Archosaur Phylogeny Mark Norell, George Barrowclough, Joel Cracraft (AMNH), Peter Makovicky (TFM), Brad Livezey (CMNH), James Clark (GWU), John Gatesy (UCR), Chris Brochu (UI)
Saurischian diversity
All evidence agrees that crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds. ~10000 species Saurischia ro tar si Dinosauria Or ni th ~30 species Cr u od i ra Ornithischia Archosauria
The Problem. Although it has been firmly established that birds are ingroup dinosaurs there have been no detailed phylogenetic treatments of the complete group at fine taxonomic levels. No large combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters has been undertaken Our experience working on coelurosaurian phylogeny has taught us that character placement is greatly affected by taxon sampling regimes Fine-grained taxonomic sampling is key for a clear understanding of macroevolutionary events, such as avian origins and the evolution of associated key morphological and behavioral character systems.
4 winged-dromaeosaur Where we are at
Fossilized behavior
Goals Combine all relevant morphological characters into a single large matrix Examine an extensive series of archosaur taxa Code taxa at the specimen level Sequence an extensive series of Neoaves and Crocodylia Develop a Supermatrix database to store all relevant character and specimen data
The Supermatrix A virtual archive of information Includes both text and images Web accessible Platform independent Strict version control Entries can be combined into composites Data can be output into formats for phylogenetic analysis
Progress Supermatrix model developed and site under construction Hundreds of saurischian specimens have been scored & photographed A master list of morphological characters is compiled and being updated Ongoing development and expansion of analyses for sub-clades
Saurischia Lagerpeton chanarensis 1 Marasuchus lilloensis 50 2 Pseudolagosuchus major 51 6 Pisanosaurus mertii 53 7 Heterodontosaurus tucki 52 55 8 Lesothosaurus diagnosticus 10 Eoraptor lunensis 54 11 Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis 56 12 Coelophysis bauri Dinosauria 58 13 Liliensternus liliensterni 14 Elaphrosaurus bambergi 57 Saurischia 15 Saturnalia tupiniquim 16 Thecodontosaurus caducus 60 59 17 Thecodontosaurus antiquus Sauropodomorpha 18 Efraasia minor 61 21 Ruehleia bedheimensis 64 19 Plateosaurus engelhardti 62 63 20 Plateosaurus gracilis 29 'Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum' 65 72 30 Riojasaurus incertus 24 Massospondylus carinatus 22 Coloradisaurus brevis 69 67 25 Lufengosaurus huenei 66 26 Gyposaurus sinensis 68 27 Yunnanosaurus huangi 23 Mussaurus patagonicus 28 Anchisaurus polyzelus 70 31 Jinshanosaurus xinwaensis 71 33 Melanorosaurus readi 34 Antetonitrus ingenipes 73 35 Lessemsaurus sauropoides 74 36 Blikanasaurus cromptoni 37 Vulcanodon karibaensis 75 38 Kotasaurus yamanpalliensi 76 41 Shunosaurus lii Eusauropoda 81 44 Volkheimeria chubutiensis 80 43 Lappare ntosaurus madagasc 40 Barapasaurus tagorei 79 39 Isanosaurus attavipachi 78 42 Omeisaurus maoianus 77 45 Patagosaurus fariasi 82 47 Diplodocus carnegii 83 48 Camarasaurus lentus Neosauropoda 84 49 Brachiosaurus brancai 0
Allosaurus Sinosauropteryx Tyrannosaurus Albertosaurus Struthiomimus Ornithomimus Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus Gallimimus Garudimimus Harpymimus Shenzhousaurus Pelecanimimus Ornitholestes Mononykus Shuuvuia Patagonykus Alvarezsaurus Ingenia Oviraptor Citipati Oviraptor Conchoraptor Chirostenotes Avimimus Microvenator Caudipteryx Beipaosaurus Segnosaurus Erlikosaurus Alxasaurus Dromaeosaurus Deinonychus Velociraptor Unenlagia Utahraptor Saurornitholestes Achillobator Adasaurus Ukhaa dromaosaur Sinornithosaurus Microraptor Sinovenator EK Troodontid Troodon Saurornithoides Saurornithoides Byronosaurus Sinornithoides Rahonavis Archeopteryx Confuciusornis Tyrannosaurs } Ornithomimosaurs } Alvarezsaur } } Oviraptorosaurs Dromaeosaurs }} = Liaoning taxon Troodontids Aves Theropod Working Group http://research.amnh.org/users/ norell/twghome.html
NEOAVIAN PHYLOGENY Mayr & Clarke, 2003
Modern Bird Phylogenetics: Scope of the Molecular Data Follow a liberal interpretation of generic limits: ~2450 extant genera to be sampled (expect 82%, or 2112, to be represented by tissues S & A had 760 genera in their "Tapestry." We expect 2.6X coverage in this study. Sequencing partitioned equally between Cracraft, Barrowclough, and Baker labs
Furnariidae Phylogeny of the Furnarii (suboscines) 135 of 148 genera represented many new insights into generic relationships Dendrocolaptidae Formicariidae Rhynocryptidae Thamnophilidae new biogeographic insights into origins of South American avifauna
Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation F. K. Barker, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, and J. Cracraft. 2004. PNAS 101:11040-11045 All "families" except 1 (Hypocoliidae, endemic to Iran and Iraq!) RAG-1 and RAG-2 nuclear genes (4129 bp) The passerines (passeriforms) arose in Australasian part of Gondwana prior to KT Significant incongruence with DNA hybridization "Tapestry" (e.g., Australasian "Corvida" massively paraphyletic)
Phylogeny of the Owls Barn owls are sister to strigines as expected Australasian Ninox is sister to all other strigines 25 of 31 genera represented Otus is polyphyletic and now the separate clades make more sense biogeographically
What remains to be done. Visit more collections and sequence/score more taxa Annealing of subclade matrices to create Supermatrix Upload information onto Supermatrix website Development of user-friendly interface to facilitate broad use. Large-scale simultaneous analysis of all the data