1st Grade Growth & Development

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Slide 2 / 87 1st Grade Growth & Development 2015-11-20 www.njctl.org

Slide 3 / 87 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Living Things Reproduce Animal Offspring Plant Offspring Works Cited

Slide 4 / 87 Living Things Reproduce Return to Table of Contents

Slide 5 / 87 Lab Set-up: The Germinator New plants grow from seeds. When seeds first begin to grow, it is called germination. Today, you will set up a lab that will allow you to watch the germination of two different types of seeds. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Click here to access the RAFT activity instructions.

Slide 6 / 87 Living or Nonliving? Sort these items into living and nonliving things. How do you know something is living? Living Nonliving

Slide 6 (Answer) / 87 Living or Nonliving? Sort these items into living and nonliving things. How do how they know this. Why is that you know something is living? Teacher Notes The students will probably know immediately what is living and nonliving. Guide them to question living/nonliving? Can they come up with characteristics that make something living? (Characteristics of Living Things: eat/use energy, grow, reproduce and interact with the environment.) [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Living Nonliving

Slide 7 / 87 Living Things All living things have four things in common. Living things eat / use energy. Living things grow. Living things reproduce. Living things interact with the environment. Can you think of a way that humans do all of these things?

Slide 8 / 87 Find the Pattern Click below to watch a video slideshow. What do all the pictures have in common? Write your ideas in the box. Click here to watch a video slideshow of pictures.

Slide 9 / 87 Parents and Babies The video showed pictures of babies and their parents. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Denali National Park and Preserve. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Gilbreath. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Wouters.

Slide 10 / 87 Reproduction All living things create new versions of themselves. This process is called reproduction. The young animals or plants are called offspring. Parent Offspring Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Vassil.

Slide 11 / 87 Offspring Draw lines from the top row to the bottom row to connect the offspring with their parents. Which ones are the offspring? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bijay. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Strobilomyces. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Doubek. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Herrmann. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sheilalau. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Rasbak. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Fro3enfire. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: London.

Slide 12 / 87 Animals Reproduce Animals can reproduce in different ways. Some animals, like the puppies below, grow inside of the mother's body. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Elf.

Other animals lay eggs. Slide 13 / 87 Animals Reproduce This desert tortoise is fully developed and ready to hatch from the egg! Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: U.S. Geological Survey.

Slide 14 / 87 Plants Reproduce Plants reproduce by creating seeds. When seeds are given the right conditions, a new plant will emerge from the seed and grow into an adult plant. The new plant is called a seedling. The process of growing from a seed is called germination. This seedling is germinating. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Slide 15 / 87 1 Not all living things reproduce. True False

Slide 15 (Answer) / 87 1 Not all living things reproduce. True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 16 / 87 2 Which arrow is pointing to the offspring? A B Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Poon.

Slide 16 (Answer) / 87 2 Which arrow is pointing to the offspring? A B Answer B Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Poon. [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 17 / 87 3 Animals reproduce by. A laying eggs B germination C creating offspring inside of the mother's body D both A and C

Slide 17 (Answer) / 87 3 Animals reproduce by. A laying eggs B germination D C creating offspring inside of the mother's body D both A and C Answer [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 18 / 87 4 Plants reproduce by creating. A flowers B roots C seeds D leaves

Slide 18 (Answer) / 87 4 Plants reproduce by creating. A flowers B roots C seeds D leaves Answer C [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 19 / 87 5 When a new plant begins to grow from a seed, it is called a seedling. True False

Slide 19 (Answer) / 87 5 When a new plant begins to grow from a seed, it is called a seedling. True False Answer True [This object is a pull tab]

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Slide 22 / 87 Animal Offspring Return to Table of Contents

Slide 23 / 87 Sea Turtles Every year, female sea turtles climb out of the water to lay eggs. After digging a hole, she lays up to 100 eggs at a time and covers them with sand. Then, she returns to the ocean. This female turtle is digging a hole to lay her eggs. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Shawn.

Slide 24 / 87 Sea Turtles When the sea turtles hatch, they have to climb out of the sand and make their way to the ocean. Click below to watch a video of this. As you watch, think about the dangers that face the baby sea turtles. Click here to watch a video of baby sea turtles. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Source: London.

Slide 25 / 87 Sea Turtles Pretend that you are on a beach where 1,000 sea turtles eggs are about to hatch. What dangers do the sea turtles face as they make their way to the water? Write your ideas in the box. Then, click on the turtle eggs to see some answers. Eaten by crabs or birds Can't climb out of the nest Crawl into roadways Can't find the water Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Yosri.

Slide 26 / 87 Sea Turtles Even after sea turtles make it to the water, they have to survive many other dangers to grow into an adult. Out of the 1,000 sea turtles that hatched on the beach, guess how many survive to become adults. Click in the box to see the answer. 1

Slide 27 / 87 Offspring Survival All animals face similar challenges. In order for offspring to grow into adults, they must survive various dangers. Animal parents have many different methods for helping offspring to survive. This python wraps her coils around her eggs. She keeps them warm and protects them until they are born. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Tigerpython.

Slide 28 / 87 Offspring Survival How many ways can you think of that parents help their offspring to survive? Look for examples in the video. Afterwards, discuss your ideas with the class and make a list. Click here to watch a video of animals and their offspring.

Slide 29 / 87 Offspring Survival Parent and offspring behaviors help offspring to survive. In this unit, we will talk about: Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Chiplunkar. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hodnett. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Duffy. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bryancalabro. Eggs Nests/dens Parental Care Offspring behaviors

Slide 30 / 87 Eggs For animals that lay eggs, producing the egg is a form of protection for the developing animal, called an embryo. Think about eggs that you eat at home. How many different parts of an egg are there?

Slide 31 / 87 Egg Nutrition All eggs provide food for the growing embryo. The food is called the yolk. This is the yellow part of an egg. The liquid surrounding the yolk and embryo has additional nutrients. The embryo can use these nutrients as food as well. This is the white part of an egg. Embryo Yolk Liquid

Slide 32 / 87 Egg Protection The hard outside of the egg is called the shell. There is also a flexible membrane inside of the shell. Both the shell and the membrane protect the egg from breaking before the embryo is ready to hatch. Yolk Embryo Shell Liquid Membrane

Slide 33 / 87 Egg Protection Try this! Take an egg. Drop it onto a covered surface from a height of one foot. What happens? Now, take an egg. Drop it from the same height into a container of water. What hapens? The eggs were dropped from the same height. Why do they look different? Write your ideas below.

Slide 33 (Answer) / 87 Egg Protection Try this! Time permitting, you can have the Take an egg. Drop students it onto perform a covered this demo. surface from a height of one foot. What happens? Results: The egg dropped onto a Now, take an egg. Drop it from the same height into a hard surface should show more container of water. What hapens? Teacher Notes damage than the egg dropped into the water. The eggs were dropped from the same height. Why do Be sure to spend time prompting they look different? Write your ideas below. the students to think about why these results occurred. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab]

Slide 34 / 87 Egg Protection The egg dropped into water showed less damage than the egg dropped onto the hard surface. The water protected the egg. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Volpi. The same idea works inside of an egg. We already mentioned that the liquid in the egg provides nutrition to the embryo. The liquid plays another role as well. It protects the embryo by acting as a shock absorber.

Slide 35 / 87 Eggs Most eggs must be kept warm in order for the embryo to survive. Many animals work hard to make sure this happens. It is called incubation. This penguin sits on top of the egg to keep it warm. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Quinn.

Slide 36 / 87 Not All Animals Lay Eggs Not all animals lay eggs. Some offspring develop inside of the mother's body. How are these offspring protected until they are born? Think about it as a class, then click below to see the answer. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hammond. The mother's body protects the offspring until it is born. The offspring gets food directly from the mother.

Slide 37 / 87 6 All offspring survive to become adults. True False

Slide 37 (Answer) / 87 6 All offspring survive to become adults. True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 38 / 87 7 What part of the egg provides nutrition to the embryo? (Select all that apply.) A Yolk B Liquid C Shell D Membrane

Slide 38 (Answer) / 87 7 What part of the egg provides nutrition to the embryo? (Select all that apply.) A Yolk B Liquid C Shell D Membrane Answer A, B [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 39 / 87 8 What part of the egg protects the embryo? (Select all that apply.) A Yolk B Liquid C Shell D Membrane

Slide 39 (Answer) / 87 8 What part of the egg protects the embryo? (Select all that apply.) A Yolk B Liquid C Shell D Membrane Answer B, C, D [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 40 / 87 Activity: How Strong is an Egg? For animals that lay eggs, creating a strong egg helps to protect the growing embryo. But...how strong IS an egg? Find out in this lab! At the end of the activity, click here to watch a video called Walking on Eggs. quail eggs ostrich egg chicken egg Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Zenz.

Slide 41 / 87 Nests & Dens Think about your house. How does it protect you? Animal nests and dens are similar to a house.

Slide 42 / 87 Nests & Dens Animals build nests and dens to protect offspring. Nests and dens provide a safe place for offspring to live. Click here to watch a video about animal homes. This animal has built a den in the side of this hill. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sauerwein.

Slide 43 / 87 Nests & Dens There are many different types of nests and dens. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hian-kun. Paradise fish are hatching from this bubble nest. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Brew. This termite mound is five meters high.

Slide 44 / 87 Nests & Dens Birds are well known for building nests to protect their offspring. Some birds build nests out of materials that they find. Others build nests in the ground or in available holes in trees. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Trepte. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Rae. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bruce.

Slide 45 / 87 Case Study: Weaver Bird The weaver bird builds extensive nests by weaving grass blades together. Click here to watch a video about weaver bird nests. Answer this question after watching the video: How does the structure of the weaver nest ensure that the offspring will be protected? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Savage.

Slide 45 (Answer) / 87 Case Study: Weaver Bird The weaver bird builds extensive nests by weaving grass blades together. Click here to watch a video about weaver bird nests. Answer The way that grass is woven together makes the nest strong. The opening is only big enough for the bird to get through. This keeps out other animals. The opening is a downwards Answer facing this tunnel question to keep out after watching the unwanted video: animals. [This object is a pull tab] How does the structure of the weaver nest ensure that the offspring will be protected? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Savage.

Slide 46 / 87 Parental Care Some animals, like the sea turtle, lay their eggs and then leave. They never see their offspring. This sea turtle is returning to the sea after coming onto the beach to lay her eggs. The offspring are left to fend for themselves. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Aveling.

Slide 47 / 87 Parental Care Some animals guard their eggs and take care of the offspring after they hatch or are born. These animals show parental care. Humans protect their embryos for 9 months and then take care of their offspring for many years. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hammond.

Slide 48 / 87 Parental Care Can you think of examples of parental care? How would parental care help offspring to survive? Brainstorm your ideas below. Examples: How does it help?

Slide 49 / 87 Parental Care Animals that show parental care usually provide their offspring with: food shelter protection education Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Lisafern.

Slide 50 / 87 Parental Care: Birds Birds are well known for providing parental care to offspring. The rock sparrow, shown below, is an example of this. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs. After hatching, both parents feed the birds and protect them from danger. They teach their chicks how to fly. Can you identify how rock sparrow parents provide food, shelter, protection and learning to their chicks? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sandra.

Slide 50 (Answer) / 87 Parental Care: Birds Birds are well known for providing parental care to offspring. The rock sparrow, shown below, is an example of this. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs. After hatching, both parents feed the birds and protect them from danger. They teach their chicks how to fly. Answer Food: They feed the chicks. Shelter: They build a nest for the chicks. Protection: They protect the chicks from danger. Learning: They teach the Can you identify how rock sparrow parents provide food, [This shelter, object is a pull protection tab] and learning to their chicks? chicks how to fly. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sandra.

Slide 51 / 87 Parental Care Alligators also show parental care. They help the hatchlings break out of the muddy nest and teach them to swim. They protect them from danger for about 1 year. During this first year, the mothers teach their young to hunt. In what ways does the mother alligator provide protection and learning for her babies? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Catholic 85.

Slide 51 (Answer) / 87 Parental Care Alligators also show parental care. They help the hatchlings break out of the muddy nest and teach them to swim. They protect them from danger for about 1 year. During this first year, the mothers teach their young to hunt. Answer Protection: The mother protects the eggs. After hatching, the mother protects them from danger. Learning: The mother teaches the babies how to swim and how to hunt. In what ways does the mother alligator provide protection and learning for [This object is a pull tab] her babies? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Catholic 85.

Slide 52 / 87 Parental Care Parental care can come in many different forms. The fish in this picture is protecting her eggs by holding them in her mouth. This is called mouth brooding. Some fish do this even after the offspring are born. They release them into the water when conditions are safe but put them back into their mouths when danger approaches. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Miller. Click here to watch a fish mouth brooding young offspring.

Slide 53 / 87 9 Nests and dens provide safe places for eggs and offspring. True False

Slide 53 (Answer) / 87 9 Nests and dens provide safe places for eggs and offspring. True False Answer True [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 54 / 87 10 How do animals that show parental care make sure that their offspring survive? Choose all that apply. A provide food B provide shelter C teach their offspring D protect their offspring from danger

Slide 54 (Answer) / 87 10 How do animals that show parental care make sure that their offspring survive? Choose all that apply. A provide food B provide shelter Answer C teach their offspring A, B, C, D D protect their offspring from danger [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 55 / 87 11 Which of the following is not an example of parental care? A Cardinals build a nest for their eggs and offspring. B Alligators teach their offspring how to hunt. C Mouth brooders protect their offspring by holding them in their mouths. D A frog lays eggs and then never sees her offspring.

Slide 55 (Answer) / 87 11 Which of the following is not an example of parental care? A Cardinals build a nest for their eggs and offspring. B Alligators teach their offspring how to hunt. C Mouth brooders protect their offspring by holding them in their mouths. D Answer D A frog lays eggs and then never sees her offspring. [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 56 / 87 Offspring Behaviors In many animals, the parents work hard to make sure their offspring survive. In some cases, the offspring themselves have behaviors that help them to survive. Think about a human baby. How does a baby alert the parents when it is hungry, scared or needs help? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Melimama.

Slide 57 / 87 Crying When human babies cry, it lets the parents know that something is wrong. This is a type of offspring behavior. Crying helps the baby to survive by alerting the parents to a problem. Think about other animals. Can you think of any other examples of offspring behaviors that help the offspring to survive?

Slide 58 / 87 Crying Many other baby animals will make noises that alert the parents to a problem. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Catholic 85. Baby alligators also make noises to alert the mom. When they are ready to hatch out of their eggs, they start to make noises. The mom hears this and uses her jaws to gently help the babies to break out of the eggs. How does this behavior help the offspring to survive?

Slide 58 (Answer) / 87 Crying Many other baby animals will make noises that alert the parents to a problem. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Catholic 85. Answer Baby alligators also make noises to alert the mom. When they are ready to If the offspring did not make hatch out of their eggs, they noise, the mom would not come over start to help. to make The noises. The offspring mom might hears not break this and out uses of the eggs. her jaws to gently help the babies to break out of the eggs. [This object is a pull tab] How does this behavior help the offspring to survive?

Slide 59 / 87 Offspring Behaviors When baby birds are hungry, they stick their open beaks into the air. When the parents see this, they know that they need to give them food. How does this offspring behavior help them to survive? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bryancalabro.

Slide 59 (Answer) / 87 Offspring Behaviors When baby birds are hungry, they stick their open beaks into the air. When the parents see this, they know that they need to give them food. Answer Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bryancalabro. How does this offspring If the offspring did not do behavior help them to this, the parents would not know the babies survive? were hungry. They might not feed them enough, causing the babies to be sick or to die. [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 60 / 87 Instincts Remember that not all animals have parents who take care of them. Some animals hatch from eggs and never see their parents. These animals have strong instincts. An instinct is something that you know without ever being taught it. When sea turtles hatch from their eggs, they have strong instincts to survive. They know that they need to crawl over the sand and get to the ocean. This is an instinct. They were born knowing it. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Slide 61 / 87 12 Offspring are not able to help themselves to survive. True False

Slide 61 (Answer) / 87 12 Offspring are not able to help themselves to survive. True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 62 / 87 13 Which of the following is not an example of offspring behavior that helps offspring to survive? A Parent birds build a nest for the offspring. B Baby alligators make noises so that the mom will come help them. C Chicks put their beaks in the air to get food. D Baby sea turtles instinctively crawl towards the ocean.

Slide 62 (Answer) / 87 13 Which of the following is not an example of offspring behavior that helps offspring to survive? A Parent birds build a nest for the offspring. B Baby alligators make noises so that the mom will come help them. A Answer C Chicks put their beaks in the air to get food. D Baby sea turtles instinctively crawl towards the [This object is a pull tab] ocean.

Slide 63 / 87 14 Animals who have no parental care use their instincts to survive. True False

Slide 63 (Answer) / 87 14 Animals who have no parental care use their instincts to survive. True False Answer True [This object is a pull tab]

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Slide 67 / 87 Baby Robin Activity Parents and offspring both have behaviors that help the offspring to survive. In this activity, learn about the behaviors of robins! Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bryancalabro.

Slide 68 / 87 Plant Offspring Return to Table of Contents

Slide 69 / 87 What About Plants? Plants cannot show parental care and are unable to teach their offspring to survive. How do plant embryos survive until adulthood? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sciadopitys.

Slide 70 / 87 Parent Plants Produce Seeds Although plants cannot move from place to place, they can help their young to survive. Producing seeds requires a lot of energy from the parent plant. The structure of the seed helps the plant offspring to survive. Can you think of how? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos.

Slide 71 / 87 Seeds Contain Food Plants produce a seed that has food inside to help the embryo grow. This helps the seed to survive until it starts to grow on its own and make its own food. food embryo The very middle of the seed is the embryo. The white area is food for the embryo. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Boronian.

Slide 72 / 87 Seed Coat All seeds are covered by a layer that protects the embryo from damage and from drying out. This is called the seed coat. seed coat Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Descouens.

Slide 73 / 87 Seed Structures Look at the seed from the sweetgum tree. How do you think the seed structure helps the embryo to survive? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos.

Slide 74 / 87 Seed Structures Some seeds not only have a seed coat that protects the embryo, but they also have spines. This protects the embryo from being damaged before it is ready to germinate. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos.

Slide 75 / 87 Seed Structures These are seeds from a maple tree. Can you think of how this structure helps the seeds to survive? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos.

Slide 76 / 87 Seed Structures The shape of maple seeds helps them to "fly" on air currents and move away from the parent tree. This helps them to find plenty of space to grow into a new plant. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Culos.

Slide 77 / 87 15 Can plants show parental care? Yes No

Slide 77 (Answer) / 87 15 Can plants show parental care? Yes No Answer No [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 78 / 87 16 Plants help offspring to survive by creating seeds that. A have food inside B have a protective coating C are able to move away from the parent plant D All of the above.

Slide 78 (Answer) / 87 16 Plants help offspring to survive by creating seeds that. A have food inside B have a protective coating D C are able to move away from the parent plant D All of the above. Answer [This object is a pull tab]

Slide 79 / 87 17 The protective layer on the outside of the seed is called the seed. A embryo B coat C hat D structure

Slide 79 (Answer) / 87 17 The protective layer on the outside of the seed is called the seed. A embryo B coat C hat D structure Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

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Slide 83 / 87 Lab Analysis: The Germinator It is time to analyze the data you collected on your seeds. Which seed germinated first? Which seed grew the tallest? Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Slide 84 / 87 Works Cited Return to Table of Contents

Slide 85 / 87 Aveling, Ben 2007, Turtle returning to sea 6430.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:turtle_returning_to_sea_6430.jpg>. Boronian 2008, Aesculus hippocastanum seed section.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:aesculus_hippocastanum_seed_section.jpg>. Brew, J. 2009, Cathedral Termite Mound brewbooks.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:cathedral_termite_mound_-_brewbooks.jpg>. Bruce 2004, Riparia riparia Oeverzwaluw.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:riparia_riparia-oeverzwaluw.jpg>. Bryancalabro 2011, Baby Robins Ready to Feed.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:baby_robins_ready_to_feed.jpg>. Bryancalabro 2012, Baby Robins Ready to Feed.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:baby_robins_ready_to_feed.jpg>. Catholic 85 2004, Crocnest.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:crocnest.jpg>. Chaurasia, Bijay 2015, Peas plant grown from Seed (2).jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:peas_plant_grown_from_seed_(2).jpg>. Chiplunkar, Jayendra 2012, Clutch of Python molurus eggs.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:clutch_of_python_molurus_eggs.jpg>. Culos, Roger 2012, Liquidambar styraciflua MHNT.BOT.2006.0.1265.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:liquidambar_styraciflua_mhnt.bot.2006.0.1265.jpg>. Culos, Roger 2013, Acer griseum MHNT.BOT.2010.4.1.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:acer_griseum_mhnt.bot.2010.4.1.jpg>. Culos, Roger 2013, Bauhinia variegata MHNT.BOT.2011.3.22.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:bauhinia_variegata_mhnt.bot.2011.3.22.jpg>. Denali National Park and Preserve 2009, Grizzly Bear Sow and cubs (5728173840).jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:grizzly_bear-_sow_and_cubs_(5728173840).jpg>. Descouens, Didier 2012, Entada phaseoloides MHNT graines.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:entada_phaseoloides_mhnt_graines.jpg>. Doubek, Joshua 2013, Baby Pandas.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:baby_pandas.jpg>.

Slide 86 / 87 Duffy, Ian 2009, Aptenodytes forsteri Snow Hill Island, Antarctica adults and juvenile 8.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:aptenodytes_forsteri_-snow_hill_island,_antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg>. Elf 2004, CatahoulaLitter wb.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:catahoulalitter_wb.jpg>. Fro3enfire 2011, 2 Months Old Rottweiler Puppy.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:2_months_old_rottweiler_puppy.jpg>. Gilbreath, Yvonne 2010, Birds 061510 G1.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:birds_061510_g1.jpg>. Hammond, Ken 2011, PregnantWoman.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:pregnantwoman.jpg>. Herrmann, Manfred 2005, Rottweiler standing facing left.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:rottweiler_standing_facing_left.jpg>. Hian-kun, Tenn 2006, Spawn hatching.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:spawn_hatching.jpg>. Hodnett, Ryan 2014, Bird Nest Guelph.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:bird_nest_-_guelph.jpg>. Lisafern 2014, Mama duck with ducklings Public Domain.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:mama_duck_with_ducklings_public_domain.jpg>. London, JB 2010, Oman-Young turtle.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:oman-young_turtle.jpg>. Melimama 2007, Crying newborn.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:crying_newborn.jpg>. Miller, Matthew 2007, Cyphotilapia frontosa mouthbrooding.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:cyphotilapia_frontosa_mouthbrooding.jpg>. Poon, Wingchi 2013, Wherever you go I will go.jpg, photograph, viewed on 5 October 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:wherever_you_go_i_will_go.jpg>. Quinn, Liam 2011, Gentoo Penguin warms its egg.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:gentoo_penguin_warms_its_egg.jpg>. Rae, Alastair 2003, BlackWoods.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:blackwoods.jpg>. Rasbak 2005, Doperwt rijserwt peulen Pisum sativum.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:doperwt_rijserwt_peulen_pisum_sativum.jpg>. Sandra 2012, Petronia petronia Ariege, Midi-Pyrenee, France-8-4c.jpg, photograph, viewed on 29 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:petronia_petronia_-ariege,_midi-pyrenee,_france-8-4c.jpg>. Sauerwein, Bernd 2011, Den of unknown animal.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:den_of_unknown_animal.jpg>.

Slide 87 / 87 Savage, McKay 2009, Yelagiri bird s nest.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:yelagiri_bird%27s_nest.jpg>. Sciadopitys 2009, Larix decidua Aletschwald.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:larix_decidua_aletschwald.jpg>. Shawn 2010, Barbados Sea Turtle (4869751127).jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:barbados_sea_turtle_(4869751127).jpg>. Sheilalau 2006, Panda Cub from Wolong, Sichuan, China.jpg, photograph, viewed 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:panda_cub_from_wolong,_sichuan,_china.jpg>. Strobilomyces 2006, Caretta caretta 060417w2.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:caretta_caretta_060417w2.jpg>. Tigerpython 2009, Clutch of Python molurus bivittatus.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:clutch_of_python_molurus_bivittatus.jpg>. Trepte, Andreas 2008, Fieldfare 2.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:fieldfare_2.jpg>. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2014, Seed germination.png, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:seed_germination.png>. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2014, Seed germination.png, photograph, viewed on 5 October 2015, < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:seed_germination.png>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013, Baby sea turtles make their way toward the water.jpg, photograph, viewed on 30 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:baby_sea_turtles_make_their_way_toward_the_water.jpg>. U.S. Geological Survey 2012, Baby Desert Tortoise (16490346262).jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:baby_desert_tortoise_(16490346262).jpg>. Vassil 2007, Cane et canetons 2.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:cane_et_canetons_2.jpg>. Volpi, Luca 2008, Broken egg orange.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:broken_egg_orange.jpg>. Wouters, Frank 2007, Mother and very small baby hippo.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:mother_and_very_small_baby_hippo.jpg>. Yosri 2007, YosriTelurPenyu6.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:yosritelurpenyu6.jpg>. Zenz, Rainer 2006, Vogeleier.jpg, photograph, viewed on 25 September 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:vogeleier.jpg>.