Animal Disease Surveillance and Survey Systems Methods and Applications
Animal Disease Surveillance and Survey Systems Methods and Applications Edited by M. D. Salman
M. D. SALMAN is Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology at Colorado State University s Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. 2003 Iowa State Press A Blackwell Publishing Company All rights reserved Blackwell Publishing Professional 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014 Orders: 1-800-862-6657 Office: 1-515-292-0140 Fax: 1-515-292-3348 Web site: www.blackwellprofessional.com Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8138-1031-0/2003 $.10. Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America First edition, 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Salman, Mowafak Dauod. Animal disease surveillance and survey systems: methods and applications/by M.D. Salman. 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8138-1031-0 (alk. paper) 1. Veterinary epidemiology. [DNLM: 1. Animal Diseases epidemiology. 2. Sentinel Surveillance veterinary. SF 780.9 S171a 2003] I. Title. SF780.9.S25 2003 636.089'4 dc21 2003013531 The last digit is the print number: 98765432
Table of Contents PREFACE, vii CONTRIBUTORS, ix CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR ANIMAL HEALTH PROGRAMS AND DISEASE SURVEYS, M.D. Salman, 3 APPLICATION OF SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEMS IN DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMS, J. Christensen, 15 PLANNING SURVEY, SURVEILLANCE, AND MONITORING SYSTEMS ROLES AND REQUIREMENTS, C. Zepeda and M.D. Salman, 35 SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEYS AND MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS, A. Cameron, I. Gardner, M.G. Doherr, and B. Wagner, 47 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM SURVEYS, MONITORING, AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS, B. Wagner, I. Gardner, A. Cameron, and M.G. Doherr, 67 METHODS FOR DETERMINING TEMPORAL CLUSTERS IN SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEY PROGRAMS, T.E. Carpenter and M.P. Ward, 87 METHODS FOR DETERMINING SPATIAL CLUSTERS IN SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEY PROGRAMS, T.E. Carpenter and M.P. Ward, 101 USE OF SENTINEL HERDS IN MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS, B.J. McCluskey, 119 v
vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 9 USE OF ANIMAL MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS WHEN THE FREQUENCY OF HEALTH-RELATED EVENTS IS NEAR ZERO, M.G. Doherr, L. Audigé, M.D. Salman, and I.A. Gardner, 135 CHAPTER 10 USE OF SIMULATION MODELS IN SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING SYSTEMS, L. Audigé, M.G. Doherr, and B. Wagner, 149 CHAPTER 11 QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEY SYSTEMS, K.D.C. Stärk, 169 CHAPTER 12 DISSEMINATION OF SURVEILLANCE FINDINGS, N.E. Wineland and D.A. Dargatz, 177 CHAPTER 13 DANISH SWINE SALMONELLOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM: 1993 TO 2001, J. Christensen, 185 INDEX, 209
Preface Most of the textbooks for epidemiology and veterinary medicine mentioned surveillance and survey as approaches to monitor and subsequently prevent the spread of diseases. Most of these books, however, assume that readers and users of epidemiology have the knowledge to excuse scientifically based plan for surveillance program. There are several methodological issues that need to be considered before such planning. Although some of these issues have been addressed in some of these textbooks, their relevant values to surveillance or monitoring were not included. Furthermore, most of these excellent books in epidemiology and preventive medicine have ignored the potential implementers and users of surveillance programs specifically, government, international organizations, and public health agencies. Such users may require different ways to present information with more instruction on how to do it and fewer academic concepts. This book attempts to satisfy the requirements for an effective and scientifically sound surveillance for animal diseases or other health issues. Both concepts and examples are given for several of the approaches to such surveillance systems. The intention is to avoid in-depth academic elaboration of specific issues, as such elaboration is found in other classical textbooks. Mo Salman vii
Acknowledgments This book has been influenced by many people. I wish to gratefully acknowledge the dedication of the contributors to this book. They are the essential nucleus for this book without their input, this book would not have been published. My special thanks to Ian Gardner, who has contributed several chapters of this book. Ian was the power that generated this book as a friend and colleague, his support was valuable for the completion of this book. His persistence and encouragement for moving ahead with the project were the main reasons for its existence. Several of my teachers, colleagues, and graduate students have contributed mentally to this book. Without them I will not be able to challenge myself for issues to be addressed in this book. My thanks to all of those who challenged me and accepted my extreme ideas. The research team that worked on the United States Animal Disease Surveillance System (what is currently known as Animal Health Monitoring System) in the early 1980s has contributed to several of the ideas for this book. My thanks and appreciations go to the team members for their input. Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to my wife Carole Salman, who has been so patient with me in accepting long hours of work. She accepts me as a man attached to veterinary epidemiology. Mo Salman viii
Laurent Audigé, DVM, PhD AO Clinical Investigation and Documentation AO Center Clavadelerstrasse CH-7270 Davos Platz Switzerland Tel: 41 (44) 200 2462 Fax: 41 (44) 200 2460 e-mail: laurent.audige@ao-asif.ch Angus Cameron, BVSc, MVS, PhD, MACVSc AusVet Animal Health Services 140 Falls Road Wentworth Falls, NSW, 2782 Australia Tel: 61 2 4757 2770 Fax: 61 2 4757 2789 e-mail: angus@ausvet.com.au Contributors ix
x CONTRIBUTORS Tim E. Carpenter, MS, PhD Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California 95616 Tel: 1 530 752 1034 Fax: 1 530 752 0414 e-mail: tecarpenter@ucdavis.edu Jette Christensen, DVM, PhD Animal Disease Surveillance, Canadian Animal Health Network support group Canadian Food Inspection Agency 93 Mount Edward Road Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 5T1 Canada Tel: 1 (902) 368 0950 (255) Fax: 1 (902) 368 0960 e-mail: christensenj@inspection.gc.ca URL: www.inspection.gc.ca David A. Dargatz, DVM, MS, PhD, DACT USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH Mail Stop 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 8117 Tel: 1 (970) 494 7231 Fax: 1 (970) 494 7228 e-mail: David.A.Dargatz@aphis.usda.gov Marcus Doherr, DVM, PhD Division for Clinical Research Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine University of Bern Bremgartenstrasse 109a CH-3012 Bern Switzerland Tel: 41 (31) 631 2428 Fax: 41 (31) 631 2538 e-mail: marcus.doherr@itn.unibe.ch
CONTRIBUTORS xi Ian Gardner BVSc, MPVM, PhD Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California 95616 Tel: 1 530 752 6992 Fax: 1 530 752 0414 e-mail: iagardner@ucdavis.edu Brian J. McCluskey, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVPM USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH Mail Stop 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 8117 Tel: 1 (970) 494 7236 Fax: 1 (970) 494 7228 e-mail: Brian.J.Mccluskey@aphis.usda.gov M.D. (Mo) Salman, BVMS, MPVM, PhD, DACVPM, F.A.C.E. Animal Population Health Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 1681 Tel: 1 (970) 491 7950 Fax: 1 (970) 491 1889 e-mail: M.D.Salman@colostate.edu Katharina D.C. Stärk, PhD, Dipl ECVPH Swiss Federal Veterinary Office Department of Monitoring Schwarzenburgstrasse 161 CH-3003 Bern Switzerland Tel: 41 31 323 95 44 Fax : 41 31 323 95 43 e-mail: Katharina.Staerk@bvet.admin.ch
xii CONTRIBUTORS Bruce A. Wagner, MS, MA, PhD USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH Mail Stop 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 8117 Tel: 1 (970) 494 7256 Fax: 1 (970) 494 7228 e-mail: bruce.a.wagner@aphis.usda.gov Michael P. Ward, BVSc, MPVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 2027 Tel: 1 (765) 494 5796 Fax: 1 (765) 494 9830 e-mail: mpw@vet.vet.purdue.edu Nora E. Wineland, DVM, MS, DACVPM USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH Mail Stop 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 8117 Tel: 1 (970) 494 7230 Fax: 1 (970) 494 7228 e-mail: Nora.E.Wineland@aphis.usda.gov Cristobal Zepeda, DVM, MS USDA:APHIS:VS:CEAH Mail Stop 2E7 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 8117 Tel: 1 (970) 494 7214 Fax: 1 (970) 494 2668 e-mail: Cristobal.Zepeda@usda.gov