A General Look at the Structure of the Turkish Poultry Meat Sector in Comparison with the European Union B. CANAN 1 *, B. YILMAZ DIKMEN 2 1 University of Uludag, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, 16384, Gorukle, Bursa, *e-mail: basakc@uludag.edu.tr 2 University of Uludag, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 16384, Gorukle, Bursa, It is a scientific fact that the animal protein consumption must be increased for a healthy and successful society. Today it is thought that poultry is the sector that allows the fastest, cheapest and easiest production of animal protein. Thus, poultry has become an important sector. Poultry products are rather preferred to red meat and dairy products because of the high transformation rate of feed to meat and egg. Even though the prior aim of the producers is to maximize the level of profit, another important aim is to obtain high quality food from poultry meat. Poultry has gained importance in in recent years as a result of the advantages such as small area use, the high speed of production speed, evaluation of the waste, employment possibilities, integration with other sectors like feed industry and medicine industry. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential structure of the poultry meat sector in taking the European Union as a reference. In this study, statistical data on poultry meat were presented. By the help of the data, the potential structure of the Turkish poultry meat sector, the relation between the daily calorie intake for poultry meat and economic development, the degree of self-sufficiency were analyzed in comparison with the European Union countries and the developments occurred in during the membership period to the European Union were discussed. Keywords: poultry meat; statistics; ; European Union; convergence Introduction Leading a healthy life is possible with a healthy diet. Even if hunger in terms of quantity is not mentioned in the world, there is hunger in terms of animal protein. The poultry meat, which has a strategic importance in terms of animal protein supply in the diet, has significant importance because of its role in substituting the deficiency occurred as a result of the decrease in red meat production. Poultry can transform feed into meat in a very short period of time. The wastes of poultry besides meat and egg are also used as meat flour, feather flour and etc. in the rendering facilities. The chicken feet that are being exported to the Eastern Asia are also an economic potential. As a result of all these mentioned, poultry production has an economic significance in many countries (Roenigk, 1999; Akbay et al., 2001). is the 17 th on the world poultry meat production ranking in 2004. The developments in the world poultry meat sector are being closely followed by the Turkish poultry sector, high level of technology is being used in production and 80% of the production is carried out in integrated facilities.
Poultry meat production and consumption Poultry livestock values of the world, and the European Union () are given in Table 1. The chicken quantity has been increasing from 1998 to 2004 in the world; however there are fluctuations in the and values. The 6.4 % of the chicken in the world is from, while only has a share of 1.5%. and have 32.3% and 1.2% share in the world turkey value. The shares of and in the world duck value are 3% and 0.07%. The shares of and in the world goose value are almost equal. Table 1. Poultry Livestock (Thousand). Poultry 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Specie Chicken 1.013.769 1.009.652 1.067.789 1.065.363 1.033.356 1.032.157 1.037.800 100.757 99.882 96.059 93.917 90.775 89.159 89.470 Duck 30.399 30.971 31.101 32.605 32.544 30.778 30.615 Goose 1.739 1.668 1.479 1.475 1.471 1.457 1.460 Chicken 166.273 236.997 239.748 258.168 217.575 245.776 250.000 5.328 3.805 3.763 3.682 3.254 3.300 3.300 Duck 1.829 1.339 1.295 1.104 914 832 800 Goose 1.795 1.771 1.671 1.497 1.398 1.400 1.400 Chicken 13.237.351 13.842.016 14.625.916 15.258.415 15.979.974 16.146.924 16.194.925 262.198 264.203 265.440 276.967 273.051 267.524 276.225 Duck 803.184 868.585 931.311 972.849 1.041.228 1.018.244 1.019.479 Goose 211.471 219.258 234.161 238.876 266.257 259.115 262.232 The data on production f poultry meat include chicken, turkey, duck and goose meat. USA, China and Brazil were the top three countries in the poultry meat production in 2004. China is the world leader in duck and goose meat production and USA is the leader in turkey meat production (FAO, 2005). The produced 12.6% of the world poultry meat production with a value of 6.749.809 tones sin 1998 and this share feel down to 10.0% with a value of 6.817.230 tones in 2004. produced 0.92% of the world poultry meat production with a value of 486.682 tones sin 1998 and this share rose up to 1.39 in 2004 (Table 2). The leader among the members in poultry meat production is Spain (FAO, 2005). The reasons of the low levels of poultry meat production in the are the Avian Influenza epidemics occurred in Italy and Holland between 1999-2000 and in Belgium and Germany in 2003, this epidemic caused annihilation of around 30 million chicken and an economic loss of 150 million (Anonymous, 2005). produced 36.87% of the world turkey production with a value of 1.811.463 tones in 1998 and this share decreased to 33.10% in 2004 with a value of 1.693.050 tones. produced % 0.33 of the world turkey production with a value of 16.600 tones in 1998 and this share decreased to 0.20% in 2004 (Table 2). The leader among the members in 2004 in the turkey meat production is France (FAO 2005). While the turkey meat production decreased in the, duck and goose meat production increased. on the other hand has decreased its production of turkey, duck and goose meat (Table 2). This decrease in the turkey, duck and goose meat production can be explained by the increasing ostrich production and investment. The poultry meat consumption in the has an increasing tendency and the consumption reached to 8.018.943 tones in 2002 (Table3). However the increase in consumption is not as much as the increase in production. consumed 13.1% of the world poultry meat consumption in 1998 with a value of 7.942.654 tones and this share fell down to 11.0% in 2002 with a value of 8.018.943 tones. consumed 0.82% of the world poultry meat consumption in 1998 with a value of 497.293 tones and this share increased to 0.95% in 2002 (Table 3). England and France are the top two countries in 2002 in the poultry meat consumption (FAO 2005).
Table 2. Poultry meat production (Ton). Poultry 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Specie Chicken 6.749.809 6.637.603 6.645.033 6.812.701 6.651.376 6.625.818 6.817.230 1.811.463 1.743.681 1.806.110 1.876.533 1.828.783 1.748.650 1.693.050 Duck 317.387 326.126 333.950 340.452 364.883 349.950 354.726 Goose 13.094 13.102 14.971 14.876 14.882 14.959 14.962 Chicken 486.682 596.854 643.436 614.726 696.160 872.392 940.000 16.600 12.000 11.800 11.600 10.200 10.200 10.200 Duck 1.950 1.430 1.430 1.300 1.040 949 910 Goose 4.500 4.500 4.250 3.750 3.500 3.500 3.500 Chicken 53.172.697 55.856.284 59.086.587 61.643.314 64.013.565 65.798.751 67.718.544 4.912.973 4.883.989 5.109.585 5.306.258 5.383.279 5.241.414 5.113.838 Duck 2.536.562 2.768.277 2.996.025 3.012.906 3.151.866 3.207.297 3.245.102 Goose 1.807.856 1.868.909 2.001.974 1.970.302 2.044.733 2.129.731 2.130.239 Table 3. Poultry meat consumption (Ton) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 8.081.183 7.814.022 7.944.628 8.337.379 8.113.632 8.119.015 497.292 604.884 658.620 609.998 690.912 862.059 61.164.681 64.208.783 67.941.456 70.547.375 73.546.251 75.591.553 Poultry meat foreign trade s poultry meat export in 2003 is 0.16% of the world export value; on the other hand s share in the total export is 40.97% (Table 4). s export has reached to the maximum level in 2003 and it was the lowest in 2000. When we look at the export quantities between 1998 and 2003, Azerbaijan, China, Hong-Kong and Macedonia are the top countries to which we have exported poultry meat (İGEME, 2005). Chicken meat has the highest share in export with a share of 96-98%. meat export has increased by 2001 but still it has a low share of 3%. Duck meat with a share of 0.02% in the total export has not been exported since 2001. When we look at the, we see that Holland is the leader in chicken meat export with a share of 31%, France is the leader in turkey with a share of 51.21% and duck meat export with a share of 35.20% and Austria is the leader in duck meat export with a share of 78.27% in 2003. 1/3 of the total poultry meat import is realized by the Middle East countries and Russia who are the neighbors of. Despite the fact that has an advantage in terms of poultry meat import, the increasing foreign trade has been cut off as a result of the Gulf War. The production is mainly for national consumption, the production is not planned by taking into account the export potential, the production cost is high, there is a lack of subsidies in the sector, therefore export possibilities could not have been improved (Anonymous. 2001). The highest import of was realized in 2000 between 1998 and 2003 (Table 5). meat is the only product that is being imported to. The highest import of chicken meat was in 2001 and this amount is only 1/10000 of the total export of. The other poultry meat that has been exported between 1998 and 2003 is the duck meat. There is no data available for goose meat import. England is the leader importer of chicken meat with a share of 24.15% and Germany is the top importer of turkey, duck and goose meat with values of 51.20%, 47.4% and 74.26% in 2003 among the countries. The national production meets the national consumption in, thus no significant increase in the import is expected in the near future (Anonymous, 2001).
Daily calorie intake and the economic development Table 6 presents the daily calorie intake for poultry meat consumption and the gross national income of the world, and. Economic theory suggests that the main determinants of changes in food consumption are changes in real income, food prices, preferences and socio-demographic characteristics. In developed countries income and prices have less relative importance when compared with developing countries where income and prices are important in the sense that they determine dietary structure. Thus, a positive correlation between income and food consumption is expected which means that countries with higher income levels are expected to have higher consumption. Table 6. Evolution of average poultry meat consumption and gross national income per capita in the world, and 2000-2001 Average 2002-2003 Average GNI per Per capita capita (US$) calorie intake Per capita calorie intake (Kcal/capita/day) GNI per capita (US$) %Change in per capita calorie intake % Change in GNI per capita (Kcal/capita/day) 45 21539,5 47 21809 4.4 1.25 77 5223 77 5354 0 2.50 31 2705 37 2639 19.35-2.44 Source: FAO Agriculture Statistics and The Bank Data Query System. As seen from Table 6, the calorie intake from poultry meat in the world was 45 Kcal/capita/day for 2000-2001 and increased by 4.4% to 47 in 2002-2003. The gross national income per capita in the world increased by 1.25% from 2000-2001 to 2002-2003 (Anonymous, 2006). The calorie intake from poultry meat in the, which is much more higher than the world average, was the same for both of the periods that were investigated, but the gross national income per capita in the increased by 2.50% from 2000-2001 to 2002-2003. s calorie intake is lower than the world and the. The calorie intake has increased by 19.35 % while the gross national income has decreased by 2.44%. This situation could be explained by the fact that the poultry meat is a close substitute for red meat in the dietary structure and the price of red meat is more expensive than poultry meat. Thus, an increase in the price of red meat would increase the consumption of poultry meat or decrease in income would also cause the consumers to switch to a substitute with lower prices which is poultry meat in our case. As we can see, a 2.44% decrease in the gross national income resulted in a higher increase in consumption. Thus, we can also conclude that in countries with lower level of income such as the increase in the consumption is higher than the high level income countries. Results The poultry sector has developed rapidly within the last 50 years especially with the high adaptation of technology. The Turkish poultry sector that developed rapidly will develop more as a result of its contribution to the economy. The sector is expected to cooperate with public and private enterprises. The public sector should contribute to the development of the poultry sector by doing research on genetic materials, environmental aspects, product quality. The poultry meat demand has been increasing as a result of the decrease in the prices if poultry meat, increase in the price of red meat, increase in the income per capita and the changes in the consumption trends. The Turkish poultry sector does not have a competitive power in terms of export. The reasons are the high prices of feed which is approximately 70% of the total production cost and of which most are imported with high import duties, problems of epidemics and insufficiencies in the food inspection
Table 4. Poultry meat import quantity (Ton) and value (1000 $). 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Chicken 1.614.421 2.544.835 1.672.249 2.454.022 1.692.203 2.227.807 1.721.527 2.472.416 1.863.812 2.474.425 1.886.143 3.045.528 530.567 972.575 549.671 871.839 584.133 920.923 555.506 863.753 546.063 767.613 450.758 837.261 Duck 40.399 106.133 42.628 101.339 40.641 82.059 39.522 85.598 44.837 100.548 38.368 100.079 Goose 4,659 19.006 5,925 21.809 3,487 11.879 3.406 13.706 7.005 26.522 5.788 21.553 Chicken 12.443 11.124 9.886 6.762 3.659 5.977 21.076 13.968 19.260 11.176 24.193 15.269 14 13 0 1 33 29 333 266 634 446 797 1.024 Duck 4 8 0 0 5 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goose - - - - - - - - - - - - Chicken 5.970.400 6.881.227 6.309.595 6.517.326 6.890.183 6.395.984 7.443.953 7.595.682 7.305.217 6.813.900 7.723.132 7.967.957 796.556 1.311.750 806.504 1.181.768 902.682 1.315.264 921.627 1.331.023 944.187 1.190.355 881.512 1.437.021 Duck 98.965 223.124 104.994 222.347 107.031 199.811 131.645 229.555 161.589 314.140 158.912 318.733 Goose 38.011 114.733 45.708 110.633 48.132 105.081 37.403 110.651 52.710 146.214 49.977 143.273 Table 5. Poultry meat export quantity (Ton) and value (1000 $). 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Chicken 928.083 2.120.612 930.921 1.979.835 963.113 1.869.151 1.054.797 2.180.528 1.067.157 2.102.744 1.212.810 2.788.101 312.187 763.352 310.427 678.605 302.793 665.269 312.977 709.607 282.599 609.742 303.879 834.766 Duck 49.364 114.487 49.489 110.664 49.081 92.987 52.465 104.457 49.358 107.195 45.509 108.750 Goose 34.751 128.919 34.357 105.884 32.412 92.121 33.182 113.370 31.734 128.024 33.787 134.319 Chicken 17 41 3 8 0 0 108 108 38 32 62 46 0 0 0 0 1.446 974 103 66 0 0 0 0 Duck 10 14 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goose - - - - - - - - - - - - Chicken 5.050.557 6.487.965 5.559.833 6.256.676 5.935.712 6.074.799 6.431.778 6.824.310 6.478.576 6.690.076 6.905.171 7.638.039 755.694 1.187.712 733.024 1.035.542 751.023 1.057.713 855.474 1.169.468 934.097 1.126.865 918.784 1.354.724 Duck 116.176 247.484 134.196 265.042 164.742 278.001 168.335 289.137 142.252 273.876 134.685 278.823 Goose 38.011 114.733 45.708 110.633 48.132 105.081 37.403 110.651 52.710 146.214 49.977 143.273
system. The competitive power of the Turkish poultry meat sector is weak compared to because of the reasons listed above. The competitive power of the sector can be increased by the determination and application of policies designed in order to find a solution to the problems being experienced by the Turkish poultry sector. REFERENCES AKBAY, R., YALÇIN, S., CEYLAN, N. and OLHAN, E.(2000) Developments in the Turkish Poultry Sector and the Objectives. Agricultural Engineering 5 th Technical Congress, Publication no: 38, p. 795-810. ANONYMOUS. (2001) Food Industry Specific Specialization Commission Report, Poultry Meat and Egg Products Industry Sub-Commission Report, State Planning Department: 2638-ÖİK:646, Ankara. ANONYMOUS. (2005) Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) - European Commission http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews ANONYMOUS. (2006) The Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/ BESD-BIR. (2005) Poultry Meat Sector Enterprises and Breeders Union. www.besd-bir.org FAO. (2005) The Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org IGEME. (2005) Centre for Export Development http://www.igeme.org.tr ROENIGK, W. P. (1999) Poultry Consumption. Poultry Science, 78:722-728