n International Perspective Udder Health in an International Perspective Ruth Zadoks Moredun Research Institute University of Glasgow etherlands U UK ollaborations anada olombia Denmark Finland orway Bulk Milk omatic ell ounts 750,000 cells/ml. agalactiae in Denemarken Katholm and Rattenborg, 00 (intrastate:,000,000) 500,000 cells/ml 400,000 cells/ml. agalactiae in Denemarken Bacteria (trep. uberis) Katholm and Rattenborg, 00 Top 5 r. problem Top 3 Environmental treptococci Big problem Big problem r. problem r. problem Herd Outbreaks
Mastitis ontrol Herd Level Mastitis ontrol ow Level ontagious mastitis: 5-Point Plan Environmental mastitis: Pressure vs. Resistance Host-adapted Knows how to behave Opportunistic Does not know how to behave Reduce duration: treatment, culling Reduce new cases: prevention ow Herd train Typing (Fingerprinting) What happens at cow level affects what happens at herd level bacteria animals plants animals bacteria plants Horse Pig ow heep Goat E. coli. aureus tr. uberis tr. dys tr. ag Holstein Jersey ngus strain strain strain 3 Zadoks, B Reviews 007;:030e train Typing (Fingerprinting) train Heterogeneity Klebsiella from soil trep. uberis from soil bacteria animals plants animals bacteria plants L 80 8 8 89 88 64 65 67 68 79 69 70 7 7 5 53 54 6 L KO RP KV KP Horse Pig ow heep Goat E. coli. aureus tr. uberis tr. dys tr. ag Holstein Jersey ngus strain strain strain 3 Many different strains in the environment Many different strains present in environmental mastitis cases
% bacteriological cure train Homogeneity Herd Herd pplications and Insights What happens in the cow Transient and persistent infections Treatment outcome Introduction of bacteria nimals Other sources What happens in the herd ontagious Environmental Point source Host-to-host Example - E. coli Each cow has a different strain of E. coli Many different strains are present on a single farm It is unlikely that a cow will pick-up the same strain twice chukken et al., J Dairy ci. 0;94:603 Repeated linical Mastitis (E. coli) cenario ow becomes infected, M ow clears infection ows become infected, M ow clears infection Etc. Failure of prevention Multiple infections, multiple strains cenario ow becomes infected, M linical signs disappear linical signs come back, M linical signs disappear Etc. Failure of cure ingle infection, single strain It looks the same, but the cause and solution are different! Persistent E. coli Infections linical mastitis in lactation due to infection in dry period Multiple clinical cases within a single quarter 47% persistent infection cow never cured, treatment failure 53% cure and new infection cow is susceptible to new infection If you don t have access to strain typing, use culture or data Treatment Outcome (trep. uberis) 00% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 0% 0% 0% o treatment -3 day subclinical -3 day clinical Host-adapted E Extended therapy trep. uberis 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 tudy Opportunistic trep. uberis E E E Döpfer et al., J Dairy ci. 999;8:80 Bradley et al., J Dairy ci.000;83:957 Zadoks, B Reviews 007;:030e 3
Proportionofinfectionstil present Transient Persistent - Treatment Introduction attle.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. 0.0 linical 0 50 0 50 0 50 30 Time(days) Flareups ubclinical. aureus strains Middleton et al., Epidemiol Infect. 00;9:387 ategory Herds Total ew losed herds 6 3 ontract reared replacement heifers 4 9 4 Purchased lactating cows 7 5 Purchased replacement heifers 3 5 0 One-year study with 4 samplings in 5 herds More animals purchased, more strains introduced May apply to expanding herds in ordic countries ould apply to taph. aureus, trep. agalactiae, Mycoplasma Introduction Health care products Multi-Herd train Typing Pseudomonas aeruginosa on multiple farms in multiple countries (EU) ommon denominator: teat wipes erratia marcescens on multiple farms in multiple states (U) ommon denominator: teat dip R Pseudomonas erratia X B D E F G H I J K W X X L ontamination at source - Improve production process Daly et al., ppl Environ Microbiol. 999;65:73 ontamination on farm - Improve teat dip handling Müllner et al., pat patiotemporal Epidemiol. 0;59 Transmission B D 4
Baseggio et al., Mol ell Probes 997;:349 ontagious taph. aureus. aureus - Environmental Herd B Herd Zadoks et al., J lin Microbiol. 000;38:93 Juhász-K et al., Emerg Inf Dis 007;3:630 Multiple strains in lactating cows Different strains in pre-calving heifers not milked yet Transient, severe (heifer) or mild (cow) clinical mastitis ot controlled by 5-point plan Gurjar et al., Vet lin orth m 0;8:565 taph. aureus Transmission trep. uberis - Environmental ommerhauser et al., Vet Microbiol. 003;96:9 Mixed strains Environmental Origin Dominant strains ontagious Transmission Baseggio et al., Mol ell Probes 997;:349 Wang et al., Epidemiol Infect.999;3:37 trep. uberis is common in dry cows and heifers The 5-point plan does not eliminate trep. uberis mastitis. uberis - ontagious Mixed Transmission:. dysgalactiae L 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 L + + - W Wang et al., Epidemiol Infect. 999;3:37 One strain affecting multiple lactating cows pread via liners of milking machine demonstrated PMTD and treatment/segregation of infected animals Ignore the 5-point plan at your peril! Gillespie et al., J Vet Med. B998;45:585 5
ontagious or Point ource? L Milk time + - w L Klebsiella mastitis Position ow Position 9 right 7 right time LF RF LF RF ow? B D One strain in most cows ontagious or point source Isolated from liners Multiple strains Isolated from bedding One dominant strain LF RF 00 LF RF 74 Kleb. events (Index) * LR 4/ LF RF LF RF 8m * RR 4/5 37t 40t LF RF 068 LF RF LF RF LF RF LR RR 3m LR RR LF RF 84 4t 44t LF RF 08 3t LF RF m 4m LF RF 9t 3t 48t Munoz et al., J lin Microbiol. 007;45:3964 "ontagious via the Environment" treptococcus agalactiae? MR transmission - PFGE 978 - MR mastitis in dairy cattle in Belgium - milkers thought to be the source 007 - MR mastitis in dairy cattle in Hungary - milker and cattle share same strain Mastitis outbreak isolates Human isolate Juhasz et al., Emerging Inf Dis. 007;3:630 MR - MLT Mastitis isolates Multi-Host train Typing: MR Multi-locus sequence typing Host-association of clusters Major human clusters Major bovine clusters 97 5 479 MR in cattle and milker: T <0.004% among 58 cattle isolates.3% among 477 human isolates Probably human MR in cattle Human isolates U Prevalence:.3% (BTM) T: x T5, x T8 Host species: Human; H and, respectively Haran et al., J lin Microbiol. 0;50:688 etherlands Prevalence: 4/38,000 T: all T398 Host species: Pigs; 64% mixed farms, L Tavakol et al., cta Vet cand. 0;54:8 mith et al., J lin Microbiol. 005;43:4737 Van den Borne et al., J Dairy ci. 00;93:550 6
Duration High Low Multi-host train Typing:. agalactiae Paradigm shift? T67 74% 9 T03 3 6 0% 67 7 76 T3 0% T 5% 8 4 n = 98, UK n = 9, Denmark Bisharat et al., J lin Microbiol. 004;4:6 Zadoks et al., J Mammary Gland Biol eoplasia 0; 6:357 Lessons for Management Transmission risk Low High Environmental Environmental Environmental ontagious 7