ITALY The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS IN 2006 including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenic microbiological agents
INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Italy Reporting Year: 2006 Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring: Laboratory name Description Contribution IZSBS Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'emilia Romagna IZSPA Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia NRCEPID National reference center for epidemiology IZSPD Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie IZSPG Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'umbria e Marche IZSSS Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna IZSTO Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'aosta IZSTE Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'abruzzo e del Molise IZSRM Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana IZSNA Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno IZSFG Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata NRCSALM National reference center for Salmonellosis NRCANTI National reference center for antimicrobial susceptibility NRCBRUC National reference center for animal Brucellosis Italy 2006
PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC 1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Italy during the year 2006. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that is published each year by EFSA. 1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325, 17.11.2003, p. 31 Italy 2006
LIST OF CONTENTS 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 3 2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 4 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 4 2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 6 2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 9 2.1.4. Salmonella in animals 22 2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 43 2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 47 2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 69 2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 122 2.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 122 2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 123 2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 126 2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 130 2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 134 2.3. LISTERIOSIS 151 2.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 151 2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 151 2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 154 2.3.4. Listeria in animals 162 2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 164 2.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 164 2.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans 165 2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 167 2.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 169 2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 172 2.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 172 2.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans 173 2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 175 2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 184 2.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 184 2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 185 2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 187 2.6.4. Brucella in animals 189 2.7. YERSINIOSIS 205 2.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 205 2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 206 2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 209 2.7.4. Yersinia in animals 211 2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 214 2.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 214 2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 214 2.8.3. Trichinella in animals 216 Italy 2006
2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 217 2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 217 2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 218 2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 220 2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 221 2.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 221 2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 222 2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 224 2.11. RABIES 226 2.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 226 2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 227 2.12. QFEVER 229 2.12.1. General evaluation of the national situation 229 2.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals 229 3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIAL 230 RESISTANCE 3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC 231 3.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 231 3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates 232 4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS 252 4.1. HISTAMINE 253 4.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 253 4.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs 253 4.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII 254 4.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 254 4.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs 254 4.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS 255 4.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 255 4.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs 255 5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 256 Italy 2006
1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of the animal population in the country. Italy 2006 1
Table Susceptible animal populations Animal species Cattle (bovine animals) * Only if different than current reporting year Category of Number of herds or Number of holdings Number of Livestock numbers animals flocks slaughtered animals (live animals) Year* Year* Year* Year* mixed herds 25562 dairy cows and 46872 heifers meat production 97895 animals calves (under 1 913436 year) in total 172355 167645 3387031 6156374 Ducks in total 360 Gallus gallus broilers 5168 (fowl) laying hens 2131 in total 7886 Geese in total 245 Goats meat production 16925 animals mixed herds 14238 milk goats 3886 in total 38429 37787 Pigs in total 80469 77080 Sheep milk ewes 15886 mixed herds 49295 meat production 27045 animals in total 97235 92640 Solipeds, domestic horses in total 48661 2000 235000 2000 184731 2000 Turkeys in total 1146 Footnote Data on cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry (Gallus gallus, goose, turkeys, and ducks) supplied by the National Animal Identification and Registration database, set up by the Italian Ministry of Health and located at the CSN of the IZS Abruzzo and Molise. Other animal species: National Institute of Statistics. Italy 2006 2
2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses. Italy 2006 3
2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation A. General evaluation History of the disease and/ or infection in the country Salmonella in foodstuffs. Surveillance of Salmonella spp. contamination in foodstuffs in Italy is carried out by official veterinarians, which have the task of supervising or performing inspections in plants and sampling. All samples taken within the activity of the National Health Service, which is organised in Local Health Units (LHU), are examined by the laboratories of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali (IZS), that periodically transmit their result to the Regional Governments, which produce the reports for the Ministry of Health. Salmonella in Gallus gallus breeding flocks. In 2006 in Italy the National Programme for Control of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium in breeder flocks of Gallus gallus has been approved by the Commission with the Decision 2005/ 873/ EC. Salmonella in turkey, geese, ducks, pigs, cattle. There is not a national control programme in place. Salmonella serovars and phagetypes distribution. In Italy the official control in the veterinary field (animals, food of animal origin) is carried out by IZS, which are part of the National Health system, and are present on all the national territory with 10 central centers and numerous peripheral laboratories at provincial level. The peripheral centers take care of the isolation of salmonellae from various matrices, while the typing of the isolates is performed by the central laboratories, that annually participate in a quality control study of salmonella serotyping organized by the National Reference Laboratory. The phage typing of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is executed from the National Reference Laboratory, that regularly participates in collaborative studies organized by CRL Salmonella in Bilthoven. Since the beginning of 2002 a structure parallel to the Enternet system has been activated at national level, that regards the data collection on Salmonella spp. isolations from samples of veterinary origin, and is called EnterVet. The nodes of the EnterVet net are IZS, coordinated by the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella. The Institutes send to the Reference Laboratory data concerning Salmonella typing through a computerized system, together with some strains (Enteritidis and Typhimurium in particular) for the phage typing. All the data are sent from the NRL to the Italian coordination of the Enternet, at Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates. The previously described EnterVet system collects also data concerning antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella. A selection of the strains serotyped by the central laboratories of IZS are submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test, by agar diffusion, following CLSI recommendations, and with a panel of 16 molecules (CL: Colistin (10 mcg); SXT: Sulphamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim (23,75 + 1,25 mcg); K: Kanamycin (30 mcg); GM: Gentamicin (10 mcg); N: Neomicin (30 mcg); CTX: Cefotaxime (30 mcg); AMC: Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid (20 + 10 mcg); NA: Nalidixic Acid (30 mcg); TE: Tetracycline (30 mcg); AM: Ampicillin (10 mcg); S: Streptomycin (10 mcg); S3: Triple Sulfa (0,25 mg) C: Chloramphenicol (30 mcg); CF: Cephalothin (30 mcg); ENR: Enrofloxacin (5 mcg); CIP: Ciprofloxacin (5 mcg); G: Sulfisoxazole (250 mcg). Italy 2006 4
Additional information The disease is notifiable in humans and animals. There is a national surveillance programme on compound feedingstuffs and on raw material for feed of vegetable origin (National Plan on Animal Feed). The Ministerial Decree of 20.4.78 provides the sampling procedure. The methods of analysis are: ISO 6579:2002 or other validated methods foreseeing one phase of preenrichment of 1620 hours at 37 C of a sample of 50 g taken from the previewed final champion (Ministry of Health Decree of 10.3.97). All isolates of Salmonella must be subjected to sierologic types in compliance with the Kauffman/ White scheme and to antibiogramme by the CLSI standard. A baseline study was carried out in accordance with the new Zoonoses legislation (EC/ 2160/ 2003) in order to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in broiler flocks. The objectives, the sampling frame, the diagnostic testing methods as well as the collection of data, evaluation, reporting and timelines of this baseline study are specified in Commission Decision 2005/ 636/ EC. In 2006 two baseline studies have begun in accordance with the new Zoonoses legislation (EC/ 2160/ 2003) in order to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in flocks of turkeys and herds of slaughter pigs. The objectives, the sampling frame, the diagnostic testing methods as well as the collection of data, evaluation, reporting and timelines of these baseline studies are specified in Commission Decision 2006/ 662/ EC and in Commission Decision 2006/ 668/ EC. Italy 2006 5
2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans Table Salmonella in humans Species/ serotype distribution Cases Cases Inc. Autochthon cases Autochthon Inc. Imported cases Imported Inc. Unknown status Salmonella 7988 13.66 0 0 0 0 0 S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. 7988 13.66 Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy 2006 6
Table Salmonella in humans Age distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Age Distribution All M F All M F All M F <1 year 387 208 179 1 to 4 years 3042 1633 1409 5 to 14 years 1933 1106 827 15 to 24 years 309 158 151 25 to 44 years 661 300 361 45 to 64 years 659 372 287 65 years and older 937 481 456 Age unknown 60 29 31 Total : 0 0 0 0 0 0 7988 4287 3701 Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy 2006 7
Table Salmonella in humans Seasonal distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Month Cases Cases Cases January 669 February 389 March 396 April 463 May 557 June 524 July 696 August 932 September 1038 October 889 November 763 December 672 not known 0 Total : 0 0 7988 Footnote Provisional data. Data from National reporting System of Communicable Diseases MOH. Italy 2006 8
2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs A. Salmonella spp. in food Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Surveillance of Salmonella spp. contamination in foodstuffs in Italy is carried out by official veterinarians, which have the task of supervising or performing inspections in plants and sampling. All samples taken within the activity of the National Health Service, which is organised in Local Health Units (LHU), are examined by the laboratories of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, that periodically transmit their results to the Regional Governments, which produce the reports for the Ministry of Health. The sampling scheme can vary in different LHUs; all samples are examined in laboratories accredited according to ISO 17025, following the method prescribed by ISO 6579:2002 or modifications of this method, that have been fully validated and proven to give equivalent results. Italy 2006 9
Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) fresh single 25 847 30 1 0 29 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 415 13 5 0 8 minced meat intended to be eaten cooked single 25 20 0 0 0 0 meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single 25 148 2 0 0 2 meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single 25 100 1 0 0 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 24 0 0 0 0 cooked, readytoeat single 25 46 0 0 0 0 Meat from turkey fresh single 25 131 7 0 0 7 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 244 32 0 3 29 minced meat intended to be eaten cooked single 25 5 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 17 0 0 0 0 meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single 25 91 3 0 0 3 meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single 25 6 0 0 0 0 cooked, readytoeat single 25 11 0 0 0 0 mechanically separated meat (MSM) single 25 4 4 0 1 3 Meat from duck single 25 26 1 0 0 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 12 2 0 2 0 Meat from geese batch 25 5 0 0 0 0 Meat from other poultry species (Meat from pigeon) single 25 8 0 0 0 0 Italy 2006 10
Meat from poultry, unspecified single 25 7 0 0 0 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 11
Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Milk, cows' raw single 25 437 0 0 0 0 intended for direct human consumption single 25 1125 16 0 0 16 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 30 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 15 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 14 0 0 0 0 raw milk for manufacture intended for manufacture of raw or low heattreated products single 25 25 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 18 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 21 0 0 0 0 intended for manufacture of pasteurised/ UHT products single 25 47 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 18 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 2 0 0 0 0 pasteurised milk single 25 1098 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 202 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 312 0 0 0 0 Milk, goats' raw single 25 9 0 0 0 0 intended for direct human consumption Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 3 0 0 0 0 single 25 2 0 0 0 0 raw milk for manufacture Italy 2006 12
intended for manufacture of pasteurised/ UHT products single 25 1 0 0 0 0 pasteurised single 25 45 0 0 0 0 Milk, sheep's raw single 25 3 0 0 0 0 raw milk for manufacture intended for manufacture of raw or low heattreated products single 25 109 0 0 0 0 pasteurised single 25 5 0 0 0 0 Cheeses made from cows' milk single 25 1635 0 0 0 0 soft and semisoft single 25 403 0 0 0 0 made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 266 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 315 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 29 0 0 0 0 made from pasteurised milk single 25 388 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 743 1 0 0 1 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 805 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 35 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 309 0 0 0 0 unspecified Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 50 0 0 0 0 Cheeses made from goats' milk single 25 28 0 0 0 0 soft and semisoft single 25 50 0 0 0 0 made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 53 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP single 25 2 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry made from pasteurised milk single 25 52 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 2 0 0 0 0 Cheeses made from sheep's single 25 130 0 0 0 0 milk soft and semisoft single 25 162 0 0 0 0 made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 106 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP single 25 27 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry made from pasteurised milk single 25 493 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 73 0 0 0 0 Italy 2006 13
Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 46 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Dairy products (excluding cheeses) single 25 28 0 0 0 0 single 25 1 0 0 0 0 butter made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 500 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 22 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 18 0 0 0 0 cream made from raw or low heattreated milk single 25 127 1 0 0 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 36 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 13 0 0 0 0 milk powder and whey powder single 25 36 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 7 0 0 0 0 icecream single 25 936 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 317 1 1 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 31 0 0 0 0 dairy products, not specified single 25 34 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 133 0 0 0 0 yoghurt single 25 63 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 19 0 0 0 0 dairy desserts single 25 3 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 18 0 0 0 0 (Bovine curd) single 25 4 0 0 0 0 Milk from other animal species or unspecified raw single 25 9 0 0 0 0 (Milk, buffalos') Cheeses, made from unspecified milk or other animal milk (Cheeses made from buffalos' milk) Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 172 1 1 0 0 single 25 21 0 0 0 0 Italy 2006 14
Cheeses, made from mixed milk from cows, sheep and/ or goats unspecified single 25 624 0 0 0 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 15
Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Meat from pig fresh single 25 1880 71 0 14 57 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 1718 4 1 1 2 minced meat intended to be eaten raw single 25 1059 17 0 1 16 (Sample weight: 10 g) single 10 4 1 0 1 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 74 4 0 2 2 single 25 562 27 1 1 25 intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single 25 138 1 1 0 0 or own checks by industry meat preparation single 25 384 13 0 2 11 intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single 25 668 1 0 0 1 or own checks by industry single 25 1509 42 2 8 32 intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single 25 2354 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single 25 1094 32 1 3 28 (Sample weight: 10 g) single 10 42 3 0 2 1 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 371 1 0 0 1 single 25 2407 19 0 6 13 cooked, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single 25 401 8 0 3 5 or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP single 1 55 9 0 0 9 or own checks by industry (Sample weight: 1 g) Italy 2006 16
mechanically separated meat (MSM) single 10 23 2 0 1 1 Meat from bovine animals fresh single 25 2254 8 1 1 6 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 727 1 0 0 1 minced meat single 25 18 0 0 0 0 intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single 25 7 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry intended to be eaten cooked single 25 1132 13 0 1 12 (Sample weigh: 10 g) single 10 27 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 1004 2 0 2 0 meat preparation single 25 85 0 0 0 0 intended to be eaten raw Surveillance HACCP single 25 1 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry single 25 667 3 1 0 2 intended to be eaten cooked Surveillance HACCP single 25 1620 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked single 25 202 5 0 0 5 Surveillance HACCP single 25 204 1 0 0 1 or own checks by industry single 25 57 0 0 0 0 cooked, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single 25 116 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry mechanically separated meat (MSM) single 25 331 0 0 0 0 Meat from sheep fresh single 25 80 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 4 0 0 0 0 meat preparation intended to be eaten cooked single 25 182 7 1 4 2 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 2 0 0 0 0 Meat from horse fresh single 25 68 1 0 1 0 single 25 70 0 0 0 0 minced meat Meat from other animal single 25 1033 76 3 7 66 species or not specified Italy 2006 17
Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 733 9 2 2 5 meat products single 25 40 1 0 0 1 unspecified, readytoeat Surveillance HACCP single 25 168 2 0 2 0 or own checks by industry Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 79 0 0 0 0 fresh (Meat from Buffalo) single 25 6 1 0 1 0 Meat from rabbit single 25 721 8 0 0 8 Meat from wild game land mammals fresh single 25 7 1 0 0 1 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 69 0 0 0 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 18
Table Salmonella in other food Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Eggs single 25 216 3 2 0 1 table eggs single 25 77 2 1 0 1 at packing centre single 25 251 1 0 0 1 at retail single 25 320 12 10 0 2 at packing centre batch 25 169 3 0 1 2 (Sampling unit: batch) at packing centre single 25 9 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry at retail (Sampling unit: batch 25 70 2 2 0 0 batch) at retail Surveillance single 25 39 0 0 0 0 HACCP or own checks by industry raw material (liquid egg) for egg products single 25 145 0 0 0 0 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 35 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 79 0 0 0 0 Egg products single 25 360 1 0 0 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 19 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 2564 0 0 0 0 Crustaceans single 25 40 0 0 0 0 unspecified single 25 9 0 0 0 0 cooked Surveillance HACCP single 25 25 0 0 0 0 or own checks by industry raw single 25 56 1 0 0 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 4 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 74 0 0 0 0 Molluscan shellfish single 25 1295 4 0 0 4 Italy 2006 19
cooked single 25 10 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 193 0 0 0 0 raw single 25 567 2 0 1 1 (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 33 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 257 0 0 0 0 Live bivalve molluscs single 25 2725 12 1 2 9 unspecified (Sampling unit: batch) batch 25 1619 10 0 2 8 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 98 0 0 0 0 Sprouted seeds single 25 2 0 0 0 0 readytoeat single 25 2 0 0 0 0 Fruits and vegetables precut single 25 6 0 0 0 0 readytoeat batch 25 32 0 0 0 0 Juice fruit juice unpasteurised single 25 1 0 0 0 0 vegetable juice unpasteurised single 25 1 0 0 0 0 Infant formula dried intended for infants below 6 months single 25 28 0 0 0 0 Foodstuffs intended for special nutritional uses dried dietary foods for special medical purposes intended for infants below 6 months batch 25 2 0 0 0 0 Vegetables (Fresh vegetables) single 25 147 0 0 0 0 (Cooked vegetables) single 25 87 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 36 0 0 0 0 Fish (Whole fish or chunks of fish) single 25 309 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry (Whole fish or chunks of fish ) single 25 58 0 0 0 0 Fishery products, unspecified readytoeat single 25 30 0 0 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 362 1 0 0 1 Italy 2006 20
Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 500 0 0 0 0 Confectionery products and single 25 14 0 0 0 0 pastes Other processed food products and prepared dishes unspecified single 25 401 3 3 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 286 0 0 0 0 containing raw egg single 25 7 2 1 0 1 (Preserves with fish, crustaceans, molluscan shellfish) single 25 123 1 0 0 1 Other food single 25 230 1 1 0 0 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry single 25 4 0 0 0 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 21
2.1.4. Salmonella in animals A. Salmonella spp. in turkey breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in turkeys. In the Veneto Region, in 20052006 a new monitoring campaign has carried out in turkeys at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (49%), the scheme for 20052006 was designed in order to allow the detection of a bilateral variation in prevalence of 12%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (225 slaughter batch to be sampled). 30 cloacal swabs are taken per batch. Samples are examined in 6 pools, using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. B. Salmonella spp. in geese breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Meat production flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. C. Salmonella spp. in ducks breeding flocks and meat production flocks Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Breeding flocks There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Meat production flocks Italy 2006 22
D. Salmonella spp. in pigs There is not a national control programme in place. Data arise from routine diagnostic activity of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali. Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place Fattening herds There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in pigs. In the Veneto Region, in 20052006 a new monitoring campaign has carried out in pigs at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (25,43%), the scheme for 20052006 was designed in order to allow the detection of a bilateral variation in prevalence of 12%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (171 slaughter batches to be sampled). One sample of ileocaecal lymph nodes (35 for each animal) are taken per animal (a total of 15 animals per batch). Samples are examined using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. E. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place There is not a national control programme for Salmonella spp. in cattle. In the Veneto Region, in 20052006 a new monitoring campaign has carried out in cattle at slaughter. Starting from the prevalence detected in a previous monitoring campaign (1,52%) the scheme for 20052006 was designed in order to allow the detection of an increase in prevalence of 4%, with a IC of 95% and a power of 95% (101 slaughter batches to be sampled). One faecal sample is taken per animal (a total of 15 animals per batch). Samples are examined using the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. F. Salmonella spp. in animal Gallus gallus breeding flocks, unspecified Control program/ mechanisms The control program/ strategies in place In 2006 in Italy the National Programme for Control of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium in breeder flocks of Gallus gallus has been approved by the Commission with the Decision 2005/ 873/ EC. For the isolation of Salmonella from samples collected on farms or in hatcheries the ISO method 6579:2002 has to be used or in alternative the method prescribed by the Community Reference Laboratory of Bilthoven, that requires the use of MSRV as unique selective enrichment. For every positive sample at least one suspect colony has to be submitted to complete serological typing, performed according to Kauffman and White scheme. All Italy 2006 23
strains have to be sent to the National Reference Laboratory that keeps a collection, submits them to antimicrobial resistance (according to CLSI standards) and phage type S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium according the method suggested by HPA. Italy 2006 24
Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Other serotypes Gallus gallus (fowl) parent breeding flocks, unspecified (Control programme) flock 388 16 2 14 Footnote Data source: NRCSALM Italy 2006 25
Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part A) Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Thompson S. Derby S. Infantis S. Heidelberg S. Veneziana S. Hadar S. Kedougou S. Virchow S. Corvallis Other serotypes S. Kimuenza S. Blockley S. Bredeney Gallus gallus (fowl) flock 87 6 5 laying hens during rearing period Monitoring official flock 238 21 1 2 18 sampling during production period animal 102 5 5 Monitoring official flock 312 27 8 2 9 2 1 1 1 3 sampling (flock) flock 20 0 (single) (3) single 46 0 (single) (2) single 552 52 52 Monitoring official sampling flock 346 22 2 3 17 (unspecified) animal 41 0 (unspecified unit: flock) flock 27 1 1 (unspecified unit: holding) (4) holding 37 2 5 1 Italy 2006 26
broilers single 30 1 1 during rearing period Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (5) animal 40 0 slaughter batch 157 52 1 1 9 3 3 6 12 3 6 flock 331 102 12 2 9 1 1 4 1 8 2 3 24 2 3 4 unspecified holding 64 6 1 1 4 Monitoring official holding 11 2 1 1 sampling unspecified flock 2501 329 1 327 1 during rearing period Monitoring official flock 19 7 2 5 sampling during production period (1) holding 54 3 2 1 1 1 (unit: single) single 65 1 1 Monitoring official sampling holding 25 3 3 (unit: single) single 135 20 20 (unit: flock) flock 163 10 3 5 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 40 4 4 Ducks animal 59 4 3 1 meat production flocks single 45 2 1 1 Monitoring official sampling animal 16 0 unspecified Monitoring official sampling animal 18 0 (unit: single) (6) single 517 99 99 Italy 2006 27
Geese animal 9 1 1 meat production flocks animal 4 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 3 0 flock 6 0 unspecified breeding flocks, unspecified Monitoring official sampling animal 11 2 2 Turkeys animal 48 5 5 meat production flocks animal 3 1 1 (unit: flock) flock 5 1 1 Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (9) animal 3 0 slaughter batch unspecified 165 45 1 3 1 1 1 7 17 (unit: flock) flock 8 0 (unit: single) (7) single 1273 143 143 Monitoring official sampling animal 3 0 (1) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : Single = sample (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single slaughter batch more serotypes may be present. (9) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Italy 2006 28
Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 29
Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part B) S. Emek S. Mbandaka S. Brandenburg S. Orion S. Agona S. Saintpaul S. Rissen S. Gallinarum S. Livingstone Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens 1 during rearing period Monitoring official sampling during production period Monitoring official sampling (flock) (single) (3) (single) (2) Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) (unspecified unit: flock) (unspecified unit: holding) (4) 2 broilers during rearing period Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) 3 3 2 2 2 Italy 2006 30
sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (5) 7 11 1 2 4 1 25 unspecified Monitoring official sampling unspecified during rearing period Monitoring official sampling during production period (1) (unit: single) Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) (unit: flock) (unit: holding) Ducks meat production flocks Monitoring official sampling unspecified Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) (6) Geese meat production flocks (unit: holding) unspecified breeding flocks, unspecified Italy 2006 31
Monitoring official sampling Turkeys meat production flocks (unit: flock) Monitoring official sampling Monitoring (Veneto Region) (9) unspecified 1 1 1 6 11 (unit: flock) (unit: single) (7) Monitoring official sampling (1) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : Single = sample (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single slaughter batch more serotypes may be present. (9) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 32
Table Salmonella in other birds Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Abony S. enterica subsp. enterica S. 4,5,12:i: S. Gallinarum S. Thompson S. Corvallis S. Livingstone S. Bredeney S. Veneziana S. enterica subsp. houtenae Pigeons animal 617 39 26 13 (unit: flock) flock 11 2 2 Monitoring official sampling animal 37 0 (unit: single) (1) single 451 14 5 8 1 Guinea fowl animal 14 2 2 (unit: flock) flock 16 3 2 1 Monitoring official sampling animal 1 0 Quails animal 16 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 3 0 (unit: flock) flock 2 1 1 (unit: single) (2) single 27 0 Pheasants animal 86 7 6 1 Italy 2006 33
Monitoring official sampling animal 2 0 (unit: single) single 157 4 4 (unit: flock) flock 5 1 1 Partridges animal 7 0 (unit: flock) flock 1 0 (unit: single) (3) single 102 0 Ostriches animal 12 0 (unit: flock) flock 1 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 2 0 Birds (cage birds) animal 98 1 1 wild animal 351 32 7 4 1 10 5 5 Monitoring official sampling animal 20 0 (unit: single) (4) single 95 16 4 5 3 2 1 1 (research plan) animal 29 5 2 3 Other poultry animal 18 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 6 0 (1) : Single = sample (2) : Single = sample (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 34
Table Salmonella in other animals (Part A) Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. enterica subsp. arizonae S. Paratyphi S. Livingstone S. London S. Kottbus S. enterica subsp. houtenae S. Hadar S. Abortusequi S. Kedougou S. Blockley S. Virchow S. Panama S. Heidelberg Cattle (bovine animals) animal 29 0 calves (under 1 year) animal 99 4 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 10 1 1 adult cattle over 2 years animal 61 0 (unit: holding) holding 23 0 Monitoring (Veneto Region) (7) slaughter batch 67 3 1 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 100 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 21 0 single 1090 44 44 (unit: single) unspecified animal 243 9 9 (unit: animal) (2) (unit: holding) holding 309 1 1 Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) holding 12 0 Italy 2006 35
Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) animal 734 4 2 2 (research plan) animal 12 0 Sheep animal 171 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 350 29 13 2 (unit: single) (3) single 908 128 128 Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) holding 23 0 animal 50 0 Goats animal 159 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 117 0 (unit: single) (4) single 157 4 4 Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) holding 13 1 1 animal 4 0 Pigs (1) single 161 4 4 fattening pigs animal 142 2 2 (unit: holding) holding 3 1 1 unspecified animal 140 4 3 Monitoring official sampling animal 27 3 3 (unspecified) (5) holding 281 27 1 26 Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) animal 18 0 slaughter batch Solipeds, domestic animal 26 0 68 40 1 11 1 7 1 1 1 (unit: holding) holding 88 12 7 1 1 Italy 2006 36
Monitoring official sampling animal 29 0 Foxes animal 94 2 2 Monitoring official sampling animal 1 1 1 (research plan) animal 15 0 Other mustelides animal 47 6 6 Cats animal 47 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 6 0 Reptiles animal 67 17 1 11 Dogs animal 68 1 1 (unit: single) (6) single 54 2 2 Monitoring official sampling animal 24 0 Rabbits animal 257 27 2 13 12 (unit: holding) holding 9 2 2 Monitoring official sampling animal 4 0 Wild boars animal 434 93 1 3 79 Monitoring official sampling animal 15 0 Buffalos holding 4 0 Monitoring official sampling animal 235 7 2 1 1 Rats animal 2 1 1 (research plan) animal 82 3 1 2 Other animals animal 92 2 1 1 Monitoring official sampling animal 92 2 1 1 Italy 2006 37
Turtles Monitoring official sampling animal 11 5 5 (1) : Single = sample (2) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a animal more serotypes may be present. (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 38
Table Salmonella in other animals (Part B) S. Abortusovis S. Oxford S. Rissen S. Anatum S. Goldcoast S. Chester S. Bredeney Other serotypes S. enterica subsp. diarizonae S. Coeln S. Derby S. Stanley S. Ridge S. Give S. enterica subsp. salamae S. Napoli S. Choleraesuis S. Brandenburg Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 1 1 (unit: holding) adult cattle over 2 years (unit: holding) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (7) 1 1 1 (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: single) unspecified (unit: animal) (2) 3 (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Italy 2006 39
(research plan) Sheep (unit: holding) 7 1 1 1 3 1 (unit: single) (3) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Goats (unit: holding) (unit: single) (4) Monitoring official sampling (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling (unit: animal) Pigs (1) fattening pigs (unit: holding) unspecified 1 Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) (5) 2 Monitoring official sampling (unspecified) Monitoring (Veneto Region) (8) Solipeds, domestic 6 13 2 4 7 18 4 4 (unit: holding) 2 1 Monitoring official sampling Italy 2006 40
Foxes Monitoring official sampling (research plan) Other mustelides Cats Monitoring official sampling Reptiles 3 1 1 Dogs (unit: single) (6) Monitoring official sampling Rabbits (unit: holding) Monitoring official sampling Wild boars 10 Monitoring official sampling Buffalos Monitoring official 2 1 sampling Rats (research plan) Other animals Monitoring official sampling Turtles Italy 2006 41
Monitoring official sampling (1) : Single = sample (2) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a animal more serotypes may be present. (3) : Single = sample (4) : Single = sample (5) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (6) : Single = sample (7) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. (8) : The number of serotypes is greater than the total number of positive units because in a single sample more serotypes may be present. Footnote Data refer to diagnostic activity in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 42
2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Feed material of land animal origin dairy products single 50 gr 2 0 meat meal single 2550 gr 148 6 6 meat and bone meal single 2550 gr 22 0 greaves single 25 gr 141 0 single 2550 gr 21 1 1 blood meal Feed material of marine animal origin single 2550 gr 9 0 fish meal other fish products single 50 gr 17 0 Other feed material single 50 gr 1 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 43
Table Salmonella in other feed matter Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Kedougou S. enterica subsp. enterica S. Worthington Feed material of cereal grain origin single 2550 barley derived gr single 2550 wheat derived gr single 2550 maize gr 121 0 27 0 46 0 derived single 50 gr 1 0 single 2550 other cereal grain derived gr Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin single 2550 soya (bean) derived gr cotton seed derived single 50 gr 1 0 sunflower seed derived single 2550 gr 80 4 1 2 1 77 9 8 1 10 0 linseed derived single 50 gr 4 1 1 other oil seeds derived single 50 gr 1 0 Other feed material legume seeds and similar products tubers, roots and similar products single 50 gr 4 0 single 50 gr 2 0 other plants single 50 gr 5 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 44
Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Thompson S. Colorado S. Liverpool S. Livingstone S. Rideau Compound feedingstuffs for cattle process control single 2550 gr 17 0 final product single 2550 gr 177 5 3 1 1 Surveillance HACCP or own checks by industry Compound feedingstuffs for pigs single 25 gr 2 0 process control single 2550 gr 6 0 final product single 2550 gr 150 0 Compound feedingstuffs for poultry (non specified) process control single 2550 gr 9 0 final product single 2550 gr 221 7 1 5 1 Compound feedingstuffs for poultry laying hens process control single 2550 gr 37 0 Italy 2006 45
final product single 25 gr 30 0 Compund feedingstuffs for poultry broilers process control single 25 gr 1 0 final product single 2550 gr 74 5 3 1 1 Pet food dog snacks (pig ears, chewing bones) single 25 gr 72 1 1 (Cat) single 50 gr 25 0 Compound feedingstuffs for single 2550 gr 58 0 rabbits Compound feedingstuffs for sheep Compound feedingstuffs for fish Compound feedingstuffs for turkeys Compound feedingstuffs for horses single 50 gr 16 0 single 2550 gr 27 3 3 single 25 gr 46 1 1 single 25 gr 3 0 Other feed material (Goats) single 50 gr 3 0 Footnote Data refer to official controls in case it is not specified differently. Sources of information are Regional Veterinary Services and Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali, which are the institutes in charge of testing the official samples. Italy 2006 46
2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution. Italy 2006 47