African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 7 (4): 181-186, 015 ISSN 079-034 IDOSI Publications, 015 DOI: 10.589/idosi.ajbas.015.7.4.9448 Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Fasciola Infection in Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Eiopia wi Reference to Diagnostic Value of Its Coprological Examination Abel Birhanu, Reta Tesfaye and Samuel Derso University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box-196, Eiopia Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out between November, 013 and February, 014 wi e aims of determining e prevalence and associated risk factors for Fasciola infection and to compare diagnostic performance of sedimentation technique to detect Fasciola eggs in feces wi at of post-mortem findings for Fasciola species in small ruminants slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Eiopia. A total of 384 small ruminants comprising of 05 sheep and 179 goats were subjected to coprological and post-mortem examinations. Based on results of post-mortem examinations, e overall prevalence of Fasciola infection in is study was 18.8%. Significantly higher (5.9%) prevalence of Fasciola infection was observed in sheep as compared to at of goats (10.6%). Sheep and goats wi poor body condition had higher (9.6%) prevalence an animals wi medium (18.%) and good (11.9%) body conditions. However, e prevalence of Fasciola infection was not significantly different between sexes, age groups and origins of e animals. The sensitivity and specificity of e sedimentation technique to detect Fasciola eggs were 68% and 100% respectively, as compared to e post-mortem examination of liver. The high prevalence of Fasciola infection in e study area indicated e need for control of is economically important parasite. The current study also indicated at Fasciola infection might be misdiagnosed on ante-mortem fecal examination. Therefore, upon diagnosis of fasciolosis, epidemiological information about e disease wi suggestive clinical examination should be considered even in e absence of Fasciolaeggs during coprological examinations. Key words: Cross Sectional Fasciola Risk Factors Sensitivity Small Ruminants Specificity INTRODUCTION Small ruminant fasciolosis due to F. hepatica and F. gigantica is endemic and economically important in many Parasitic infections in domestic animals have parts of Eiopia wi prevalence ranging from 11.5% to great economic impact, especially in developing 87.0%. The economic losses are associated wi mortality, countries. Fasciolosis is one of e most common loss of productivity, liver condemnation and treatment economically important and widespread parasitic costs [3, 4]. diseases of domestic livestock particularly in cattle, Diagnosis of faciolosis is based primarily on clinical sheep and goats [1]. The disease is caused by signs, seasonal occurrence, prevailing wi e patterns digenean trematodes of e genus Fasciola, and a previous history of fasciolosis on e farm or e commonly referred to as liver flukes. The two species identification of snail habitats [5]. Confirmatory diagnosis most commonly implicated as e aetiological agents however, is based on demonstration of Fasciola egg of fasciolosis are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola rough standard examination of faeces in a laboratory gigantica. F. hepatica has a worldwide distribution and post-mortem examination of infected animals and but predominates in temperate zones while F. gigantica demonstration of immature and mature flukes in e is found on most continents, primarily in tropical regions liver [6]. Immunological tests are also available for []. demonstration of Fasciola infection [7, 8]. Corresponding Auor: Reta Tesfaye, University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 196, Eiopia. Tel: +51-91190797. 181
On fecal examination, it is important to differentiate sensitivity and specificity of sedimentation technique as Fasciola eggs from e eggs of paraphistomum species; compared to post-mortem findings. Origin, age, species, rumen fluke. The Fasciola eggs have a yellow shell sex and body condition were considered to assess eir wi an indistinct operculum and e embryonic cells. association wi Fasciola infection. The origins of e The paraphistomum eggs have transparent shells and animals were determined by interviewing animal owners. distinct opercula; eir embryonic cells are clear and is The study animals were categorized into young and adult. is frequently a small knob at e posterior pole, while e Those which had not erupted permanent incisor tee egg emselves are often larger an ose of e liver were classified as young, while ose wi one or more fluke [7]. pairs of permanent incisor tee were classified as adults. The young flukes have lancet like in appearance Body condition scoring was made based on e standard at e time of entry into liver and are 1- mm in leng. described by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural When F. hepatica are fully matured in e bile duct ey Development [9]. are leaf shaped, grey-brown in color and measure around 3.5 cm in leng and l.0 cm in wid. The anterior end is Sample Size Determination and Sampling Techniques: conical and marked off by distinct shoulders from e Sample size was determined by using e formula body. The adult F. gigantica is larger an F. hepatica, described by Thrusfield [10]. e body is more transparent and can reach 7.5 cm in leng and 1.5 cm in bread. The shape is more leaf-like, n = 1.96 Pexp (1 Pexp) e conical anterior is very short and e shoulders, d characteristics of F. hepatica, are barely perceptible [5]. Large numbers of small ruminants are slaughtered n = required sample size daily at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise. This study Pexp = expected prevalence was conducted wi e objectives of estimating e d = desired absolute precision prevalence of Fasciola infection in sheep and goats and assessing risk factors wi its occurrence. The sensitivity Based on e given formula, considering expected and specificity of sedimentation technique to diagnose prevalence of 50%, 95% confidence level and absolute Fasciola infection as compared to post-mortem precision of 5% a total of 384 small ruminants were inspection of liver was also determined. sampled in is study. Systematic random sampling meod was used in MATERIALS AND METHODS selection of e animals. The total number of sheep and goats slaughtered at e abattoir was estimated to 10,800 Study Area: This study was conducted at Addis Ababa annually based on e report of e enterprise. On Abattoir Enterprise. Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise is average, 300 sheep and goats were slaughtered every day. e largest abattoir in e city where cattle, small Therefore, every animal were sampled on 70 interval over ruminants and swine are slaughtered for local ree mons of period until e total sample size was consumption. achieved. Identification of e Animals and Coprological Study Animals: The study animals comprised sheep and Examination: Identification numbers were given to e goats slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise. selected animals during e ante-mortem examination. These animals were originated from seven different The potential associated factors were also recorded localities; Harar, Debre Birhan, Selale, Arsi, Borena, during is time and en fecal samples were collected Afar and Somali. Animals of different age groups and directly from e rectum. The samples were immediately bo sexes were included in e study. taken to e laboratory in tightly closed universal bottles labeled wi e identification numbers and examined for Study Design: A cross sectional study design was used Fasciola eggs by using sedimentation technique. to estimate e prevalence of Fasciola infection and its Attention was given to differentiate Fasciola eggs from associated risk factors in small ruminants slaughtered at at of paramphistomes based on eir morphological Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise and to determine e appearance during laboratory examination. 18
Post-mortem Examination: During meat inspection, Two by two contingency table was used to compare e livers of previously identified animals were carefully coprology and post-mortem findings. examined for e presence of Fasciola species. The fluke recovery was conducted following e approach RESULTS described by Hammond and Sewell [11]. Briefly, e liver was cut into slices of about 1cm ick and put in a metal Over All Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Fasciola trough of warm water to allow mature flukes lodged in infection was18.8% (N=7) based on post-mortem smaller bile ducts to escape. The gall bladder was examination. Out of e total 7 livers found positive for removed and washed to screen out mature flukes. Fasciola during e study period; 38 (5.8%), 0 (7.8%), Identification of e fluke species involved was carried 8 (11.1%) and 6 (8.3%) were due to F. hepatica, F. out based on e morphological features of e agent and gigantica, mixed infection and immature flukes, classified in to F. hepatica, F. gigantica, mixed and respectively. unidentified or immature forms of liver fluke [6, 1]. Risk Factors Associated wi Occurrence of Fasciola Data Analysis: Collected data were entered into excel spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 0 statistical package. Descriptive statistics was done for variables in e study using frequency and percentage. Chi square was used to check for variables if ey have association wi e dependent variable. Variables which Infection: Wi current study, prevalence of Fasciola infection is found significantly higher in ovine as compared to caprine and in small ruminants wi poor body condition as compared wi medium and good body conditions as described in Table 1. Differences in prevalence among origins, sexes and ages were also had significant association were identified on e bases observed. However, ese differences were not of P vale less an 0.05 wi 95% confidence interval. statistically significant as shown in Table. Table 1: Prevalence of Fasciola infection in small ruminants in relation to species and body conditions No examined No positive Prevalence (%) p Species Ovine 05 53 5.9 14.567 0.001 Caprine 179 19 10.6 Body condition Good 143 17 11.9 1.01 0.00 Medium 143 6 18. Poor 98 9 9.6 Table : Prevalence of Fasciola in small ruminants in different age groups, sexes and origin Risk factors No. animals examined Positive Prevalence (%) P Age Young 13 19 14.4.505 0.133 Adult 5 53 1 Sex Male 183 3 17.5 0.366 0.545 Female 01 40 19.9 Origin Debre-Birhan 85 5 9.4 11.856 0.065 Selale 76 16 1.1 Arsi 65 11 16.9 Harar 66 10 15. Borena 40 6 15 Afar 7 7.4 Somali 5 8 183
Table 3: Comparison of coprological and pos-mortem examination for detection of Fasciola infection Postmortem examination ----------------------------------------------------------------- Fecal examination Positive Negative Total Positive 49 0 49 Negative 3 31 335 Total 7 31 3841 Sensitivity=49 7 100% =68% Specificity=31 31 100%=100% Comparison of Coprological and Post-mortem Examination: From e total 384 sheep and goats examined for e presence of Fasciola, post-mortem finding revealed higher result (18.8%) an coprological examination (1.8%) as shown in Table 3. DISCUSSIONS The present study revealed an overall prevalence of about 19% for Fasciola infection in small ruminants upon post-mortem examination. This result is higher an 3.% report from Modjo Modern Export Abattoir, Eiopia [13]. Similarly, lower prevalence (10.5%) was reported from Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Eiopia [14]. However, e current overall prevalence of liver flukes in small ruminant is lower an reports of Getachew [15] in Addis Ababa (51% in sheep and 47% in goats). Comparable prevalence (17%) to e current study was reported from Hashim Nur s Eiopian Livestock and Meat Export Industrialized Abattoir in Debre Zeit, Eiopia [16]. The differences in e prevalence may be attributed to e difference in presence of conducive environment for intermediate host, snails, where e study animals originated. It might also be due to differences in e use of anelmintics against Fasciola in e study areas. In is study, Fasciola infection was detected at higher proportion in sheep as compared to at of goats. This result agreed wi Abdulhakim and Addis [16] who reported higher (0.8%) prevalence of fasciolosis in sheep an at of goats (13%). Similarly, Khanjari et al. [17] reported a prevalence of 7.7% and 5.4% in sheep and goats respectively and Henok and Mekonnen [18] also reported a higher prevalence of fasciolosis in sheep (14.6%) an at of goats (8.8%). The variation in e prevalence of fasciolosis among species might be due to e fact at sheep had indiscriminate type of grazing behavior which led to a high chance of acquiring infection, whereas goats were selective grazers and did not graze on marshy areas where ere was a high chance of picking e metacercaria along wi e grass. Highest prevalence of Fasciola infection was detected in animals wi poor body condition followed by medium and good body condition scores. The high prevalence of Fasciola infection in poor body condition animals could be justified by e fact given by Devendra and Marca [19] who indicated animals of poor body condition were vulnerable to parasitic diseases. The significant variation in e prevalence of fasciolosis in relation to body condition could be furer justified by e fact at Fasciola worms are known to suck blood and tissue fluid and even damage e parenchyma of e liver due to e migrating immature worms [0]. It can also be furer justified by e fact at cholangitis and liver cirrhosisinduced in chronic fasciolosis could reduce bile flow to e duodenum and hence reduced lipid emulsification, digestion and absorption of fatty acid and lipid soluble vitamins [1]. This finding confirmed e importance of fasciolosis in causing weight loss and emaciation as a characteristic sign of e disease []. Significant role was not observed in is study in relation to infection rate between male and female, adult and young and among origin of animals. This was in agreement wi e report of Mohammed [3], Ahmed et al [4] and Alula et al [5]. Young sheep and goats at slaughtering age had a chance of exposure to Fasciola infection as e farming system is extensive under Eiopian condition. In e current study, e sensitivity of sedimentation technique to detect Fasciola eggs was 68%. This was comparable to e reports of 60% sensitivity in Switzerland [6]. The low sensitivity of sedimentation meod might be attributed partly due to e need of longer period up to 8-15 weeks after infection for e appearance of Fasciola egg in e feces []. Coprological examination includes numerous steps at increase e chance of losing eggs, as demonstrated by e lower number of positive result recorded in is work. Eggs might remain in e debris while filtering e feces rough gauze or might get fixed on e bottom and wall of e container and wiin e pipette when taking e sediment for microscopic observation. Furermore, it might be due to e fact at Fasciola eggs are sheded intermittently depending on e evacuation of e gall bladder [7]. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The current study revealed at fasciolosis was widespread in small ruminants of different parts of e study areas. The high level of Fasciola in sheep and goats in e present study represented high rate of infection and immense economic losses to e country. 184
The prevalence at field level could be even higher an 9. MOARD, 008. Ministry of Agriculture and rural is study because animals intended for slaughter in most development. Sheep and goat production hand book of e cases were treated wi broad spectrum for Eiopia. Eiopian sheep and goat production anelmintics to improve body weight gains. Some of e animals were negative for coprological examination by improvement program. Addis Ababa, Eiopia, pp: 3-4. simple sedimentation technique even ough ey were 10. Thursfield M., 007. Veterinary Epidemiology found positive by post-mortem examination of e livers. This indicated at coprological examination had limitation in detecting e presence of Fasciola infection. Therefore, rd 3 ed. Edinburgh, UK: Black Well Science Ltd, pp: 18-189. 11. Hammond, A. and M. Sewell, 1974. Flotation on to in e diagnosis of fasciolosis, epidemiological sell tape (demonstration), Transactions of e Royal information and clinical manifestations should be considered in negative fecal sample results. Strategic Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66: 547. 1. Urquart, G.M., J. Duncan, L. Armour, J. Dunn and control of liver fluke in e study area is recommended to reduce e burden of fasciolosis and e subsequent economic loss. A.M. Jennings, 1996. Veterinary parasitology, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Eiopia for allowing us to use eir facilities and assisting e research work. REFERENCES 1. Okewole, E.A, G.A.T, Ogundipe, J.O. Adejinmi and A.O. Olaniyan, 000. Clinical evaluation of ree chemoprophylactic regimes against ovine helminosis in a Fasciola endemic farm in Ibadan, Nigeria. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 56(1): 15-8.. Dalton, J.P., 1998. Fasciolosis. school of Biotechnology, Dublin city, Ireland. 3. Anne, M.Z. and A.C. Gray, 006. Veterinary clinical Parasitology, 7 ed. American Association of e Proctolo-hist, pp: 185-10. 4. Sirajudin, K., D. Benti and T. Worku, 01. Small ruminant Fasciolosis in Jimma Area of Sou Western Eiopia, Its Epidemiology and Minimum Monetary loss. Global veterinaria, 9(5): 635-641. 5. Taylor, M.A., R.L. Coop and R.L. Wall, 007. rd Veterinary Parasitology, 3 ed. Black well publishing, UK, pp: 01-05. 6. Soulsby, E.J.L., 198. Helmines, Arropodes and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, 7 ed. Ballirere Tindall, UK, pp: 40-5. 7. Smi, P.B., 009. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 4 ed. Mosby, USA, pp: 909-910. 8. Charleslefevre, P., J. Blancou, R. Chermette and G. Uilenberg, 010. Infectious Disease of Livestock, st 1 ed. Lavoizer publisher, Paris, pp: 1603-161. nd ed. Black well science, UK, pp: 103-133. 13. Dawit, K. and H. Adem, 011. Abattoir survey on e prevalence and monitory loss associated wi Fasciolosis in Sheep and Goats. International Journal of Livestock Production, : 138-141. 14. Yehualashet, A., A., Aklilu, Z. Kaleab and A. Tsegaye, 013. Prevalence and economic importance of liver parasites: Hydatid cyst, Fasciola species and Cysticercus tenuicolis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise in Eiopa, Journal of veterinary medicine and animal heal, 5(1): 1-7. 15. Getachew, T., 1987. A survey of Fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir. International Livestock Research Institute research report, Eiopia, 3: 10-11. 16. Abdulhakim, Y. and M. Addis, 01. An abattoir study on e prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats in Debre Zeit town, Eiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8: 308-314. 17. Khanjari, A., A. Bahonar, S. Fallah, M. Bagheri, A. Alizade, F. Marjan and Z. Khanjari, 014. Prevalence of Fasciolosis and Dicrocoeliosis in slaughtered sheep and goats in Amol Abattoir, Mazandaran, Norern Iran. The Asian Pacific journal of Tropical Disease, 4(): 10-14. 18. Henok, M. and A. Mekonnen, 011. Study on e Prevalence and Risk Factors of Fasciolosis in Small Ruminants in and around Hirna Town, Eiopia. Global veterinaria, 7(5): 497-50. 19. Devendra, C. and B. Marca, 1983. Goat production in tropics: Common Weal Agriculture Bureau. Unwin Limited, old working, Surrey, pp: 90-9. 0. Marquardt, W.C., R.S. Demaree and R.B. Grieve, 000. nd Parasitology and Vector Biology. ed. Academic Press, London, pp: 70. 185
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