 X F1 (tall x tall)

B- Next, Mendel crossed F1 X F1 (tall x tall) Let T be the gene for Tall Let t be the gene for dwarf T F1 Tall t Tt F1 Tall T TT Tt Tt t Tt tt

B- Next, Mendel crossed F1 X F1 (tall x tall) F1 Tall Tt T t F1 Tall T TT Tt Tt t Tt tt F2 Phenotype = 3 tall plants : 1 short plants Genotype= 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

Punnett Squares: Use both laws, punnett squares can determine what we will see in the F1 & F2 generations. - tool used to calculate the probability of getting a trait - allows you to determine the phenotype and genotype

Punnett Squares: phenotype - visible appearance of a trait eg: the plants are tall or dwarf

Punnett Squares: genotype - genetic make-up of an organism ( alleles) TT or Tt tt

A pure-breeding green pea pod plant and a pure breeding yellow pea pod plant are crossed. The green pea pod trait is dominant to yellow. What letter will you use for green? What letter will you use for yellow? What are the parents genes? Complete the Punnett Square to show the traits in the F1 generation.!38

What will we see in the F2 generation? Complete the Punnett Square to show the traits in the F1 generation.!39

Classwork Pg 205 # 1-6!40

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