Persistent organic pollutants in the food chain: Salmon, seabirds and marine mammals from the North-West Pacific (Russian Far East) Vasiliy Yu. Tsygankov, Margarita D. Boyarova, Peter A. Tyupeleev, Ilya А. Shcherbakov, Olga N. Lukyanova and Nadezhda K. Khristoforova School of Biomedicines and School of Natural Science, FEFU Laboratory of Applied Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Pacific Research Fisheries Research Center (TINRO-Center), Vladivostok, Russia PICES 215 Annual Meeting Qingdao, China
POPs in agriculture Basic compounds of POPs and their metabolites accumulate in living organisms and have the ability to biomagnification, an increase in the concentration of organisms at higher trophic levels. Often, the final "depot" of OCPs becomes the marine ecosystems. 2
Studied marine organisms 3
Map of sampling A marine mammals, B seabirds, C Pacific salmon 4
Methods for the pesticides analysis Lipid extraction with hexane C 6 H 14 Destruction of lipid by H 2 SO 4 Gas chromatography with ECD (Tsygankov, Boyarova, 215) 5
Pacific salmon 7 5 Concentration of OCPs, ng/g lipids 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 Pink salmon Chum salmon * Muscles Liver * * Pink salmon Chum salmon Sockeye salmon Chinook salmon Total OCPs concentration (ΣHCHs + ΣDDE) in salmon organs. The difference between OCPs concentrations in liver of certain salmon species is significant at p.5. 6
32 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 493 428 253 128 Pink 51 8 Sockeye 1511 1911 728 28 629 31 242 Chinook 1766 1136 Norway USA Canada Scotland Ireland Chukchi Sea Alaska Bristol Bay Nanwalek Port Graham Seldovia Johnstone Strait) Strait of Georgia Salish Sea Destruction Island Bering Sea 164 59 141 125 1621 Chum 196 243 Pacific and Atlantic salmon Alaska Port Graham Seldovia 7
Pink Average weight 1,3 kg Average body burden of POPs 9 mcg Biotransport of OCPs by pink and chum salmon (Lukyanova et al., 215) Chum Average weight 3,5 kg Average body burden of POPs 64 mcg 8
Biotransport of OCPs by pink and chum salmon Chum and pink salmon on the spawning to the Pacific coast of Russia in 29 (thousands of individuals) Pink 67.2 Chum 8827.51 Pink 17 Chum 1942.99 Pink 2.7 Chum 715.82 Pink 2927 Chum 279 Pink 94497 Chum 2953.67 Pink 18478.7 Chum 513.49 Pink 639 Chum --- Pink 7.1 Chum 72.6 9
Biotransport of OCPs by pink and chum salmon The total amount of pesticide (g) transported by the chum and pink salmon spawning areas on the Russian coast (www.npafc.org)) Years HCHs + DDTs, g 28 13 29 35 5 21 2 2 (Lukyanova et al., 215) 1
Seabirds from the Sea of Okhotsk Concentration of OCPs, ng/g lipids 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 (Tsygankov et al., 214) Feather Feather with skin Organs and tissues Muscles Liver Feather Feather with skin Organs and tissues Organs and tissues Feather Feather with skin Muscles Liver Σ DDTs Σ HCHs Feather with skin Organs and tissues 1 2 3 4 5 11
Seabirds from the North Seas (ng/g lipids) Iceland Baffin Sea Greenland 2417 284 4542 526 846 Grey petrel Auklet Pacific gull Fulmar Crested 85 1181 132 1322 7183 645 4934 342 347 Little auk (Alle alle) Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) Great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) 12
Gray whale The concentration of DDTs and HCHs in liver, ng/g lipids 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Female Male α-hch β-hch γ-hch DDT DDD DDE The concentration of DDTs and HCHs in muscles, ng/g lipids 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 α-hch β-hch γ-hch DDT DDD DDE (Tsygankov et al., 215) Female Male 13
Pacific walrus The concentration of DDTs and HCHs in muscles, ng/g lipids 25 2 15 Female Male The concentration of DDTs and HCHs in liver, ng/g lipids 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 674 585 51 β-hch 459 γ-hch Female Male 1 5 α-hch β-hch γ-hch DDT α-hch β-hch γ-hch DDT DDE (Tsygankov et al., 215) 14
The range of total concentration of POPs in organs in analyzed marine mammals 1 Gray whale 1 Pacific warlus 9 8 8 ng/g lipid 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 liver ng/g lipid 6 4 2 muscles (Tsygankov et al., 214) 15
Octopus Fish Small benthic organisms Small benthic organisms 16
Marine mammals from the Pacific Ocean (ng/g lipids) Bering Sea, Russia Sea of Japan, Russia Korea 3826 California 351 48 135 629 2428 831 17 1613 17 594 211 Finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) Common seal (Phoca largha) Grey Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) killer whale (Orcinus orca) killer whale (Orcinus orca) killer whale (Orcinus orca) Sea lion (Zalophus californianus) Elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) 17
Persistent organic pollutants in the food chain: Salmon, seabirds and marine mammals Concentration of OCPs, ng/g lipids 1 1 1 1 1 Pacific salmon Seabirds Marine mammals 18
Conclusio n The presence of considerable concentrations of pesticides in marine organisms from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, which areas are very far from the regions of industrial activities and pesticides application demonstrate and confirm general global pesticides background existing in the world today. 19
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