Objectives Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle Dr. Simon Kenyon Recognize the common musculoskeletal disorders of cattle Understand the management factors that lead to them Understand prevention, monitoring and control of these conditions Review treatment options for individual animals Common musculoskeletal problems Laminitis and hoof horn quality problems Infectious conditions of the bovine foot Joint disease Nutritional & toxic Other conditions Lameness in cattle 95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds 80% of cases involve the digits 80% of digital lameness involves the hindlimbs 50% of digital lameness involves the horn and 50% the skin (mostly heel warts) 70% of the horny lesions involve the outer claw Diseases of the hoof horn Laminitis inflammation of the laminar corium, founder Sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer (Rusterholz ulcer), under-run sole White line disease separation of the laminar corium Heel erosion slurry foot Double sole 1
Under-run Sole and Hemorrhage Double sole Sand Crack Acute Laminitis Roached back Obviously sore feet Extremely reluctant to walk Laminitis in Dairy Cattle Locomotion Scoring Laminitis: Inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall and the sole corium ZINPRO Corp. 2
Laminitis in Dairy Cattle Significance of Locomotion Scores Cows with a locomotion score > 2 2.8 times more likely to have increased days to first service 15.6 times more likely to have increased days open 9.0 times more likely to have more services per conception 8.4 times more likely to be culled than herdmates Sprecher, et al., Theriogenology, 1997, 47:1179-1187. Impact of Lameness on Culling NAHMS, USDA 1996 15% of culling because of lameness Additional impact on milk yield, and reproduction. Estimated that indirect effects of lameness contribute to another 49% of culls Horse pedal bone hangs in the lamellae 3
Laminitis in the Horse A Cow is Not a Horse Bovine Suspensory Apparatus P3 fixed supported by digital cushion and suspended by bundles of collagen fibers attached to the basement layer of the abaxial wall. If fibers stretch P3 sinks and Deforms and compresses the sole. From Lischer & Ossent, 2007 4
Effects of Laminitis and Sinkage of P 3 on the Digital Cushion Mean Digital Cushion Thickness measured here From Lischer & Ossent, 2007. Bicalho et al JDS 2009 From Bergsten, 2004 Risk Factors in the Cow Nutritional i.e. rumen acidosis Calving Compression and pressure effects on the digital it cushion Thinning of the sole Mechanical stress on the foot Uneven wear Dairy Nutrition Maximize dry matter intake Maximize energy intake Preserve rumen health Protect the transition cow 5
Energy& Fiber Constraints Percent of Ration Dry Matter EarlyLactation Dry ADF >17 21% 30 35 % NDF >28 30% 42-50% NFC <40 30 40% Forage : Concentrate Ratio Hay:Grain 60:40 40:60 20:80 Milk Fat % 3.5 3.0 2.7 Acet:Prop 3.3 2.6 2.0 6
Cow Time Management Freestall comfort 3-5 hours eating 9 14 meals 48,080 chews (10% of energy use) 7 10 hours ruminating 30 minutes drinking 2-3 hours milking Needs 10 hours of lying/resting Time budgets Top 10% vs the rest (hrs/day) Activity Top 10% Average Eating 5.5 5.5 Resting 14.1 11.8 Standing 1.1 2.2 Perching 0.5 1.4 Drinking 0.3 0.4 Matzke, 2003 Resilient Well bedded d Knee test Mattresses Free Stall Use 7
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Flooring Green concrete very abrasive Grooving Scrabbling Rubber mats T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989. T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989. 9
Supplementation Biotin 20 mg/day Zinc Musculoskeletal 2 Kenyon Diseases of the hoof skin Digital dermatitis hairy heel warts Interdigital necrobacillosis phlegmon, foul in the foot, foot rot Interdigital it skin hyperplasia corns (Interdigital dermatitis) and (verrucose dermatitis) both probably the same as digital dermatitis Infectious pododermatitis Digital dermatitis 10
Digital dermatitis Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67 76 (1998) Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67 76 (1998) Soft tissue inflammation Septic arthritis Through and through lavage 11
Fescue foot Fescue foot Refer also to summer slump (epidemic hyperthermia) Enzootic nutritional myopathy (White Muscle Disease) 12
Spastic paresis Hygromata Neil Anderson, OMAFRA FAO pic Stifle injury 13
Calving Injuries Obturator and Sciatic Nerve Injury Calving Injuries Calving Injuries Image: NADIS.ORG Tibial Nerve Injury Image: NADIS.ORG Femoral Nerve Paralysis Cow lift devices Coxofemoral luxation Aqua Cow Slings 14
Coverall Barn 15