MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 44 conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve, north Madagascar Neil D Cruze, Jörn Köhler I, Michael Franzen II and Frank Glaw II Correspondence: Neil D Cruze he World Society for the Protection of nimals 89 lbert mbankment, London, W1 7P, United Kingdom -mail: cruzecontrol@gmail.com BSC We surveyed the lowland rainforest of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve in north Madagascar for amphibians and reptiles. We recorded a total of 20 amphibian and 39 reptile species via opportunistic searching and pitfall trapping in the first published survey to focus on this area. Consequently most of the species found were new records for the area. pproximately half of the species (51 %) were only found in relatively undisturbed areas of forest and 61 % appear to be restricted to lowland rainforest below 900 m elevation. he most vulnerable elements of this herpetofauna are the three species that appear to be locally endemic to Forêt d mbre (according to the current knowledge): Boophis baetkei, Brookesia sp. nov., and hombophryne sp. nov. n additional 25 species are considered regional endemics, 14 species are threatened according to the 2007 ed List of hreatened Species and 15 species are listed on the CIS appendices. his paper contributes to the current understanding of Malagasy patterns of biodiversity by documenting the composition, geographical and ecological distribution of the herpetofauna found at this site. Despite its protected status, currently the eserve is not being managed sufficiently as it is subject to numerous human - induced environmental problems resulting in habitat destruction and should therefore be considered a high conservation management priority. Herein, we provide conservation and development recommendations for this highly diverse site of herpetological importance. Furthermore, we provide an updated and revised species list of the amphibians and reptiles of Montagne d mbre National Park and a species list for the private Fontenay Nature Park. ÉSUMÉ Lors d un inventaire des espèces d amphibiens et de reptiles de la éserve Spéciale de la Forêt d mbre au nord de Madagascar, nous avons recensés un total de 20 espèces d amphibiens et de 39 espèces de reptiles par le biais d échantillonnages directs et avec des trous - pièges «pitfall traps», constituant ainsi le premier résultat d inventaire publié sur cette zone. De sorte que toutes les espèces répertoriées constituent de nouvelles données pour cette région. nviron une moitié des espèces (51 %) n a été trouvée que dans des zones forestières peu perturbées et 61 % se limitent à la forêt pluviale de basse altitude (altitude inférieure à 900 m). Les éléments les plus vulnérables de cette herpétofaune sont les trois espèces qui semblent être localement endémiques, à savoir Boophis baetkei, Brookesia sp. nov. et hombophryne sp. nov. Par ailleurs, 25 autres espèces sont endémiques de la région, 14 espèces sont inscrites sur la liste rouge IUCN 2007 des espèces menacées et 15 sont inscrites dans les annexes de la CIS. Ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension des schémas de la biodiversité malgache en documentant la composition ainsi que la distribution géographique et écologique de l herpétofaune recensée sur ce site. Malgré son statut de protection, la réserve est soumise à de nombreuses perturbations d origine anthropique entrainant une destruction de l habitat et devrait à ce titre être considérée comme une zone prioritaire en matière de conservation. Nous formulons des recommandations pour la conservation et le développement de ces sites qui présentent une diversité faunique importance. Nous fournissons également une liste mise à jour et révisée des amphibiens et des reptiles du Parc National de la Montagne d mbre, ainsi qu une liste du parc privé Fontenay Nature Park. KYWODS: mphibia; Conservation; Forêt d mbre; Madagascar; Montagne d mbre; eptilia. INODUCION he Forêt d mbre is an area of forest located at the foot of the Montagne d mbre mountain complex, which runs north - south at the extreme northern tip of Madagascar (Figure 1). Part of the subhumid bioclimatic zone originally defined by Cornet (1974) and further utilized by Schatz (2000), it is subject to marked seasonal variation, with a distinct and relatively long dry season followed by a wet season lasting from December to pril. he annual precipitation of this location is higher than that received by the town ntsiranana, which has a mean of 980 mm (Nicoll and Langrand 1989), and is probably lower to that received at I II Jörn Köhler, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Department of Natural History Zoology, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany -mail: j.koehler@hlmd.de Michael Franzen and Frank Glaw, Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany -mail: Michael.Franzen@zsm.mwn.de and Frank.Glaw@zsm.mwn.de
Madagascar Conservation & Development is the journal of Madagascar Wildlife Conservation (MWC) and the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI Switzerland). It is produced in these institutions own responsibility. ll the Issues and articles are freely available at http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/journal.htm Contact Journal MCD info@journalmcd.net for general inquiries MCD funding@journalmcd.net for supporting the journal Journal Madagascar Conservation & Development Institute and Museum of nthropology University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland contact@mwc-info.net for general inquiries Postfach 2701 CH-8021 Zürich, Switzerland Logement 11, Cité ndohaniato ntananarivo 101, Madagascar info@janegoodall.ch for general inquiries JGI Switzerland Postfach 2807 8033 Zürich, Switzerland
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 45 the adjacent Montagne d mbre National Park (e.g. Station des oussettes, mean 2,378 mm). s a result the vegetation of the Forêt d mbre is distinctly mesic and has been described as transitional between lowland rainforest (at higher elevations) and dry deciduous western forest (at lower elevations) (White 1983, axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). Due to its close proximity to the town of ntsiranana and other large communes such as Sakaramy and Joffreville, the forest is also characterized by semi - disturbed and heavily degraded areas of anthropogenically altered habitat. he partial isolation of the low altitude dry deciduous forest of this site from the five other major localized areas of dry deciduous forest (nalamera, nkarana, Daraina, Montagne des Français and Orangea) located in the extreme north of Madagascar is believed to be as a result of human settlement [estimated at approximately 1,500-2,000 years ago (Hurles et al. 2005)] and subsequent anthropogenic deforestation (Vallan 2000, Vallan 2002, D Cruze et al. 2006). However, it is important to note that the sub - arid habitats which separate the rainforest within the Montagne d mbre complex from the rest of the major eastern rainforest block do not appear to have been created by the same recent human activity (axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). s the Montagne d mbre mountain complex is volcanic in origin, composed of basaltic rock formed about 14 million years ago (Du Puy and Moat 1996), it probably received more continuous precipitation during dry periods to support a forest cover which may have been partially isolated for millions of years from other northern and eastern forest blocks (axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). he Forêt d mbre Special eserve with a surface area of 4,810 ha (S12 20 - S12 30, 49 09-49 14 ) was formally created in 1958. his IUCN Category II protected area includes forest between 150 and 1,143 m a.s.l. and is characterized by numerous high - standing hills, ridges and plateaus interspersed with valleys, channels and gullies. Several rivers and streams flow through the eserve and a permanent body of water known locally as Lac Mahery can be found at 343 m a.s.l. Further protection is provided to forest in this mountain range by the adjacent Montagne d mbre National Park (18,200 ha) which was also created in 1958. Both the Forêt d mbre Special eserve and the Montagne d mbre National Park are currently managed by NGP ( ssociation Nationale pour la Gestion des ires Protégées ). In addition, a small privately owned and managed area of forest known as the Fontenay Nature Park borders both of these protected areas. Madagascar is blessed with a rich herpetofauna comprising over 600 species of reptiles and amphibians, more than 95 % of which are endemic to the Malagasy region (Glaw and Vences 2007). Based on specific combinations of climate, topography and vegetation, Madagascar has been traditionally divided into five or six biogeographic zones (Cornet 1974, Schatz 2000), More recently, Wilmé et al. (2006) divided the island into 10 areas of endemism according to the main watersheds and species distribution data. mong these, the areas characterized by humid rainforest (predominantly the east of the island) have attracted most of the attention from researchers because of their high biodiversity and advanced conservation needs. However, fieldwork conducted in recent years has begun to reveal the extraordinary importance of the extreme north as a biological center of herpetological diversity and endemism, which has included the discovery of a multitude of undescribed herpetological taxa (axworthy and Nussbaum 1994, Mori et al. 2006, D Cruze et al. 2006, 2007, akotondravony 2006). Despite the relatively old age of the Special eserve and the interesting biogeographic history of the site, prior to this study virtually nothing was known about its herpetofauna. Specimens had been collected from the Montagne d mbre complex for more than 100 years, with the earliest herpetological collection (deposited in the Musée National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris) made by lluaud and Belly in 1893 (Mocquard 1895). ypically, however these specimens lack precise locality data, which is a significant problem because of the wide elevational range and diverse array of habitat types in the region. Species were often represented by a single specimen, which made it impossible to understand character variation within local populations and increased the risk of taxonomic errors. s a result no comprehensive species list for the amphibians and reptiles of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve has ever been published. In contrast several vertebrate species lists have been produced for the adjacent Montagne d mbre National Park (IUCN / UNP / WWF 1987, Nicoll and Langrand 1989, ndreone 1991, axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). However, even the most recent survey conducted by axworthy and Nussbaum (1994) was done over a decade ago and is in need of revision in order to keep up with new discoveries and taxonomic progress. Given the lack of published information regarding this important site of conservation, we conducted a rapid survey of amphibians and reptiles in order to (1) update the existing knowledge regarding the composition, geographical and ecological distribution of the herpetofauna of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve, (2) highlight the herpetological diversity of this area and identify the current threats to its conservation, (3) review the existing conservation initiatives and (4) provide recommendations that will facilitate the development of an effective and sustainable management plan for the reserve. We also take the opportunity to provide a preliminary species list for the Fontenay Nature Park and an updated species list for the Montagne d mbre National Park. SUDY SIS Field work was centered at two camps situated along the road which runs along the eastern edge of the eserve from Sakaramy to Joffreville, which facilitated exploration of the full altitudinal range found within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve and adjacent unprotected areas (150-1,143 m). Camp 1, Hotely sara Lasopy ntanambetsara, S12º27.98, 49º 13.82, 454 m altitude, adjacent to low altitude rainforest, was occupied from 18 to 25 February 2008. Camp 2, Le Domaine de Fontenay, S12º 29.70, 49º12.15, 720 m altitude, also adjacent to low altitude rainforest, was occupied from 25 to 29 February 2008. In addition, short excursions were carried out by a second team in the Fontenay Nature Park (S12º29.70, 49º12.15, between 19 and 28 February 2008) and to the Lac Mahery (27 February 2008). n initial excursion to Forêt d mbre was carried out on 12 March 2007. Fieldwork in Montagne d mbre National Park was carried out by many different research teams during several excursions between 1994 and 2008 and most of the results are summarized in Glaw and Vences (2007).
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 46 FIGU 2. Species accumulation curve for amphibians and reptiles found in this study at the Forêt d mbre Special eserve. FIGU 1. Map of northern Madagascar. he grey square depicts the location of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve, the Montagne d mbre National Park and Montagne des Français within the ntsiranana Province. MILS ND MHODS Due to the lack of field information regarding the herpetofauna of Fôret d mbre we used a wide range of sampling methods in order to collect data for as many species as possible. he main survey techniques we utilized were pitfall trapping with drift fences, opportunistic searching, refuge examination, and searching for calling frogs. We also made a concerted effort to identify anthropogenic activities that represent threats to the conservation of this area. We used three 100 m pitfall traplines with drift fences as described in axworthy and Nussbaum (1994), which were left in place for a total of eight days. We conducted opportunistic searches (D Cruze et al. 2007) across the full range of altitudes and habitats night and day searching in order to reveal the presence of species not captured by the other methods. We also made direct counts along line transects to identify species and assess their distribution and abundance. We specifically targeted calling anurans after rainfall. We classified the species encountered during this survey using a system similar to that used by Wilson and McCranie (2004) and D Cruze et al. (2006, 2007) that can be summarized as follows: bundant (large numbers encountered on a regular basis), common (encountered on a regular basis), infrequent (unpredictable, few individuals seen), or rare (rarely seen). hese classifications are based on data collected using all survey techniques and refer to the total number of individuals encountered for each species. Finally we also estimated the altitudinal range for all of the species currently recorded from the Montagne d mbre complex. We used the minimum and maximum elevations [combined data of our surveys and that of axworthy and Nussbaum (1994)] to calculate the elevational range of each species. his method makes the assumption that each species is distributed continuously through the minimum and maximum elevation recorded. he following information was recorded for each collected specimen: date, latitude, longitude, habitat, microhabitat and altitude. We also made color notes and took photographs. We took voucher specimens (preserved in 70 % ethanol) and tissue samples for all voucher specimens. eptile and amphibian specimens were deposited at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM) and at the Université d ntananarivo, Département de Biologie nimale (UDB). list of specimens can be found in ppendix I. SULS During this survey we recorded a total of 20 amphibian and 39 reptile species in the Forêt d mbre, giving a total herpetofaunal diversity of 59 species. single species, Madascincus cf. polleni, was the only species captured in the pitfall traps. xplicit details of pitfall trap captures are not provided as they yielded very poor results. he species accumulation curves (Figure 2) indicate that we did not encounter all the reptile and amphibian species present in the area. However, it can now be assumed that the herpetofauna of Forêt d mbre consists of at least 24 species of lizard (41 %), 15 snakes (25 %) and 20 anurans (34 %). We classify a total of 3 species (5 %) as abundant, 14 (24 %) as common, 21 (36 %) as infrequent and 21 (36 %) as rare (able 1). complete species list is given in able 1 along with the current CIS listing (CIS Species Database, Geneva, Switzerland) and IUCN status (IUCN ed List of hreatened Species 2007, Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland) for each of the relevant species. able 1 also includes ecological data for each species including habitat type (classified as either forest or anthropogenically disturbed habitat), ecological distribution and relative abundance. We also provide a preliminary species list of amphibians and reptiles for the Fontenay Nature Park containing 36 species as well as an updated species list for the Montagne d mbre National Park including 75 species (able 2). Photographic evidence of some of the species encountered during this study are provided in Figure 3 Plate - D.
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 47 BL 1. Conservation Status and distribution of the amphibian and reptile species found in Forêt d mbre Special eserve during this study. bbreviations: elative bundance: = abundant, C = common, I = infrequent, = rare; cological Distribution: B = arboreal, = terrestrial, S = semiaquatic; Habitat: F = forest, = anthropogenically disturbed habitat; ndemicity: = endemic to Madagascar, = endemic to the north of Madagascar (regional endemic), N = not endemic to Madagascar. Species IUCN CIS elative bundance cological Distribution Habitat ndemic mphibia Microhylidae Cophyla sp. nov. B Platypelis grandis LC B F hombophryne sp. nov. C F Stumpffia sp. C F Ptychadenidae Ptychadena mascareniensis LC C, S Mantellidae glyptodactylus madagascariensis LC I, F glyptodactylus securifer LC I, F Blommersia wittei LC F Boophis baetkei N B F Boophis brachychir DD I B F Boophis septentrionalis DD I B F Boophis sp. nov. aff. brachychir B F Boophis sp. nov. aff. madagascariensis north I B F Boophis tephraeomystax LC I B,, F Gephyromantis granulatus LC I, S F Gephyromantis pseudoasper LC I, S F Mantella viridis N II F Mantidactylus ambreensis LC I, S F Mantidactylus bellyi C, S F Mantidactylus aff. betsileanus, S F eptilia Chamaeleonidae Brookesia ebenaui II C B F Brookesia sp. nov. (II) C B F Brookesia stumpffi II C B F Furcifer oustaleti II B Furcifer pardalis II B, F Furcifer petteri II C B F Gekkonidae Blaesodactylus boivini C B, F Geckolepis cf. maculata B F Hemidactylus frenatus I B N Lygodactylus cf. heterurus B Paroedura cf. oviceps I F Paroedura stumpffi I F Phelsuma abbotti chekei LC II I B Phelsuma lineata dorsivittata II I B, F Phelsuma grandis II C B, F Uroplatus alluaudi II B Uroplatus sp. nov. aff. ebenaui II B, F Uroplatus sp. nov. aff. henkeli II C B, F Uroplatus sikorae II C B, F Uroplatus giganteus II I B, F Gerrhosauridae Zonosaurus haraldmeieri I F Scincidae Madascincus cf. polleni I F
VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCM B 20 0 8 M DG SC CO N SV I O N & D V LO PM N PG 4 8 rachylepis elegans I rachylepis tavaratra I I B,, F lluaudina bellyi C, F Dromicodryas quadrilineatus Ithycyphus miniatus B Leioheterodon madagascariensis C, F Leioheterodon modestus Liophidium torquatum I F Mimophis mahfalensis Pseudoxyrhopus microps Pseudoxyrhopus cf. quinquelineatus? Stenophis granuliceps B F Stenophis inopinae B F Stenophis cf. variabilis B F hamnosophis lateralis F hamnosophis martae F Boidae Sanzinia madagascariensis volontany VU Colubridae sensu lato BIOGOGPHY ND CONSVION SUS lmost Plate : Uroplatus sp. nov. aff. ebenaui Plate B: Uroplatus giganteus all of these species are naturally endemic to Madagascar, with just one, Hemidactylus frenatus, known for its cosmopolitan distribution. he following species are currently known only from this Special eserve: Boophis baetkei, Brookesia sp. nov., and hombophryne sp. nov. Furthermore, we recorded 25 species (42 %) that are regional endemics restricted to only a few places in north Madagascar (able 1). wo species are listed as data deficient, two are listed as endangered (as of the original description, see Köhler et al. 2008), one is listed as vulnerable and 10 are listed as least concern on the 2007 IUCN ed List of hreatened Species. total of 15 species are listed on the CIS appendices. HBI ND DISIBUION With regards to habitat quality, 30 species (51 %), were only observed in relatively undisturbed forest (able 1). total of 14 species (24 %) were observed in both forest and anthropogenically disturbed habitat. Only 14 species (24 %) were observed in anthropogenically disturbed habitat. In terms of vertical positioning within the undisturbed habitat, we found 22 species (37 %) only in terrestrial situations, 29 (49 %) only in typically arboreal situations, and 2 (3 %) in both (able 1). We observed six species (10 %) in both semi - aquatic and terrestrial situations. LIUDINL DISIBUION he altitudinal distribution of the amphibians and reptiles is restricted in most cases to just a portion of the full altitudinal range of the Montagne d mbre complex. distinct transitional altitude is apparent for many species at 900 m. Of the 59 species encountered at Forêt d mbre Special eserve during this survey, 36 (61 %) have been found exclusively at or below 900 m and 22 (37 %) have been found above and below 900 m (able 2). DISCUSSION Plate C: Boophis sp. nov. aff. madagascariensis north Plate D: Leioheterodon madagascariensis FIGU 3. Photographic documentation of some of the species encountered in Forêt d mbre. N IMPON SI OF HPOLOGICL DIVSI Y ND NDMISM he extremely high level of regional endemism seen in the herpetofauna, immediately emphasizes the value of the Forêt d mbre Special eserve as a key site
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 49 BL 2. Inventory list and altitudinal distribution for the amphibian and reptile species of Montagne d mbre National Park, Fontenay Nature Park and the Forêt d mbre Special eserve (see text for literature sources): Survey Data: + = present; ltitude:? = unknown. Species Montagne d mbre Fontenay Forêt d mbre ltitude mphibia Microhylidae Cophyla sp. nov. + + + 500-1,250 Platypelis grandis + + 550-1,050 hombophryne laevipes + 900-1,200 hombophryne sp. nov. + 400-500 Stumpffia sp. 1 + 600-1,250 Stumpffia sp. 2 + + + 400-650 Hyperoliidae Heterixalus cf. carbonei + 1,000 Mantellidae glyptodactylus madagascariensis + + + 650-1,200 glyptodactylus securifer + + 400-650 Blommersia wittei + + + 300-1,000 Boophis baetkei + 400-500 Boophis blommersae + + 650-1,050 Boophis brachychir + 400-500 Boophis septentrionalis + + + 650-1,150 Boophis sp. nov. aff. brachychir + + 650-1,050 Boophis sp. nov. aff. madagascariensis north + + + 500-1,050 Boophis tephraeomystax + + + 100-1,000 Gephyromantis ambohitra + 900-1,050 Gephyromantis granulatus + + + 400-1,250 Gephyromantis cf. horridus + 1,000-1,200 Gephyromantis pseudoasper + + + 400-900 Guibemantis aff. bicalcaratus + 950-1,200 Guibemantis liber + 1,000-1,150 Mantella viridis + 100-200 Mantidactylus ambreensis + + + 400-1,150 Mantidactylus bellyi + + + 400-1,150 Mantidactylus aff. betsileanus + + 450-1,050 Mantidactylus femoralis + 650-1,150 Ptychadenidae Ptychadena mascareniensis + + + 100-1,200 eptilia Chamaeleonidae Brookesia ambreensis + 650-1,050 Brookesia antakarana + 650-1,050 Brookesia ebenaui + + + 400-800 Brookesia sp. nov. + 400-500 Brookesia stumpffi + + + 400-1,200 Brookesia tuberculata + 900-1,100 Calumma amber + 900-1,300 Calumma ambreense + 900-1,250 Calumma boettgeri + 650-1,250 Calumma nasutum + 900 Furcifer oustaleti + + 400-650 Furcifer pardalis + + + 400-900 Furcifer petteri + + + 400-700 Furcifer sp. nov. + 800-900 Gekkonidae Blaesodactylus boivini + 400-600 benavia inunguis + 650
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 50 Geckolepis cf. maculata + + + 400-650 Hemidactylus frenatus + 100-400 Lygodactylus madagascariensis + + 650-1,200 Lygodactylus cf. heterurus + 100-200 Paroedura cf. gracilis + 850-900 Paroedura cf. oviceps + + 400-800 Paroedura stumpffi + + + 400-700 Phelsuma abbotti chekei + 400-500 Phelsuma grandis + + + 400-900 Phelsuma lineata dorsivittata + + + 500-1,100 Uroplatus alluaudi + + 750-950 Uroplatus giganteus + + + 400-850 Uroplatus sp. nov. aff. henkeli + + 400-650 Uroplatus sikorae + + 650-1,000 Uroplatus sp. nov. aff. ebenaui + + 400-1,200 Gerrhosauridae Zonosaurus haraldmeieri + + + 400-1,000 Scincidae mphiglossus alluaudi +? mphiglossus mandokava + 950 mphiglossus melanurus + 1 100 Madascincus melanopleura + 900-1,250 Madascincus mouroundavae + 900-1,250 Madascincus cf. polleni + + 400-650 Paracontias brocchii + 900-1,250 Paracontias hildebrandti + 600-700 rachylepis elegans + + + 300-850 rachylepis tavaratra + 300-500 Boidae Sanzinia madagascariensis volontany + + + 400-950 Colubridae sensu lato lluaudina bellyi + + + 400-650 Compsophis albiventris + 900-1,250 Compsophis infralineatus + 650 Dromicodryas quadrilineatus + 400-500 xallodontophis albignaci + 650 Ithycyphus miniatus + 400-500 Leioheterodon madagascariensis + + + 100-1,000 Leioheterodon modestus + + 400-650 Liophidium rhodogaster + 850-1,150 Liophidium sp. + 650 Liophidium torquatum + + + 400-950 Liopholidophis dimorphus + 800-900 Mimophis mahfalensis + 400-500 Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis + 900-1,200 Pseudoxyrhopus cf. quinquelineatus +? Pseudoxyrhopus microps + + + 500-650 Stenophis granuliceps + + + 400-800 Stenophis inopinae + 400-500 Stenophis cf. variabilis + + + 400-800 hamnosophis lateralis + + 300-900 hamnosophis martae + 400-500 yphlopidae yphlops microcephalus + 650-1,200 yphlops cf. mucronatus + 650 OL 75 36 59 -
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 51 of herpetological conservation importance. Due to its isolation from the rest of the eastern rainforest belt and the forests of the Sambirano region, the humid lowland rainforest and transitional forest of the Forêt d mbre may have served as a biological refuge. herefore it may have preserved relict populations of species that disappeared from other regions of the eastern rainforest belt during dry periods; or it may have facilitated speciation through geographic isolation (axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). Both of these factors would have produced endemics in the Forêt d mbre forest and therefore this reserve may contain species that are found nowhere else (Köhler et al. 2008). With regards to habitat quality, approximately half of all the species were only observed in relatively undisturbed forest which highlights the conservation importance of this habitat (able 1). Only approximately one quarter of the species were observed in both forest and anthropogenically disturbed habitat which indicates that these species are able to adapt to adverse human activities to at least some degree. he remaining species were only observed in anthropogenically disturbed habitat. It is possible that this is because these particular habitats suit their needs or because they are indifferent to habitat change. However, it is also possible that this is because there are specific aspects of their natural history (i.e. nocturnal, cryptic behavior) that makes them difficult to observe in the more structurally diverse forest habitat. he relatively large elevational range within the Montagne d mbre complex (Forêt d mbre Special eserve, Montagne d mbre National Park and the Fontenay Nature Park) makes it an interesting area in Madagascar to study elevational influences on patterns of species distribution. It is also crucial for future conservation initiatives focusing on this area that this ecological aspect is characterized to enable informed decisions. he transitional 900 m contour observed for many species corresponds closely to the transition between lowland rainforest and moist montane rainforest, which is indicated by White (1983) to be about 800 m. he fauna of Forêt d mbre therefore appears to be largely composed of lowland rainforest species and some species that are also able to adapt to moist montane forest conditions found at the upper altitudes of the reserve. NG XNSIONS his is the first published survey to focus on this area. Consequently most of the species found were new records for this specific locality. However, several species encountered during this study require special mention as their occurrence in the Forêt d mbre significantly contributes to the current information regarding their distribution in Madagascar. he presence of Mantella viridis at this locality is noteworthy because this species, until recently considered as critically endangered [now changed to endangered by ndreone et al. (2008a)], was only known from few localities in the extreme north of Madagascar (Glaw and Vences 2007). Similarly, prior to this survey the Colubrid snake hamnosophis martae was only known from Montagne des Français. he Giant leaf - tailed gecko Uroplatus giganteus is also recorded from this reserve for the first time. his species is the second largest extant gecko in the world and is currently considered to be at serious conservation risk as a result of its limited distribution which is believed to be restricted to the Montagne d mbre mountain range (Glaw et al. 2006). his survey also extends the known habitat for several species that are more typically associated with dry deciduous forest: Blaesodactylus boivini, Leioheterodon modestus, Phelsuma abbotti and Stenophis inopinae. MONGN D MB he species accumulation curves for Forêt d mbre (Figure 2) indicate that this rapid assessment (12 days of research) was not enough to allow for complete sampling at this location. In contrast, the herpetofauna of Montagne d mbre National Park has been surveyed intensively by different researchers since long (Mocquard 1895, amanantsoa 1974, ndreone 1991, Glaw and Vences 1994, 2007, axworthy and Nussbaum 1994). It is therefore remarkable that several species have also been discovered in this reserve only recently, including Boophis tephraeomystax, Mantidactylus aff. betsileanus, Furcifer sp. nov., Paroedura cf. gracilis, mphiglossus mandokava, and Stenophis granuliceps. hese findings indicate that even intensive surveys, conducted by numerous researchers using different methods may often fail to obtain a complete herpetofaunal species inventory in rainforest areas of Madagascar which usually harbour a large amount of species. NHOPOGNIC HS Socio - economic factors such as rapid population growth, poor education and other particular aspects of Malagasy culture are partly responsible for obliging local residents to employ harmful agricultural methods and other activities that lead to the exploitation of natural resources (Durbin et al. 2003) which can be a serious threat to amphibians and reptiles (Glaw and Vences 2007). s a result of its close proximity to the administrative capital of the ntsiranana province (ca. 30 km) and neighbouring communes such as Sakaramy and Joffreville, the unique biodiversity of this Special eserve is particularly vulnerable to these anthropogenic pressures. Indeed, our study revealed that the unique fauna of the Forêt d mbre is under immediate threat from numerous anthropogenic pressures that are currently being conducted within the Special eserve despite its protective status. he major threats to the integrity of the herpetofauna of this area are: (1) agricultural clearance for banana, coffee, khat, maize, papaya, and rice cultivation; (2) charcoal production; (3) timber production; (4) small scale quarrying; and (5) zebu grazing (Figure 4 Plate - D). Sites are either selectively logged or cleared of all trees as a result of all of these practices which has resulted in the degradation or clearance of large areas of forest within the reserve. In addition, other vertebrate groups within this Special eserve are also under threat from subsistence hunting (researchers observed poachers with rifles targeting wetland bird species at Lac Mahery) and from feral cats and dogs, which were encountered on several occasions. lthough illegal collection of reptiles and amphibians for the pet trade may have been taken place at this locality no evidence was gathered during this study. hese pressures on natural resources have already had a major impact at a national level [Myers et al. (2000) estimated that more than 90 % of the original natural vegetation has already been lost in Madagascar] and are currently believed to constitute the most severe threat to reptiles and amphibians in Madagascar (Vallan 2002, 2003, ndreone et al. 2005, 2008b, Glaw and Vences 2007). Continued forest clearance will lead to the eventual fragmentation of the remaining areas of forest (with serious consequences on herpetofauna, e.g. Vallan 2000), followed by local and possibly complete extinctions that will in turn place increased pressure on the existing system of protected areas in the north of Madagascar.
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 52 Plate Plate B Plate C Plate D FIGU 4. Photographic documenation of clearings, plantations and other threats in Forêt d mbre. Plate : Banana plantation within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve; Plate B: gricultural clearance (for rice) within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve; Plate C: imber production within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve; Plate D: Zebu grazing within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve XISING CONSVION INIIIVS he extreme north of Madagascar is already recognized as one of the richest regions of the biodiversity hotspot that is Madagascar (e.g. axworthy and Nussbaum 1994, 1995, ndreone et al. 2003, Wilmé et al. 2006). In addition to the Montagne d mbre complex, this region contains five other major localized areas of forest (nalamera, nkarana, Daraina, Montagne des Français and Orangea) and a plethora of much smaller more fragmented areas (e.g. mpombofofo, Manondro, Nosy Hara, Windsor Castle). In order to protect these unique habitats from the anthropogenic threats highlighted above, existing conservation strategies are in place, which include the identification of priority areas in Madagascar for threatened or overall species diversity and their inclusion in protected nature reserves (Ganzhorn et al. 1997, NGP 2001, Kremen et al. 2008). In theory these protected nature reserves are an effective means to protect tropical biodiversity and they can be successful at stopping land clearing, and to a lesser degree effective at mitigating logging, hunting, fire, and grazing (Bruner et al. 2001). However, it has also been demonstrated that their effectiveness correlates with basic management activities such as enforcement, boundary demarcation, and direct compensation to local communities (Bruner et al. 2001), which require substantial financial investment (Balmford and Whitten 2003). Furthermore, in practice the identification and management of priority areas has also been constrained by lack of information on the distribution, abundance, and habitat requirements of threatened species and the size, condition, and threats to survival of forest remnants (Smith et al. 1997). his type of baseline information is needed to integrate information relevant to existing conservation and development programmes and guide the course of future management strategies (Kremen et al. 1994). here is a distinct lack of funding and baseline biodiversity data for the majority of protected and non protected areas of forest in Madagascar which may explain the current situation at the Forêt d mbre Special eserve. Internationally, in the past three decades conservation biologists have developed powerful tools for reserve selection and design (Kremen et al. 1999, 2008). Using fundamental biological and socioeconomic principles of modern conservation science, complex park proposals and management plans are developed that are specifically designed to balance human and wildlife needs (Kremen et al. 1994). Created and relatively neglected since 1958, it is likely that the eserve was not designed with the aim of preserving natural resources and biodiversity in concert with improving human well - being or the importance of the consent and support of local inhabitants (Kremen et al.1994). Furthermore it is also possible that the integrity of the biodiversity within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve has also suffered as a result of its close proximity to the Montagne d mbre National Park. With limited funding and manpower it appears that NGP and previous management authorities have focused on the biodiversity in the moist montane forest found at the higher elevations. FUU CONSVION INIIIVS It is clear that immediate increased conservation management action is required to protect the biological diversity found within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve. We strongly suggest that this should be made effective immediately because of the relatively small surface area (4,810 ha) of this special reserve and the frequency and intensity of which anthropogenic disturbance was encountered during this survey. We predict that without immediate action the majority of the habitat in this Special eserve will be subject to some form of adverse anthropogenic activity within the next five to 10 years. Based on the findings of this survey we provide conservation recommendations for this highly diverse site of herpetological importance: stablishment of an enforcement training programme which will produce forest wardens that will be able to patrol the existing core protected area and act as an active deterrent. Further assessment and monitoring of natural resource use activities. In particular, clearance of forest needs to be restricted and the remaining areas must be carefully monitored (e.g. by remote sensing using satellite data). Development of small scale eco-tourism (such as that employed at the Montagne d mbre National Park) as a workable alternative to non - sustainable resource use. ttractions and activities could include guided walks, boat trips and the utilization of specially designed bird hides. Development and implementation of a large - scale, regionally connected, more sustainable community - focused management system, which includes payments for ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Development efforts, to promote sustainable agriculture practices and to improve human conditions. Village - based education programmes aimed at demonstrating alternative energy systems and crops, which are compatible with local traditions.
MDGSC CONSVION & DVLOPMN VOLUM 3 ISSU 1 DCMB 2008 PG 53 aising awareness about environmental problems. Village - based programmes targeting all socioeconomic groups. Implementation of additional biodiversity surveys focused on the other major taxonomic groups found within the Forêt d mbre Special eserve. Implementation of additional biodiversity surveys in the remaining protected areas in the ntsiranana Province. CKNOWLDGMNS We thank Parfait Bora, Hildegard nting, ngelika Knoll, Zoltan Nagy, Marta Puente, ngelin and ngeluc azafimanantsoa for their help in the field. We are very grateful to the Fontenay team (aymond, Marie-José, Karl-Heinz) for their great hospitality and support during our fieldwork. he work was carried out in collaboration with the Département de Biologie nimale, Université d ntananarivo, and the ssociation Nationale pour la Gestion des ires Protégées (NGP). 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