Vector-Borne Disease Status and Trends

Vector-Borne Disease Status and Trends

Vector-borne Diseases in NY 2 Tick-borne Diseases: Lyme disease Babesiosis Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Powassan Encephalitis STARI Bourbon Virus Heartland Virus Meat Allergy? Q-Fever (more commonly transmitted in other ways) Tularemia (tick-bite = one of several modes of transmission)

Vector-borne Diseases (cont.) 3 Mosquito-borne Diseases: West Nile Virus Zika Virus Jamestown Canyon / LaCrosse St. Louis Encephalitis Eastern / Western / Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Dengue Fever Yellow Fever Chikungunya

4 Vector-borne Diseases (cont.) Louse-borne / Flea-borne Diseases: Typhus Fever Head Lice Pubic Lice Plague Mites: Scabies

5 Discovery of tick-borne pathogens as causes of human disease by year, 1960 2016 Year represents when tickborne pathogen was recognized as cause of human disease. Adapted from: Paddock CD, Lane RS, Staples JE, Labruna MB. 2016. In: Mack A, Editor. Global health impacts of vectorborne diseases: workshop summary. National Academies Press. p. 221-257.

Vector-Borne Disease Emergence 6 Introduction of new species Spread of existing species into new area Habitat modification Biogeographical changes Change in hydrology Increasing reservoir host populations Cultural factors Decreased pesticide application Wetland restoration Increased human contact with natural areas during recreation and occupation Climate?

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Ticks of NY: 8 ~30 species of ticks are found in New York State. 10 species commonly bite humans. 4 species can potentially transmit disease (in New York) Deer tick Ixodes scapularis American Dog tick Dermacentor variabilis Lone Star tick Amblyomma americanum Woodchuck tick Ixodes cookei

9 American Dog tick: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tularemia, Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) Lone Star tick: Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME), Tularemia Deer tick: Lyme disease, Powassan Encephalitis, B. miyamotoi infection, Babesiosis & Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) Woodchuck tick: Powassan Encephalitis

10 Fast Tick Facts: Ticks crawl they cannot not jump or fly They prefer shady, grassy, wooded areas along trails with abundant wildlife They must have direct contact with a host (person or animal) to attach and feed Unless removed, ticks attach to a host and feed for several days change appearance over feeding time.

11 Tick Talk The I. scapularis lifecycle is 2-3 years ~20 days (2% total lifespan) attached and feeding on hosts Can be transported small (rodents) or large distances (deer, birds) Remaining 98% of time spent in the environment Dormant in the upper soil and leaf litter Active on forest floor or vegetation (host-seeking) Rarely move more than 1 m in any direction Environmental and host factors can greatly influence tick populations and subsequent tick-borne disease risk.

The Seasonal Life cycle of the Deer tick*: 12 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 * CT Agricultural Experimental Field Station

Reported Lyme Disease Cases by Week of Onset, U.S., 2008 2015 2000 13 Number of cases 1500 1000 500 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 Jan Onset week July Confirmed Dec

14 Distribution of nationally notifiable tick-borne diseases

15 Reported cases of tick-borne diseases in the U.S. states and territories, 2016 Diseases 2016 Cases Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis* 5,750 Babesiosis 1,910 Lyme disease 36,429 Powassan virus disease 22 Spotted fever rickettsioses** 4,269 Tularemia 230 Total 48,610 *All anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis species, including undetermined **Includes R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, Rickettsia species 364D

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Tick-borne Diseases in New York State: Disease (causative agent) Reported NY cases 2001 2016* Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 79,548 17 Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) 4,795 Babesiosis (Babesia microti) 4,131 Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) 1,097 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) 277 Powassan encephalitis (Powassan virus or Deer Tick virus) 25 Tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia miyamotoi) 10** Tularemia (Fransicella tularensis) 7 * Reported to the NYSDOH by medical providers and clinical laboratories ** Identified in a NYSDOH retrospective and prospective study of patients screening negative for anaplasmosis

Annual Proportion of Lyme Disease Cases by Region in New York State (Excluding New York City) 1986-2013 100% Elsewhere 18 50% Westchester, Dutchess & Columbia 0% Nassau & Suffolk Putnam & Rockland Year of Report

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