LAMENESS INDEX Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Acidosis, rumen, hoof hom disruption in, 121 Anesthesia, selective, for lameness examination in cattle, 47-48 Anti-inflammatory agents, in laminitis, 193-194 Antimicrobial issues, in bovine lameness, 159-173 Antimicrobials, in bovine lameness, administration of, 164-167 duration of therapy with, 169 elimination half-lives of, 168 individual versus multiple-animal application of, 169-170 pharmacodynamics of, 167 pharmacokinetics of, 162-167 selection of, 160-169 parenteral, to control infection in cowcalf operations, 217 Arthritis, septic, acute, of distal interphalangeal joint, 143-145 chronic, of distal interphalangeal joint. See Joint, distal interphalangeal, chronic arthritis of. Biotin, feeding of, hoof hom disruption and, 123 Bone sequestrum, treatment of, 155-157 Buller injuries, in feedlot cattle, 194-195 Cattle, claw of, wall of, sand cracks and horizontal fissures affecting, 93-110 distal limbs of, anatomy of, 25-38 macroscopic, 25-30 claws of, external anatomy of, 34-35 hom growth in, 37 microanatomy of, 35-37 innervation of, 34 muscle-tendon units of, 30-33 neurovascular anatomy of, 33-34 vascular supply of, 33-34 feedlot, feet of, immune management of, 202-204 injuries in, buller, 194-195 incidence of, 194 lacerations as, 195 musculoskeletal, 195, 196 lameness in, 189-207 associated with Mycoplasma bovis, 196-199 clinical signs of, 199-200 diagnosis of, 200 treatment of, 200-202 laminitis in, clinical signs of, 193 etiology and pathogenesis of, 192 treatment and prevention of, 193 joint communications in, 48 lameness examination in, 39-51 lameness in, antimicrobial issues in, 159-173 Chlortetracycline feed additive, to control intoxication in cow-calf operations, 216-217 Claw(s), asymmetric, sole lesions, and posture, interrelationships between, 5-6 capsule of, lesions of, bandages or wraps in, 70-71 corkscrew, 77-80, 108-109 diseased, relief of weight bearing in, foot blocks for, 70 disorders of, with genetic base, 211-212 health of, opportunities for assessment of, 220-221 medial, claw rotation of, 80 of distal limbs of cattle, anatomy of, 34-37 scissors, 109 slipper foot, 109 trimming of, corrective, 68-70 functional, 62 functional and corrective, 53-72 225
226 INDEX Claw(s) (Continued) preliminary examination for, 62-68 restraint systems for, 54-55 sharpening of hoof knives for, 56-57 traditional approach to, 61-62 weight bearing within and between, 58-59 wall of, anatomy of, 93-96 structural, 95-96 growth rate of, 94 morphology and function of, 93-94 sand cracks of, 97-108 and horizontal fissures affecting, 93-110 transverse fissures of, 96-97, 98 Conformation, and lameness in cow-calf operations, 210-212 Conformation and management system, effects on hoof and leg diseases, and lameness in dairy cows, 1-23 Copper, feeding of, hoof hom disruption and, 123 Coriosis. See Laminitis. Corium, laminar, dermal folds of, 75, 76 parts of, 73, 74 Corns. See Hyperplasia, interdigital. Cow-calf operations, lameness in, prevention of, 209-223 Cows, dairy, hoof and leg diseases of, and lameness in, effects of conformation and management system on, 1-23 Cubicle, base, bedding, and design of, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 14-17, 18, 19 Dairy cows, hoof and leg diseases, and lameness in, effects of conformation and management system on, 1-23 Dermatitis, digital, 129-134 clinical signs of, 129-130, 131 diagnosis of, 130-131 differential diagnosis of, 131 132 etiology of, 132-133 feed additives in, 170 footbaths in, 169 in herds with lameness problems, 178 prevention of, 134 topical antimicrobials for treatment of, 165, 166 treatment of, 133-134 interdigital, clinical signs and diagnosis of, 134 135 etiology of, 135 in herds with lameness problems, 177 treatment and prevention of, 135 Digital dermatitis. See Dermatitis, digital. Digital soft tissues, diseases of, 129-142 Diseases. See also specific and sites of disease. contagious, and lameness in cow-calf operations, 217-218 infectious, in herds with bovine lameness, 177-178 resistance to, promotion of, by breeding, 6-7 Environment, and management, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 7-19 hoof hom lesions and, 120-121 influence of, on lameness in cow-calf operations,212-214 Exercise, pasture, and housing, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 7-10 Feed additive(s), chlortetracycline, to control intoxication in cow-calf operations, 216-217 in digital dermatitis, 170 Feed stalls, and rubber mats, in loosehousing system, 17-19,20 Feeding management, hoof hom lesions and, 121-124 in laminitis in herd, 179 Feedlot cattle. See Cattle, feedlot. Fibroma, interdigital. See Hyperplasia, in terdigital. Fissures, horizontal, and sand cracks, of bovine claw wall, 93-110 Floors, properties of, and hygiene of, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 10-14 Foot, in feedlot cattle, immune management of, 202-204 Foot blocks, for relief of weight bearing in diseased claws, 70 Foot health, measures to improve, in lameness in cow-calf operations, 219-221 Foot rot. See Phlegmon, interdigital. Foot warts. See Dermatitis, digital. Footbaths, in digital dermatitis, 169 to control infection in cow-calf operations, 217 Foul in the foot. See Phlegmon, interdigital. Founder. See Laminitis. Genetics, as basis for claw disorders, 211-212 Hairy heel warts. See Dermatitis, digital.
INDEX 227 Herds, with bovine lameness, investigation of. See Lameness, bovine, herds with. Hoof. See also Claw(s). anatomy of, 2-3 conformation of, factors affecting, 3-7 improvement of, by breeding, 6-7 weight bearing, wear and tear and, 3-4 growth and development of, abnormalities of, 73-91 horizontal crack of, treatment of, 153 horn of. See Horn. lesions of, and lameness, risk factors used in analysis of, 2-3 in cattle, development of, environment and, 213 overgrowth of, weight bearing and, 57-59 trimming of, reasons for and timing of, 59-61 vertical crack of, treatment of, 152-153 Hoof diseases, and leg diseases, and lameness in dairy cows, effects of conformation and management system on, 1-23 confined loose-housing systems with rubber mats and, 17-19 cow comfort and behavior and, 14 cubicle base and bedding and, 14-15, 16 cubicle design and, 15-17, 18, 19 effect of environment and management on, 7-19 floor hygiene and, 12-14 floor properties and, 10 friction of floors and, 12, 13 hardness of floors and, 11-12 pasture, housing and exercise and, 7-10 Hoof hom, formation of, 112-114 lesions of, 116-118, 119 environment and, 120-21 nutritional and feeding management factors associated with, 121-124 parturition and, 120 recording of, 118-119 pathophysiologyof,114-115 Hoof hom disease, corrective strategies in, 124-125 metabolic, 111-127 risk factors for, 119-124 terminology associated with, 111-112 Hoof testers, 41 Horn. See also Hoof horn. abnormal growth of, 77-80 associated with weight bearing, 87-89 of unknown etiology, 89-90 acquired abnormalities of, 80-89 developmental abnormalities of, 77-80 growth abnormalities of wall, in laminitis, 81-82 heel, lesions of, in laminitis, 86-87 laminar, 75-76, 77 normal formation of, 73-77 Housing, pasture, and exercise, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 7-10, 17-19,20 Hyperplasia, interdigital, clinical signs and diagnosis of, 138, 151 138 etiology of, 138-139 treatment of, 139, 151-152 Immune management, of feet of feedlot cattle, 202-204 Infection, bovine lameness caused by, 178 Infectious diseases, in herds with bovine lameness, 177-178 Intoxication, and lameness in cow-calf operations, 215-217 Joint, distal interphalangeal, acute septic arthritis of, 143-145 chronic septic arthritis of, 145-151 ankylosis of distal interphalangeal joint in, 147, 150-151 digit amputation in, 145-147 resection of joint in, 147-150 Joint communications, in cattle, 48 Lameness, 1-223 and hoof lesions used in risk factors analysis, 2-3 bovine, antimicrobial issues in, 159-173 caused by infection, investigation of, 178 herds with, classification of, by etiology,177 data on, 175-176 definition of problem of, 175-176 in trauma or excessive wear, 185-186 infectious diseases in, 177-178 investigation of, 175-187 pathogens isolated in, 162 antimicrobial resistance to, 162 consequences of, 1-2 examination of, in cattle, 39-51 ancillary diagnostic tests in, 50 assessment during movement in, 42-43 digital examination in, 48-50 examination of affected limb in, 44-47 history taking in, 40
228 INDEX Lameness (Continued) observation at distance in, 40-42 selective anesthesia for affected region in, 47-48 in cattle, scoring systems of, 43-44 in cow-calf operations, causes of, 209-210,219 contagious diseases and, 217-218 environmental influences on, 212-214 heritability and conformation in, 210-212 implementation of foot health measures in, 219-221 intoxication and, 215-217 nutrition and, 214-215 prevention of, 209-223 quality assurance and handling practices in, 218-219 in feedlot cattle, 189-207 associated with Mycoplasma bovis, 196-202 leg and hoof diseases, in dairy cows, effects of conformation and management system on, 1-23 surgical treatment of, 143-158 Laminitis, 2-3, 80-87, 111 horn growth abnormalities of wall in, 81-82 in feedlot cattle, clinical signs of, 193 etiology and pathogenesis of, 192 treatment and prevention of, 193-194 in herd, environment and, 181-182 investigation of, 178-185 nutrition and feeding management in, 179 risk factors for, 183-185 time management in, 183 lesions of heel horn in, 86-87 lesions of sole in, 82-84 lesions of white line in, 84-86 Leg diseases. See Hoof diseases, and leg diseases. Limbs, distal, of cattle. See Cattle, distal limbs of. Lime, hydrated, to control infection in cow-calf operations, 217 Musculoskeletal injuries, in feedlot cattle, 195, 196 Mycoplasma bovis, causing lameness in feedlot cattle, 196-199, 196-202 Necrobacillosis, interdigital. See Phlegmon, interdigital. Nutrition, and lameness in cow-calf operations, 215-217 hoof horn lesions and, 121-124 in laminitis in herd, 179 Osteitis, pedal, 152 Papillomatous digital dermatitis. See Dermatitis, digital. Parturition, hoof hom lesions and, 120 Pasture, housing, and exercise, effect on hoof and leg diseases, 7-10 Pasture shock, 103 Pedal osteitis, 152 Phlegmon, interdigital, clinical signs and diagnosis of, 135-136, 190 differential diagnosis of, 136 136 etiology of, 137, 189 in herds with lameness problems, 177 incidence of, 189 treatment and prevention of, 137-138, 190-191 Pododermatitis aseptic diffusa. See Laminitis. Posture, sole lesions, and asymmetric claws, interrelationships between, 5-6 Protein, feeding of, hoof horn disruption and, 122-123 Restraint systems, for trimming of claws, 54-55 Sand cracks, and horizontal fissures, of bovine claw wall, 93-110 Septic tenosynovitis, treatment of, 154-155 Soft tissues, digital, diseases of, 129-142 Sole lesions, asymmetric claws, and posture, interrelationships between, 5-6 resistance to, promotion of, by breeding, 6-7 Supplements, to control intoxication in cow-calf operations, 215-216 Tendon laceration, treatment of, 153-154 Tenosynovitis, septic, treatment of, 154-155 Tyloma. See Hyperplasia, interdigital. Vaccination, to control intoxication in cowcalf operations, 216
INDEX 229 Vascular pegs, 74, 75 Warts, foot. See Dermatitis, digital. hairy heal See Dermatitis, digital. Weight bearing, abnormal horn growth associated with, 87-89 in diseased claws, relief of, foot blocks for, 70 overgrowth of hoof and, 57-59 White line, lesions of, in laminitis, 84-86 Zinc, feeding of, hoof horn disruption and, 123