Summary of Chapter-1 Evolution of Mating system: A Game Theory Males that want many females (Polygamous) Males with infanticidal mode Females with promiscuity to protect babies Males that keep one female from other males (monogamous) Males with baby sitting behaviors Pampeupatal female? Adoption? Homosexuality? Burberry man?
Summary of Chapter-1 The Most Advanced Male in KAIST
Summary of Chapter-1 Proximate cause : How question What mechanism trigger the behavior? (Genetic vs. Environmental) How the behavior is carried out? (Neural circuits) Problems regarding Input and output mechanism Ultimate cause : Why question Why did the animal evolve the mechanism for the behavior? What is the ultimate function or survival value of the behavior? Problems regarding Fitness and reproductive success
Group discussion What is the ultimate cause of these behaviors?
Chapter 2 Opener: Studies of bird song have relied heavily on male white-crowned sparrows A White-crowned Sparrow Teacher-Teacher-Teacher-Teaching Sweet-Sweet-Sweet-Sweeter- than Sweet
Chapter 2 Opener: Studies of bird song have relied heavily on male white-crowned sparrows Proximate causes of bird song Genetic vs. Environmental Social mechanism Developmental mechanism Physiological mechanism
Mouse also can sing a song
Short type syllable Strain X Strain Y Chevron type syllable
2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect?
2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California Experiments 10 ~50 days Marin male song 150 days Marin dialect Hand reared Male Marin Sparrow Bad singer Berkley male song Genetic < Environmental Learning by hearing (social cause) Developmental cause Marin dialect
2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch Zebra finch Baby Adult
2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch
2.3 Song learning hypothesis based on laboratory experiments with white-crowned sparrows Developmental cause: A Critical period song of another species is not effective Critical period
2.4 Social experience influences song development Social cause: original song can be modified
2.6 Sonograms of contact calls of galahs and pink cockatoos reared under different conditions
2.5 Social effects on song learning The Starling learned Words from his family (Keiko izuka)
2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking each other
2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking with human
2.5 Social effects on song learning Even understanding logics? Clothe Four corners Green
2.5 Social effects on song learning An example in wild life (Lyrebird) Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing
2.7 Changes in the song system of young male and female zebra finches A Genetic cause: Male vs. Female (ZZ vs. ZW) Male releases estrogen which cause development of song-related nuclei in the brain
2.8 The timing of gene activity in different components of the avian song control system in males Higher vocal center Neostratum Lateral magnocellular anterior nidopallium Robust nuclei of Acropallium Area X nxiits
2.9 Gene expression in a component of the zebra finch song system Expression of ZHENK genes in the RA region
2.10 The song preferences of female starlings Sitting on a twig Singing : male > female Listening : Female < male
2.11 The song system of a typical songbird HVC: Song repertoire, intensity (varied size among individuals) lman: Song learning (Adult vs. Juvenile) RA: signal generation Male > Female Syrinx (sound control)
2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Male Female Musician (Singer) Listener
2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Song vs. Language? Musician Non-musician Subtraction - = Language areas activated
2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Role of HVC in song type selection A HVC neuron
2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Gene-Environment interactions Behavioral Plasticity Environment (Physical, Seasonal, Social) Neural & Synaptic Plasticity (Physiological mechanism) Development of neural circuits Genome Gene expression
Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1) Independent evolution vs. common ancestor hypothesis 2) Reproductive benefit of song learning
2.15 The song of a vocal non-learner, the eastern phoebe Deaf males can sing a complete song
2.5 Social effects on song learning An example of Song learning of songbirds (Lyrebird) Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing
Discussion Ultimate causes of Song learning What is advantages and disadvantages?
2.14 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class Aves Orders - Chicken, Turkey Pigeon, Dove Song birds Parrots Humming birds Bird orders which can do song learning
2.14 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Taxonomy Kingdom: Phylum : Class : Order : Family : Animalia, Planta, Protista, Fungi, Monera Chrodata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Echinoderma, Nemartoda, Platyhelminthes, Cniaria, Porifera Aves(birds), Reptilia(lizards), Amphibia (Fogs), Mammalia. Rodentia, Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora Carnidae (dogs), Felidae (Cats), Ursidae (Bears), Hyernidae (hyena), Mustelidae (Ferret) Genus/Species: Panthera leo (lion), Panthera tigris (tiger), Homo sapiens
2.14 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Insectivora Mustelidae (Ferret) 두더쥐
2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 1) Two hypothesis: 1)Independent evolution 2)A common ancestor How to prove?
2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 2) Brain location of song pathway markers Supporting the common ancestor hypothesis
Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1. Independent evolution vs. the common ancestor hypothesis 2. Reproductive benefits of song learning Learning song costs time, energy, etc Then why?
2.17 Does bird song repel territorial intruders? The species identity announcement hypothesis Removal Play back of song To protect territories from new comers
2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect Females like the same dialect of the areas What does it mean?
2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect Learners can go anywhere! Non-learner from A Learner from A A B C Learning increase the fitness
2.19 Songs match habitats
2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect Males can compete each other without direct fighting Vs Which one is more costeffective?
2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 1)
2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 2) You can assume that a multilingual man arrives at Korea to look for his potential bride
2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 1) Type matching Repertoire matching Repertoire matching
2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 2) Non-matching
2.22 Song matching and communication of aggressive intent in the song sparrow
2.23 Evidence that male Cassin s finches direct their songs at females Female choice hypothesis Male song is FOR CALLING females? Yes
2.24 Nutritional stress early in life has large effects Body health vs. Song learning (copy) ability stressed stressed
2.25 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows (Part 1)
2.25 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows (Part 2) Do females discriminate males by their song learning ability? Yes
2.25 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows (Part 2) Money My hapiness Good job Multi-lingual man Well educated Good health Rich parents
2.25 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows (Part 2) A human case: Mimicking voice of others
2.26 What causes differences among individuals? (Part 1)
2.26 What causes differences among individuals? (Part 2)
2.26 Discussion Ultimate causes of Song learning A Common ancestor Reproductive success - Male competition among males - Adaptive to new environments - Attractive to female - Male selection by females Good singing for Social success~!
2.26 Discussion The proximate and ultimate causes of human language Bird song vs. Human language
A proximate cause Broca s Aphasia Patient Tan Brain tumor in Left frontal brain region Broca: Lesion disrupted speech
Broca s Aphasia Yes ah Monday er Dad and Peter H (patient s name), and Dad er hospital and ah Wednesday Wednesday, nine o clock and oh Thursday ten o clock, ah doctors two an doctors and er teeth yah Goodglass & Geschwind, 1976
Broca s Aphasia Broca s Aphasia Damage to motor images Language comprehension skills relatively preserved Typically observed in patients with damage to left inferior prefrontal cortex
19 th Century Neuropsychology Wernicke (1874) described patients whose speech is fluent, but has no informational value
Wernicke s Aphasia Neologisms Speech appears to have no information content fluent nonsense Preserved function words, impaired content words Comprehension impaired Even simple sentences not well understood Associated with left temporal lobe damage
Wernicke s Aphasia Well this is mother is away here working her work out o here to get her better, but when she s looking in the other part. One their small tile into her time here. She s working another time Goodglass & Geschwind, 1976
Broca s, Wernicke s Area, and Connections Lichtheim s (1885) and Geschwind s (1965) model Auditory input mediated by Wernicke s area Motor output mediated by Broca s area Regions connected by arcuate fasciculus
Brain areas involved in Language
Wernicke-Geschwind Model 1. Repeating a spoken word Arcuate fasciculus is the bridge from the Wernicke s area to the Broca s area
Wernicke-Geschwind Model 2. Repeating a written word Angular gyrus is the gateway from visual cortex to Wernicke s area This is an oversimplification of the issue: not all patients show such predicted behavior (Howard, 1997)
Hemispheric lateralization
2.26 Discussion What is the ultimate cause of language? Almost no progress in this area why?