Veterinary Parasitology

Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Parasitology jo u rn al hom epa ge : www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in intestinal tissue specimens of cats by chromogenic in situ hybridization Meike M. Mostegl, Andreas Wetscher, Barbara Richter, Nora Nedorost, Nora Dinhopl, Herbert Weissenböck Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 24 May 2011 Received in revised form 15 July 2011 Accepted 27 July 2011 Keywords: Cat Chromogenic in situ hybridization Trichomonads Tritrichomonas foetus Pentatrichomonas hominis a b s t r a c t In this retrospective study 102 cats were analyzed for the presence of trichomonads in intestinal tissue sections using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Two intestinal trichomonad species are described in cats: Pentatrichomonas hominis and Tritrichomonas foetus. While P. hominis is considered a mere commensal, T. foetus has been found to be the causative agent of feline large-bowel diarrhea. For the detection of both agents within intestinal tissue CISH assays using three different probes were performed. In the first CISH run a probe specific for all relevant members of the order Trichomonadida (OT probe) was used. In a second CISH run all positive samples were further examined on three consecutive tissue sections using the OT probe, a probe specific for the family of Tritrichomonadidae (Tritri probe) and a newly designed probe specifically detecting P. hominis (Penta hom probe). In total, four of the 102 cats were found to be positive with the OT probe. Thereof, one cat gave a positive reaction with the P. hominis probe and three cats were positive with the T. foetus probe. All Trichomonas-positive cats were pure-bred and between 8 and 32 weeks of age. In one cat positive for T. foetus large amounts of parasites were found in the gut lumen and invading the intestinal mucosa. The species of the detected trichomonads were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing of a part of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, the usefulness of CISH to detect intestinal trichomonads within feline tissue samples was shown. Additionally, the specific detection of P. hominis using CISH was established. Generally, it was shown that CISH is well suited for detection and differentiation of trichomonosis in retrospective studies using tissue samples. 2011 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. 1. Introduction Several trichomonad species of the phylum Parabasala are well-known pathogens in veterinary medicine. In cats two trichomonad species have received scientific attention, Tritrichomonas foetus (family Tritrichomonadidae) and Pen- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1250772418; fax: +43 1250772490. E-mail address: herbert.weissenboeck@vetmeduni.ac.at (H. Weissenböck). tatrichomonas hominis (family Trichomonadidae) (Cepicka et al., 2010). P. hominis (Honigberg et al., 1968) is known to inhabit the digestive tract, mainly the large intestine, of several vertebrates such as humans, dogs, monkeys, guinea pigs and cats (Wenrich, 1944; Jongwutiwes et al., 2000). In former studies P. hominis was erroneously considered to be the causative agent of the chronic large-bowel diarrhea in cats (Romatowski, 1996; Gookin et al., 1999; Romatowski, 2000). After experimental induction of transient diarrhea in specific pathogen free cats by T. foetus it became unanimously accepted that the disease was due 0304-4017 2011 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.050

210 M.M. Mostegl et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 to T. foetus and not P. hominis (Gookin et al., 2001). T. foetus is mainly known as the causative agent of bovine trichomonosis (Parsonson et al., 1976), a venereal disease in heifers. It could be demonstrated that cattle are susceptible to infection with T. foetus isolated from cats and vice versa causing comparable lesions (Stockdale et al., 2007, 2008). A recent study suggested the recognition of genetically distinct cattle genotype and cat genotype of T. foetus (Šlapeta et al., 2010). Furthermore, T. foetus was found to be the same species as Tritrichomonas suis (Lun et al., 2005), and was shown to be a facultative pathogen in the large intestine of pigs (Mostegl et al., 2011). In cats, T. foetus colonizes the ileum, caecum and colon in close proximity to the mucosal surface (Yaeger and Gookin, 2005). Although the presence of T. foetus in the feline reproductive tract is regarded as unlikely (Gray et al., 2010), there is a single report of a natural T. foetus infection in the feline uterus (Dahlgren et al., 2007). Cats affected with T. foetus were usually less than 12 months of age with only single cases ranging up to 13 years of age (Gookin et al., 1999; Gunn-Moore et al., 2007; Stockdale et al., 2009), lived in multi-cat households, and were predominantly pure-bred cats (Gookin et al., 1999, 2004). Infections of cats with T. foetus were first described in the USA (Gookin et al., 1999), but several reports followed from other countries, such as the UK (Mardell and Sparkes, 2006; Gunn-Moore et al., 2007), Germany (Gookin et al., 2003b; Schrey et al., 2009), Switzerland (Frey et al., 2009), the Netherlands (Van Doom et al., 2009), Italy (Holliday et al., 2009), Greece (Xenoulis et al., 2010), Australia (Bissett et al., 2008, 2009; Bell et al., 2010), New Zealand (Kingsbury et al., 2010), and Korea (Lim et al., 2010). Trichomonads in cats can be diagnosed by examination of fecal smears, after cultivation (Gookin et al., 2003a; Hale et al., 2009), or by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on fecal samples targeting a part of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rrna) gene (Gookin et al., 2002, 2007). Another newly described method for diagnosing trichomonads directly within formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) specific for a part of the 18S rrna. With this technique the correlation of the presence of the protozoan organism with tissue lesions can easily be assessed. However, the auto-fluorescence of blood cells, which are within the size range of trichomonads, is the main disadvantage of the FISH technique (Gookin et al., 2010). Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) does not display this disadvantage and has been shown to be a reliable method for detecting trichomonads (Mostegl et al., 2010), and T. foetus in particular (Mostegl et al., 2011), within formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. In this study, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue sections of 102 cats were examined retrospectively, using three different CISH probes specific for all trichomonads, all members of the family Tritrichomonadidae or P. hominis to assess the involved species, the quantity of parasite cells and the associated lesions. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Cat specimen In total 102 intestinal formalin-fixed and paraffin waxembedded tissue sections of cats (55 male, 45 female and 2 of unknown sex) from the archive of the Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine were used. Included were 96 samples of cats obtained at necropsy and 6 biopsy or organ samples which were examined between 1997 and 2010. All chosen cats suffered from diarrhea and were between 4 weeks and 2 years of age. Represented breeds were European shorthair (n = 67), Persian (n = 7), European longhair (n = 4), Siamese, Maine Coon, British shorthair (each n = 3), Ragamuffin, Burmese (each n = 2), Exotic shorthair, Bengal, Oriental shorthair, Norwegian Forest Cat, Ragdoll, Abyssinian (each n = 1) and 5 cats of unknown breed. All but one tissue sample included small and large intestine, with the exceptional case comprising only small intestinal tissue. At conventional histological examination of the intestine presence of trichomonad-like organisms was registered in only two of the cases (cat 2 and cat 4). 2.2. P. hominis probe design A CISH oligonucleotide probe for the specific detection of P. hominis was designed (Penta hom probe). First, homology studies comprising all 18S rrna sequences of P. hominis available in GenBank were performed using the Sci Ed Central (Scientific & Educational software, Cary NC, USA) software package. A region of complete homology in all P. hominis sequences was chosen as probe. The selected Penta hom probe sequence was 5 - GTG AAC GTT GAA ACG TAG GGA CAT TGC TGT CCA ATT CCG-3. Subsequently, the probe sequence was subjected to the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast.cgi) to search against the Gen- Bank and exclude unintentional cross-reactivity. The Penta hom probe was synthesized and labeled with digoxigenin (Eurofins MWG Operon, Ebersberg, Germany). Afterwards, it was tested on a formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded protozoal culture containing P. hominis. Negative results were achieved with other protozoal cultures including Histomonas meleagridis, Hypotrichomonas acosta, Monocercomonas colubrorum, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomitus batrachorum, Tritrichomonas augusta and T. foetus (Mostegl et al., 2010). To rule out further cross-reactivity the probe was tested on various embedded cultures and tissue samples including several species of other protozoan parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses as listed in Mostegl et al. (2010). 2.3. Chromogenic in situ hybridization Two CISH runs were performed on the feline formalinfixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections including small and large intestine. In the first run an oligonucleotide probe (order Trichomonadida (OT) probe) specific for all known trichomonads (Mostegl et al., 2010) was used. All positive samples were subjected to a second CISH run, per-

M.M. Mostegl et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 211 formed on three consecutive tissue sections using the OT probe, a probe specific for the family of Tritrichomonadidae (Tritri probe) (Mostegl et al., 2011) and the newly designed Penta hom probe. CISH was performed in accordance with a previously published protocol (Chvala et al., 2006). Briefly, 3 m thin formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections were dewaxed and rehydrated. In a first step the slides were treated with 2.5 g/ml proteinase K (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) diluted in Tris-buffered saline for 30 min at 37 C for proteolysis. After the treatment the tissue slides were rinsed in distilled water to remove the proteinase K and dehydrated in alcohol (95% and 100%), followed by airdrying. The slides were incubated over night at 40 C with the hybridization mixture, 100 l of which was composed of 50 l formamide, 20 l 20 standard saline citrate buffer (SSC), 12 l distilled water, 10 l dextran sulfate (50%, w/v), 5 l boiled herring sperm DNA (50 mg/ml), 2 l Denhardt s solution and 1 l OT, Tritri or Penta hom probe, respectively, at a concentration of 20 ng/ml. On the second day, the slides were washed in decreasing concentrations of SSC (2 SSC, 1 SSC and 0.1 SSC; 10 min each) for removal of unbound probe. Afterwards the sections were incubated with anti-digoxigenin-ap Fab fragments (Roche) (1:200) for 1 h at room temperature. The hybridized probe was visualized using the color substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro- 3-inodyl phosphate (BCIP) and 4-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) (Roche). After 2 h of incubation the color development was stopped using TE buffer (ph 8.0). In a last step the slides were counterstained in haematoxylin and mounted under coverslips using Aquatex (VWR International, Vienna, Austria). 2.4. Polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing The cases that yielded a positive CISH signal were confirmed by partial sequencing of the 18S rrna gene. DNA was extracted from the paraffin embedded tissue and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted as detailed by Mostegl et al. (2011). The primer pair described in that paper flanks a region of 234 bp of the 18S rrna gene that can be used to differentiate between various trichomonad species including T. foetus and P. hominis. The resulting sequence was subjected to BLAST search for identification of the present trichomonad species. 3. Results In total, four of 102 cats were found positive with the OT probe. Cat 1, a male Siamese of eight weeks, had been necropsied after suffering from anorexia and pasty diarrhea. At microscopic examination a moderate dilation of mucosal crypts with occasional accumulation of luminal eosinophilic material was found in small intestinal samples. The leukocytic infiltration of the mucosa was within the normal range. Large intestine was not available in this case. With the CISH of the small intestine using the OT probe scattered trichomonads stained dark purple within the crypts (Fig. 1A). No positive signal could be detected when the Tritri probe was used (Fig. 1B). CISH with the Penta hom probe stained trichomonads in these crypts which had also a positive reaction with the OT probe (Fig. 1C), suggesting the presence of P. hominis. This was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 18S rrna gene yielding a sequence with 100% similarity only to published P. hominis sequences. Cat 2, a male Persian of four months of age, underwent necropsy due to inanition and diarrhea. The microscopic examination of the large intestine showed moderate crypt hyperplasia and mild crypt dilation in the mucosa. Approximately 10% of crypts were filled predominately with eosinophils and fewer neutrophils. About one third of crypts were filled with large amounts of parasite-like objects especially in basal areas. In the lamina propria neutrophils were mildly increased and there were acute superficial petechiae in the mucosa. By CISH of the large intestine with the OT probe abundant strongly stained trichomonads, not only present within the crypt lumen but also invading the lamina propria mucosae, were found (Fig. 1D). CISH with the Tritri probe also detected large amounts of dark purple stained trichomonads within the crypts and immigrating into the lamina propria mucosae (Fig. 1E). No positively stained protozoal parasites were detected with the Penta hom probe (Fig. 1F), indicating the presence of T. foetus. In the small intestine single parasites were identified between crypt epithelium and lamina propria. However, no histopathological changes were evident in the examined areas. Nucleotide sequencing confirmed the presence of T. foetus in the intestinal samples by yielding a sequence identical to corresponding published sequences only from T. foetus. Cat 3, a female Ragamuffin of four months of age, was subjected to necropsy with the tentative diagnosis of feline parvoviral infection. During the standard histopathological examination no evidence for a parvovirus infection was found. In the small intestine a mild crypt dilation and mild increase in mucosal lamina propria lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils and eosinophils was present. The large intestinal mucosa showed a mild crypt dilation with moderate amounts of mucus. The leukocytic infiltration was normal in the examined slides. With CISH of the small and large intestine using the OT probe scattered positively stained trichomonads were detected within the crypts (Fig. 1G). With the Tritri probe the same protozoal organisms were found to be positive (Fig. 1H). There were no positive signals with the Penta hom probe (Fig. 1I), suggesting the presence of T. foetus. This was confirmed by PCR with the resulting amplicon having a nucleotide sequence that was 100% similar to corresponding regions of published T. foetus sequences. Several intestinal samples of cat 4, a female Persian cat of eight months of age, were submitted by a veterinarian due to enteritis completely resistant to therapeutic approaches. The microscopic examination of the colon showed a mild crypt dilation and mild increase of lamina propria neutrophils. In the gut lumen along the mucosal surface there were large amounts of parasitelike objects intermingled with large amounts of mucus, many neutrophils, some desquamated epithelial cells and erythrocytes and few eosinophils and macrophages. The

212 M.M. Mostegl et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 Fig. 1. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) of intestinal tissue sections of four cats using three different oligonucleotide probes. (A, D, G and J) OT probe specific for the order Trichomonadida; (B, E, H and K) Tritri probe specific for the family of Trichomonadidae; (C, F, I and L) Penta hom probe specific for Pentatrichomonas hominis. Positively stained trichomonads are dark purple. (A C) CISH of cat 1; (A and C) trichomonads (P. hominis) are present within the intestinal crypt lumina. (D F) CISH of cat 2; (D and E) large amounts of trichomonads (T. foetus) are present within the intestinal crypts and immigrating into the lamina propria mucosae. (G I) CISH of cat 3; (G and H) scattered trichomonads (T. foetus) are visible within the intestinal crypts. (J L) CISH of cat 4; (J and K) large amounts of positively stained trichomonads (T. foetus) are found within the gut lumen. (A I) Bar = 80 m. (J L) Bar = 150 m. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.) CISH with the OT probe showed positive staining of the parasite-like objects present in the gut lumen (Fig. 1J). The same picture was observed when the intestinal sample was analyzed using the Tritri probe (Fig. 1K). No positively stained parasites were found with the Penta hom probe (Fig. 1L), indicating the presence of T. foetus. This result could be confirmed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing producing a sequence identical to those published for T. foetus. In the small intestine no protozoa were detected by CISH although there were mildly increased lamina propria neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Taken together, four of 102 cats were found positive for trichomonads. Thereof, three cats were found to be positive with the OT and the Tritri probe (two cats after necropsy, one organ submission) suggesting the presence of T. foetus, and in one cat (after necropsy) the OT and the Penta hom probe gave positive signals indicating the detection of P. hominis. 4. Discussion In this study the suitability of the CISH technique for the detection of trichomonads in intestinal samples of cats was

M.M. Mostegl et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 213 investigated. Three different CISH probes were shown to successfully detect trichomonads in cats. The OT (Mostegl et al., 2010) and the Tritri probe (Mostegl et al., 2011) had been shown in a previous study to identify trichomonads and particularly T. foetus in pigs. The third newly designed Penta hom probe was found to be suitable to specifically detect P. hominis in the intestine of cats. No background staining was observed using these three probes. Additionally, it was shown that the CISH method with the described probes is not only a reliable technique in necropsy samples but also for analyzing biopsy samples. The specificity of the probes in the routinely processed diagnostic material had been further confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the amplification products. Compared to the recently published FISH technique for trichomonad identification and localization (Gookin et al., 2010), CISH has the advantage of not displaying any auto-fluorescence of red blood cells, which are in the size range of trichomonads and have been mentioned to be a big disadvantage in detecting trichomonads especially in birds. However, previous studies indicated that CISH is a convenient method of visualizing trichomonads in various bird species (Richter et al., 2010; Amin et al., 2011). The sensitivity of the technique is considered good, as (1) it proofed to stain each single trichomonad cell in paraffin-embedded culture samples (Mostegl et al., 2010, 2011) and (2) it revealed trichomonad infections in cases which would not have been diagnosed by histological examination alone. In previous investigations intestinal trichomonosis in cats has been primarily found in young, pure-bred cats, which lived in multi-cat households. Unfortunately, in none of the 102 examined cats information about the housing conditions was available. In total, only 4 of the 102 cats were found positive for trichomonads. Interestingly, all positive cases were pedigree cats. In accordance with literature findings, this observation may point to a higher susceptibility of pure-bred cats for this parasitosis (Kuehner et al., 2011). In one of the four trichomonad positive cats (cat 1, Siamese, 8 weeks of age) P. hominis was found. The amount of protozoan parasites was small and apart from a mild crypt distension there were no pathological lesions in this case. This would be in line with other reports, postulating that P. hominis were a mere commensal in the intestine of cats (Levy et al., 2003). In the three other cats positive for trichomonads, an infection with T. foetus was identified. In cat 3 (Ragamuffin, 16 weeks of age) only scattered T. foetus cells were present within the intestinal crypt lumen and there were only very mild pathological lesions suggesting also other causes than the present trichomonads to be responsible for the clinical signs. In both, cat 2 (Persian, 16 weeks of age) and cat 4 (Persian, 32 weeks of age) large amounts of T. foetus were visualized, with the difference that in cat 4 the organisms were present exclusively in the gut lumen, while in cat 2 the parasites were also found in the crypt lumina and immigrating into the lamina propria mucosa. These differences in tissue localization of the trichomonads are also reflected by variable degrees of colonic lesions, which were more pronounced in case 2. Although the small number of positive cases is far from drawing reliable conclusions, it is tempting to assume that the severity of histological lesions is directly correlated with the number and location of the parasites. As the amount of trichomonads was quite small in two of the positive samples, it also is not unlikely that low-grade infestations might have escaped detection by examining only one colonic section per animal. Trichomonads are very fragile and easily washed away during tissue processing. It has been shown in prior studies that a minimum of 6 tissue sections needs to be examined in coproscopically proven positive animals in order to have a 95% confidence interval that the parasites will be identified in at least one section (Yaeger and Gookin, 2005). While CISH is probably inarguably better at finding trichomonads than routine light microscopy, also this method still relies on trichomonads being retained in the biopsy specimen and thus examination of several sections, preferably different tissue locations is recommended for future studies. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Karin Fragner and Klaus Bitterman for their excellent technical support. Positive and negative control samples for probe testing were kindly provided by Prof. Jaroslav Kulda and Prof. Michael Hess. This work was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant P20926. References Amin, A., Liebhart, D., Weissenböck, H., Hess, M., 2011. Experimental infection of turkeys and chickens with a clonal strain of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum induces a latent infection in the absence of clinical signs and lesions. J. Comp. Pathol. 144, 55 62. Bell, E.T., Gowan, R.A., Lingard, A.E., McCoy, R.J., Šlapeta, J., Malik, R., 2010. Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12, 889 898. Bissett, S.A., Gowan, R.A., O Brien, C.R., Stone, M.R., Gookin, J.L., 2008. Feline diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus and Giardia co-infection in an Australian cattery. Aust. Vet. J. 86, 440 443. Bissett, S.A., Stone, M.L., Malik, R., Norris, J.M., O Brien, C., Mansfield, C.S., Nicholls, J.M., Griffin, A., Gookin, J.L., 2009. Observed occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus and other enteric parasites in Australian cattery and shelter cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11, 803 807. Cepicka, I., Hampl, V., Kulda, J., 2010. Critical taxonomic revision of parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species. Protist 161, 400 433. Chvala, S., Fragner, K., Hackl, R., Hess, M., Weissenböck, H., 2006. Cryptosporidium infection in domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) detected by in-situ Hybridization. J. Comp. Pathol. 134, 211 218. Dahlgren, S.S., Gjerde, B., Pettersen, H.Y., 2007. First record of natural Tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. J. Small Anim. Pract. 48, 654 657. Frey, C.F., Schild, M., Hemphill, A., Stünzi, P., Müller, N., Gottstein, B., Burgener, I.A., 2009. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats in Switzerland detected by in vitro cultivation and PCR. Parasitol. Res. 104, 783 788. Gookin, J.L., Birkenheuer, A.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Levy, M.G., 2002. Singletube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4126 4130. Gookin, J.L., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Levy, M.G., Gager, R.B., Benrud, J.G., 1999. Diarrhea associated with trichomonosis in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215, 1450 1454. Gookin, J.L., Foster, D.M., Poore, M.F., Stebbins, M.E., Levy, M.G., 2003a. Use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 222, 1376 1379. Gookin, J.L., Levy, M.G., Mac Law, J., Papich, M.G., Poore, M.F., Breitschwerdt, E.B., 2001. Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62, 1690 1697.

214 M.M. Mostegl et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 209 214 Gookin, J.L., Stauffer, S.H., Levy, M.G., 2007. Identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in feline fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction assay. Vet. Parasitol. 145, 11 15. Gookin, J.L., Stebbins, M.E., Adams, E., Burlone, K., Fulton, M., Hochel, R., Talaat, M., Poore, M., Levy, M.G., 2003b. Prevalence and risk of T. foetus infection in cattery cats (Abstract). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17, 380. Gookin, J.L., Stebbins, M.E., Hunt, E., Burlone, K., Fulton, M., Hochel, R., Talaat, M., Poore, M., Levy, M.G., 2004. Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 2707 2710. Gookin, J.L., Stone, M.R., Yaeger, M.J., Meyerholz, D.K., Moisan, P., 2010. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for identification of Tritrichomonas foetus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded histological specimens of intestinal trichomonosis. Vet. Parasitol. 172, 139 143. Gray, S.G., Hunter, S.A., Stone, M.R., Gookin, J.L., 2010. Assessment of reproductive tract disease in cats at risk for Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Am. J. Vet. Res. 71, 76 81, doi:10.2460/ajvr.71.1.76. Gunn-Moore, D.A., McCann, T.M., Reed, N., Simpson, K.E., Tennant, B., 2007. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the UK. J. Feline Med. Surg. 9, 214 218. Hale, S., Norris, J.M., Šlapeta, J., 2009. Prolonged resilience of Tritrichomonas foetus in cat faeces at ambient temperature. Vet. Parasitol. 166, 60 65. Holliday, M., Deni, D., Gunn-Moore, D.A., 2009. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in a rescue colony in Italy. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11, 131 134. Honigberg, B.M., Mattern, C.F., Daniel, W.A., 1968. Structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine) as revealed by electron microscopy. J. Protozool. 15, 419 430. Jongwutiwes, S., Silachamroon, U., Putaporntip, C., 2000. Pentatrichomonas hominis in empyema thoracis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 185 186. Kingsbury, D., Marks, S., Cave, N., Grahn, R., 2010. Identification of Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia spp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 58, 6 10. Kuehner, K.A., Marks, S.L., Kass, P.H., Sauter-Louis, C., Grahn, R.A., Barutzki, D., Hartmann, K., 2011. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. J. Feline Med. Surg. 13, 251 258. Levy, M.G., Gookin, J.L., Poore, M., Birkenheuer, A.J., Dykstra, M.J., Litaker, R.W., 2003. Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea. J. Parasitol. 89, 99 104. Lim, S., Park, S.-I., Ahn, K.-S., Oh, D.-S., Ryu, J.-S., Shin, S.-S., 2010. First report of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol. 48, 247 251. Lun, Z.-R., Chen, X.-G., Zhu, X.-Q., Li, X.-R., Xie, M.-Q., 2005. Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol. 21, 122 125. Mardell, E.J., Sparkes, A.H., 2006. Chronic diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in a British cat. Vet. Rec. 158, 765 766. Mostegl, M.M., Richter, B., Nedorost, N., Maderner, A., Dinhopl, N., Kulda, J., Liebhart, D., Hess, M., Weissenböck, H., 2010. Design and validation of an oligonucleotide probe for the detection of protozoa from the order Trichomonadida using chromogenic in situ hybridization. Vet. Parasitol. 171, 1 6. Mostegl, M.M., Richter, B., Nedorost, N., Maderner, A., Dinhopl, N., Weissenböck, H., 2011. Investigations on the prevalence and potential pathogenicity of intestinal trichomonads in pigs using in situ hybridization. Vet. Parasitol. 178, 58 63. Parsonson, I.M., Clark, B.L., Dufty, J.H., 1976. Early pathogenesis and pathology of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in virgin heifers. J. Comp. Pathol. 86, 59 66. Richter, B., Schulze, C., Kämmerling, J., Mostegl, M., Weissenböck, H., 2010. First report of typhlitis/typhlohepatitis caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in three duck species. Avian Pathol. 39, 499 503. Romatowski, J., 2000. Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in four kittens. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 216, 1270 1272. Romatowski, J., 1996. An uncommon protozoan parasite (Pentatrichomonas hominis) associated with colitis in three cats. Feline Pract. 24, 10 14. Schrey, C., Mundhenk, L., Gruber, A., Henning, K., Frey, C., 2009. Tritrichomonas foetus as a cause of diarrhoea in three cats. Kleintierpraxis 54, 93 96 (in German. Abstract in English). Šlapeta, J., Craig, S., McDonell, D., Emery, D., 2010. Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct. Exp. Parasitol. 126, 209 213. Stockdale, H., Rodning, S., Givens, M., Carpenter, D., Lenz, S., Spencer, J., Dykstra, C., Lindsay, D., Blagburn, B., 2007. Experimental infection of cattle with a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus. J. Parasitol. 93, 1429 1434. Stockdale, H.D., Dillon, A.R., Newton, J.C., Bird, R.C., BonDurant, R.H., Deinnocentes, P., Barney, S., Bulter, J., Land, T., Spencer, J.A., Lindsay, D.S., Blagburn, B.L., 2008. Experimental infection of cats (Felis catus) with Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 154, 156 161. Stockdale, H.D., Givens, M.D., Dykstra, C.C., Blagburn, B.L., 2009. Tritrichomonas foetus infections in surveyed pet cats. Vet. Parasitol. 160, 13 17. Van Doom, D.C.K., De Bruin, M.J., Jorritsma, R.A., Ploeger, H.W., Schoormans, A., 2009. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus among Dutch cats. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 134, 698 700. Wenrich, D.A., 1944. Morphology of the trichomonad flagellates in man and of similar forms in monkeys, cats, dogs, and rats. J. Morphol. 74, 189 210. Xenoulis, P.G., Saridomichelakis, M.N., Read, S.A., Suchodolski, J.S., Steiner, J.M., 2010. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in Greece. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12, 831 833. Yaeger, M.J., Gookin, J.L., 2005. Histologic features associated with Tritrichomonas foetus-induced colitis in domestic cats. Vet. Pathol. 42, 797 804.