Phylum Adrian Pingstone 1 Deuterostomia Blastopore becomes the anus Tripartite coelom Dipleurula larval stage Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Hemichordata Chordata Dipleurula larva Preoral lobe Ciliated oral field Mouth Ciliated band Esophagous Stomach Anus 3 Page 1
Extant Animalia ~1,300,000 species Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) Annelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) Atelocerata(70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) 4 Star fish NOAA, David Burdick 5 Basket stars NOAA 6 Page 2
Brittle stars 7 Sea urchins NOAA, David Burdick 8 Sand dollars 9 Page 3
Sea cucumber NOAA, Jan Haaga 10 (Autapomorphies) Pentaradiate symmetry Water vascular system Mutable connective tissue Stereom spicules Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Hemichordata Chordata Pentaradiate symmetry 12 Page 4
Echinoderm surfaces Tube feet in the ambulacral groove Aboral surface Oral surface 13 Role of the water vascular system Locomotion Circulation Respiration Excretion 14 Water vascular system Stone canal Madreporite Ring canal Tiedemann s bodies Polian vesicles Radial canal Lateral canal Tube feet 15 Page 5
Water vascular system Ambulacral groove Tube feet Mouth region Ambulacral spines Dermal spines 16 Stereom ossciles Colin Sumrall http://web.eps.utk.edu/~faculty/sumrall/research4.html 17 Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea (Autapomorphies) Arms with gonads inside Open ciliated grooves for feeding Loss of external madreporite 18 Page 6
Ancient Echinoderms Karen Carr 19 Ancestral echinoderms 20 Crinoidea Sea lilies and feathers Pinnules Tegmen Calyx Stalk Cirri 21 Page 7
Crinoidea Pinnule Podium (tube foot) Food groove Radial canal Muscle Ossicle 22 Crinoidea Central disk Tegmen Mouth Anus Pinnule 23 Crinoidea Central disk Food groove Anus Mouth Coelom Intestine 24 Page 8
Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Symplesiomorphies Oral surface oriented down toward substrate Errant life style using tube feet with suckers Madreporite between C and D 25 Tube foot Ampulla Lateral canal Body wall Tube foot Retractor muscles Podial muscle Sucker 26 Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Symplesiomophies Five distinct arms create a star-shaped body 27 Page 9
Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Asteroidea (Autapomorphies) Five arms broadly connected to a central disk 28 Asteroidea Diversity NOAA, David Burdick Nick Hobgood NOAA, Andrew David 29 Asteroidea Body wall - pedicellaria Spine Pedicellaria Dermal branchia Cilia 30 Page 10
Asteroidea Body wall - pedicellaria 31 Asteroidea Feeding NOAA, David Burdick 32 Asteroidea Digestive system Anus Pyloric stomach Cardiac stomach Digestive gland 33 Page 11
Asteroidea Digestive system Anus Gonad Pyloric stomach Cardiac stomach Mouth Pyloric cecum 34 Asteroidea Reproductive system Gonad 35 Asteroidea Arm Dermal branchia Pedicellaria Ossicle Spine Digestive gland Coelom Gonad Tube foot 36 Page 12
Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Ophiuroidea (Autapomorphies) Arms delineated from central disc Arms articulated and vertebrae-like No anus Madreporite on oral side 37 Ophiuroidea Brittle stars and basket stars 38 Ophiuroidea Brittle star Mouth Bursal slit 39 Page 13
Ophiuroidea Brittle star Vertebra Stomach Gonad Bursa Jaw Mouth Madreporite 40 Ophiuroidea Visual system? Nature 2001 412:819 41 Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Symplesiomorphies Ambulacral grooves extend from oral to aboral sides Aboral surface reduced to region around the anus Ring of ossicles around pharynx 42 Page 14
Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Echinoidea (Autapomorphies) Skeletal plates fused in a spherical or disc shape. Aristotle s lantern 43 Echinoidea Sea urchins NOAA, David Burdick Kirt L. Onthank Nick Hobgood 44 Echinoid spines and pedicellaria 45 Page 15
Echinoidea Oral surface Gill Ambulacrum Openings for tube feet Teeth of lantern Peristomial membrane 46 Echinoidea Aristotle s lantern Epiphysis Tooth Pyramid Lantern retractor Lantern protractor 47 Echinoidea Aristotle s lantern Tooth Pyramid Compass Epiphysis Dental sac that forms tooth 48 Page 16
Echinoidea Aristotle s lantern Dental sac Tooth Pyramid Peripharyngeal coelom Gill Compass Muscle Peristomial membrane 49 Echinoidea Digestive system Aboral intestine Anus Esophagus Aristotle s lantern Siphon Tube feet Gonad Oral intestine 50 Echinoidea Water vascular system Madreporite Axial organ Ring canal Radial canal Tube feet 51 Page 17
Echinoidea Sand dollars Carolina 52 Echinoidea Sand dollar Gonopore Madreporite Ambulacral region Lunule 53 Echinoidea Sand dollar feeding Spines Podia Food groove Podia 54 Page 18
Echinoderm phylogeny Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Holothuroidea (Autapomorphies) Skeletal plates reduces and embedded in thick dermis Internal madreporite Body elongagted along oral aboral axis Respiratory trees 55 Holothuroidea Sea cucumber Marrabbio2 NOAA, Bradley Stevens and Eric Munk 56 Sea cucumber Tentacles Buccal cavity Madreporite Cloaca Polian vesicle Intestine Gonad Respiratory tree 57 Page 19
Sea cucumber Tentacular ampulla Ring canal Gonad Esophagus Hemal system Cloaca Polian vesicle Respiratory tree Intestine Nick Hobgood 58 Sea cucumber Cuvierian tubes Respiratory tree Intestine Cloaca 59 Page 20