Diapsida (Reptilia, Sauropsida) Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia! 1! Amniota (autapomorphies) Costal ventilation Amniote egg Keratinized skin Temporal fenestra in the skull 2 AM Amniote egg Amniote eggs Membranes Yolk sac Amnion Allantois Chorion Amnion Amnionic cavity Albumin Yolk Allantoic cavity Allantois Chorion 3 4 Keratinized skin Temporal fenestra Alpha-helix Paired alpha-helecies Protofilaments Filaments (4 protofilaments) Anapsids Diapsids (Anapsids) Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, snakes and lizards Turtles Synapsids Modern mammals 5 6 Page 1
Major diapsid groups Archosauria Pterosaurs (e) Dinosaurs (e) Crocodiles and birds Lepidosauria Snakes, lizards, and turtles (?) 7 Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia!! Reptilia, Sauropsida, or Diapsida (autapomorphies) Diapsid skull Faveolar lung Beta-keratinized scales, claws and feathers 8 AM Scales and feathers Beta-keratinized scales, claws and feathers Cornified layer Scale Epidermis Dermis Chromatophores 9 10 Growth of a feather Evolution of feathers 11 12 Page 2
Feather structure Feathers Shaft (Vane) Barbs Shaft Barb Barbule Hooklets Bristles Down feathers Contour feathers Filoplumes Quill 13 14 Moulting Origins of flight Insects Bats Pterosaur flight Bird flight 2 theories tree-down theory ground up theory 15 16 Pterosaur flight Video 6:00 Archaeopteryx (Transition fossil) 17 18 Page 3
Feathers 2nd Digit 4th Digit 3rd Digit Humerus Radius Ulna Sternal keel Scapula Humerus Tendon Wing elevator muscle (Supracoracoideus muscle) Wing depressor muscle (Pectoralis muscle) Sternal keel Aerodynamics of flight 19 Learning to fly 20 Body temperature Environmental heat exchange Regulation No Yes Heat source External Internal Ectothermic heterotherm Ectothermic homeotherm Endothermic heterotherm Endothermic homeotherm Loss Respiratory evaporation Surface evaporation Conduction Long wave radiation Convection (wind) Gain Radiant Metabolic Conduction 21 BIO 2125 Animal Form and Function 22 Walking and respiration Crocodiles Lung Liver Diaphragm muscle BIO2135 Animal Form & Function 23 AM 24 Page 4
Turtles and tortoises Turtle skeleton Carapace Fused vertebrae Ribs Plastron 25 26 Extinct Diapsids Saurischian dinosaurs Extinct Diapsids Saurischian dinosaurs Il Pb Ac Is Albertasauris, Tyrell Pb pubis Is Ischium Il Ilium Ac Acetabulum T rex, ROM 27 AM 28 AM Extinct diapsids Ornithischian dinosaurs Extinct diapsids Ornithischian dinosaurs Il Ac Is Pb Pb pubis Is Ischium Il Ilium Ac Acetabulum Lambeosaurus lambei, ROM 29 AM 30 AM Page 5
Skeletal organization Perching Neck vertebrae Fused trunk vertebrae Sternal keel Reduced tail vertebrae 31 32 Air sacs Avian lungs Lungs Trachea Anterior air sac Syrinx Posterior air sac 33 34 Bird songs the syrinx Circulatory system 1,3,5,7 and 9 cartilaginous tracheal rings 5 and 6 membrane 4 pessulus 3 chambered heart Most reptiles 4-chambered heart Crocodiles and birds 35 36 Page 6
Reptilian heart To lungs From body From lungs To body Circulatory system 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Carotids Pulmonary artery Lung Pulmonary vein Systemic arch Dorsal aorta 37 38 Arterial circulation Carotid Systemic 4. Pulmonary 6. Coelic Subclavian Anterior mesenteric Dorsal aorta Gonadal Renal Posterior mesenteric Iliac Caudal Venous circulation Anterior vena cava Internal jugular External jugular Hepatic portal Hepatic Renal portal Subclavian Posterior vena cava Pulmonary Lateral abdominal Femoral Iliac Kidney Iliac 39 40 Circulatory system Innominate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Systemic arch Carotids Pulmonary artery Lung Pulmonary vein Dorsal aorta Arterial circulation Innominate Carotid Subclavian Pulmonary Systemic 4. 6. Renal (Gonadal) Anterior mesenteric Coelic Dorsal aorta Femoral (external iliac) Sciatic (external iliac) Posterior mesenteric Internal iliac Caudal 41 42 Page 7
Venous circulation Crushing jaws Hepatic portal Pulmonary Renal portal Subclavian Coccygeal mesenteric Jugular Anterior vena cava Hepatic Posterior vena cava Caudal Internal iliac Renal Common iliac Femoral 43 44 Snake venoms Snake s jaw 45 46 Bird beaks Digestive system Liver Pancreas Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Intestine Cloaca 47 48 Page 8
Reproduction Female Follicle with eggs Ovum Kidney Oviduct Ureter Uterus & Shell gland Cloaca 49 50 Parental care 51 AM Page 9