Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abscesses, aural, in reptiles, 378 dental, in rabbits, 488 Acceptance of food. See Behavioral considerations. Acetate energy, in macropods, 429 430 Acid base correction, for rabbits, with hepatic lipidosis, 492 with urolithiasis, 491 Acid detergent fraction (ADF), 357 Adaptogens, as supplements, 517 518 Aeromonas hydrophila, for aquatic animals, 336 Aflatoxins, in food, 341, 411 Alfalfa, for chinchillas and guinea pigs, 472, 476 for marsupials, 432 for rabbits, 499 500 Algae, for aquatic animal nutrition, 336, 344 Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), for fish, 508 for liver support, 513 514 for reptiles, 508 ocular effects of, 513 Alternative medicine, supplements vs., 505 American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), 338 Amino acids, essential, for aquatic animals, 334 for avians, 401 402, 408 409 for ferrets, 451 452, 456 for reptiles, 508 for rodent, 476 477 in feeder insects, for amphibians, 357 Ammonia, excretion of, in aquatic animals, 338 339 production of, in macropods, 430 431 Amphibian nutrition, 347 367 diet components of, 350 351 digestibility challenges with, 356, 359 360 gastrointestinal anatomy and, 348 350 in adults, 348 350 in larvae, 348 insects in, nutrient composition of, 351 356 nutritive value of, 347 348 optimizing, 360 362 introduction to, 347 348 key points of, 347 nutrient bioavailability of, 357, 359 360 nutrient components/requirements for, 356 359 Vet Clin Exot Anim 17 (2014) 527 566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(14)00050-4 vetexotic.theclinics.com 1094-9194/14/$ see front matter ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
528 Index Amphibian (continued ) fats, 357 358 metabolizable energy, 356 357 minerals, 359 proteins, 357 vitamins, 358 359 nutrient composition of insects for, 347 348, 351 356, 360 362 species overview for, 348 supplements in, 344 Anorexia, in ferrets, 465 in rabbits, 491 causes of, 487 488, 491 dietary management of, 491 495 in reptiles, 387 389 clinical signs of, 387 388 diagnosis of, 388 overview of, 387 treatment of, 388 389 in rodents, 477, 479 Antibiotics, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338 Antifungals, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338, 516 Antiinflammatory supplements, 515 517 for ferrets, 468 Antimicrobial supplements, 515 517 Antioxidant supplements, 512 513 for aquatic animals, 341 for avians, 405 for ferrets, 457 for macropods, 434 435 for reptiles, 382 vitamin E as, 511 with beneficial ocular effects, 512 513 Antiparasitics, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338 natural substances as, 504 Anxiolytics, for stress reduction, 517 Aquarium fish, tropical, nutrition for, 343 344 Aquatic animal nutrition, 333 346 food selection for, behavioral considerations of, 341 342, 518 energy and, 333 334, 338 339 food formulations and, 339 340 nutrient requirements and, 333 338 specific recommendations in, 342 344 storage and, 336, 340 341 for elasmobranchs, 344 for koi, 342 343 for marine invertebrates, 344 for stress reduction, 518 for tropical aquarium fish, 343 344 key points of, 333 larval amphibians and, 348 medicated feeds in, 337 338
Index 529 nutrient requirements for, 333 338 carbohydrates, 333, 335 color enhancers, 337 fats, 334 335, 338 fiber, 337 338 minerals, 336, 338 practical applications of, 337 338 probiotics, 336 337 proteins, 333 334, 338 summary of, 337 338 vitamins, 335 336, 338 summary overview of, 345 supplements in, 334 336, 341, 344, 508 Arachidonic acid (AA), 516 Arginine, for aquatic animals, 334 for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Arteriosclerosis, in rabbits, with obesity, 490 Artichoke, 508, 515 Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C entries. Ash, in ferret diet, 452, 456 in rabbit diet, 495 Aspergillus antibody testing, in avians, 516 Aural abscesses, in reptiles, with hypovitaminosis A, 378 Avian nutrition, 397 413 conversion of large birds and, 411 conversion of small birds and, 410 411 enrichment and, 410 413 feeding companion birds in the home, 410 411 feeding strategies of psittacine birds, 397 398 foraging and, 411 413 formulated diets for, 409 410 key points of, 397 needs in, 397 nutrient requirements in, 398 400 for psittacines and passerines, 399 401 minerals, 407 408 omega fatty acids, 406 407 protein, 408 409 species-specific, 399 vitamins, 402 406 nutritional history in, 400 402 stress-related behavioral problems and, 517 supplements in, 506 507, 516 B Baby food, for ferrets, 463, 465, 467 for hand-reared marsupials, 442 Basal metabolic rate (BMR), definition of, 416 of amphibians, 356
530 Index Basal (continued) of aquatic animals, 338 339 of avians, 399 of marsupials, 415 417 consequences of low, 416 417 during torpor and hibernation, 418 419 scope of, 418, 420 summary of, 419 420 of rabbits, in calorie intake calculation, 492 of reptiles, 386 Bearded dragon, cachexia in, 388 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in, 371 373 Behavioral considerations, of food selection, for aquatic animals, 341 342 for avians, 400 enrichment and foraging strategies, 411 413 large birds, 411 small birds, 410 411 for ferrets, 451, 454, 459, 461 for marsupials, hand-rearing, 441 442 sugar gliders, 425 weaning, 442 444 supplements and, 517 518 Berries, in avian diet, 410 411 Beta-carotene. See Carotenoids. b-cell adenomas, in ferrets, dietary management of, 465 467 Beta-glucan supplements, 515 516 Bile, in amphibians, 349 in aquatic animals, 337 Bioavailability, of nutrients, for amphibians, 357 360 for aquatic animals, 335 336, 338 Biological filtration, in amphibians, 348 in aquatic animals, 339 Biotin, for ferrets, 453, 458 Bird nutrition. See Avian nutrition; specific bird classification. Bloat, in chinchilla, 477 in rabbits, 486 487 Blood sugar level. See Glucose level. Body condition score (BCS), for obesity, in rabbits, 488 489, 494 Body mass (BM), of marsupials, nutrition based on, 416 417 Body temperature, with low BMR, in marsupials, 416 Bone disease, in bearded dragon, 371, 373 in marsupials, 436 437, 445 in rodents, 478 Bone mineral density, in reptiles, 370 371, 373 Booth diet, for sugar gliders, 427 Bottle-feeding, 441, 468 Bourbon s Modified Leadbeater s diet, for sugar gliders, 426 Breeding. See Reproduction. Browsers, macropods as, 430 Brunner s glands, in opossum, 436
Index 531 Brush border enzymes, intestinal, in ferrets, 449 450, 453 Buccal glands, in amphibians, 348 C Cachexia, in reptiles, 387 389 clinical signs of, 387 388 diagnosis of, 388 overview of, 387 treatment of, 388 389 Calcium carbonate, in rabbits, urolithiasis related to, 490 491 in reptiles, 375 Calcium deficiencies. See also Secondary hyperparathyroidism. in amphibians, 359 361 in avians, 408 in ferrets, 457 in opossum, 437 in rodents, 477 in sugar gliders, 425 426 Calcium excess, in rabbit diet, 490 491 Calcium metabolism, in rabbits, 490, 499 in rodents, 475, 479 Calcium requirements, in amphibians, 359 chitinolytic digestion and, 360 insects for, 354 355 optimizing, 360 361 supplements for, 359 361 in aquatic animals, 336 in avians, 404 405 in marsupials, macropods, 432 opossum, 436 437 sugar gliders, 426 428 in rabbits, 490, 497 in rodents, 475 476, 479 Calcium supplement, 510 for amphibians, 359 361 for avians, 506 for marsupials, 425 426, 432 opossum, 435, 437 for rabbits, 490 491 for reptiles, 373 374 Calculi, renal. See Urolithiasis. Calendula, 516 517 Caloric requirements. See Energy requirements. Cancer. See Malignancies. Cannibalism, in amphibians, 350 Ca:P ratio, in avians, 405, 407 for egg laying, 408 for growing chicks, 407 408 in ferret diet, 452, 455, 457 in insect nutritive value, 360 361
532 Index Ca:P (continued ) in marsupials, opossum, 436 437 sugar gliders, 426 429 in rabbits, 499 in reptiles, 370, 374 in rodents, 478 479 Captivity diet. See also Commercial diets. for amphibians. See Insects. for aquatic animals, 342 344 for birds. See Avian nutrition. for marsupials, 419 macropods, 419, 431 435 comparison of suggested, 434 435 opossum, short-tailed, 438 439 Virginia, 437 439 sugar gliders, 423 425 comparison of suggested, 426 428 for rodents, 475 476 chinchilla and guinea pig, 475 476 hamster and gerbil, 475 477 Carbohydrate requirements, in aquatic animals, 333, 335 in ferrets, 453 456 in rabbits, 498 499 Carbonate metabolism, in rabbits, 490 491 in reptiles, 375 Cardiomyopathy, in ferrets, 456 457 Carnivores, amphibians as, 350 avians, 411 ferrets as, 449, 451, 453, 457, 465 fish as, 334 335, 337 opossum as, 438 439 reptiles as, 376, 379, 386 supplements for, 509 Carotenoids, as supplement, 509 in amphibian diet, 358, 361 362 in aquatic animal diet, 336 in avian diet, 402 404 in ferret diet, 457 in reptile diet. See Hypervitaminosis A; Hypovitaminosis A. ocular effects of, 512 Cat food, for ferrets, 451, 453 454, 457, 459 460, 463 for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 445 Caviomorph nutrition, captive diet in, 475 476 coprophagy in, 474 475 digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, 477 479 introduction to, 471 mucus trap colonic separation mechanism and, 474 475 natural diets in, 471 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 species overview for, 471 472
supplements in, 507 Cecotrophs, in rabbits, 491 Cecum, of macropods, 429 430 of opossum, 436 of rabbits, fermentation in, 491, 498 anorexia impact on, 491 492 GI stasis impact on, 486 of rodents, 473 474 Cellulose digestion, in rabbits, 498 in rodents, 473 Cetaceans, supplements for, 508, 515 Chameleon, dehydration in, 385 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in, 372 Chelonians, nutritional disorders in, 371, 374 380, 383, 387 388 esophageal feeding tube for, 388, 390 supplements for, 508 509, 518 Chicago Zoo diet, for sugar gliders, 427 Chinchilla nutrition, captive diet in, 475 476 coprophagy in, 474 475 dentition for, 472 supplements for, 475 digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, 477 478 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 471 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 475, 507 Chitin, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 360 Chloride requirements, in rabbits, 496 Choana, of amphibians, 348 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D 3 entries. Choline, for ferrets, 459 Chow-pudding, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 445 Clay, dietary, for IBD, in ferrets, 468 Cloaca, in amphibians, 350 Cloacal washes, for constipation, in reptiles, 391 Clotting factors, vitamin K for, in avians, 406 Coelom, in amphibians, 349 in reptiles, with constipation, 390 Colocolic intussusception (IN), in hamsters, 480 Colon, of macropods, 429 430 of opossum, 436 of rabbits, 498 of rodents, 473 474 Colonic separation mechanism (CSM), in rodents, 474 475 Color enhancers, food, for aquatic animals, 337 Commercial diets. See also specific branded name. for ferrets, 451 453 development efforts for, 456 Dook Soup as, 461 463, 465 Index 533
534 Index Commercial (continued) during illness, 465 466 nutrients provided by, 454 455, 460 selecting a complete, 459 for guinea pig, 476 vs. homemade diets, 338 Companion birds, feeding in the home, 410 411 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), supplements vs., 505 Computed tomography (CT), for dental disease complex, in rabbits, 488 Conjunctivitis, in reptiles, with hypovitaminosis A, 377 Constipation, in chinchilla, 477 in reptiles, 389 391 causes of, 389 clinical signs of, 390 diagnosis of, 390 prevention of, 391 treatment of, 390 391 Contractions, gastrointestinal, in amphibians, 349 Copper requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in rabbits, 496 Coral nutrition, 344 Critical Care diet, for rabbits, 487 489, 495 497 Critical Care Fine Grind diet, for rabbits, 487 489, 495 497 Critical care nutrition, for rabbits, 487 489, 493 494 diet comparisons in, 495 497 Cross-fostering, in marsupials, 440 Crude fiber, for rabbits, 498 Crustacean nutrition, 344 Cuticle, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 357, 359 360 Cuttlefish bone, for reptiles, 374 Cyanocobalamin supplement, for avians, 506 for ferrets, 458 for reptiles, 508 Cystine, for amphibians, 357 for ferrets, 452 Cystotomy, for urolithiasis, in rabbits, 491 D Dandelion, 515 Decomposition, of food wastes, in aquatic animals, 339 Decompression, for GI stasis, in rabbits, 487 Defecation, stimulation of during hand-rearing, of ferrets, 468 of marsupials, 442 Dehydration, in reptiles, 384 386 clinical signs of, 385 diagnosis of, 385 overview of, 384 prevention of, 386 treatment of, 385 386 with anorexia and cachexia, 388 Demineralization. See Bone disease.
Dental evaluation, for rabbits, 488 Dental malocclusions, in rabbits, 487 488 in rodents, 477, 479 480 Dentition, of amphibians, for dermatophagy, 350 351 of ferrets, adaptations of, 450 451 geriatric, 467 grain consumption and, 453 of marsupials, 435, 437 for plant consumption, 420 of rabbits, 487 of rodents, caviomorphs, 472 myomorphs, 472 nutrition-related disorders of, 477 478, 480 supplements for, 475, 477, 480 Dermatophagy, in amphibians, 350 Dextrose solutions, for ferrets, with islet cell disease, 466 467 Diarrhea, in ferrets, 450 in rabbits, 389 in reptiles, 389 in rodents, 477, 479 480 Dierenfeld diets, for sugar gliders, 427 Diet(s). See also Food selection. captivity. See Captivity diet. fish as. See Fish diets. formulated. See Formulations. high-fiber, for rabbits, 487, 490, 498 high-protein, for avians, 408 409 for ferrets, 465, 467 homemade vs. commercial, 338 honey-pollen, for sugar glider, 423 425 maintenance. See Maintenance diet. mink, for ferrets, 451, 454, 456 seed-only, for avians, 402, 408, 410 therapeutic. See Prescription diets. wild-type. See Natural diets. Diet history, in avian nutrition, 400 402 in rabbit nutritional disorders, 487 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), 505 Dietary supplements. See Supplements. Digestibility, of fiber, in rabbits, 498 of insects, by amphibians, 359 360 of nutrients, in marsupials, 420, 431, 436 in rabbit pellets, 500 of protein, in avians, 408 in ferrets, 452 453, 463 Digestion, of food, in amphibians, 348 350, 359 360 in aquatic animals, 335, 337, 339 in marsupials, 420, 429 431 in rodents, chinchilla, 473 Digestive efficiency, food processing in, 356 in macropods, 431 Index 535
536 Index 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Disclosure, of nutrient sources, 338, 460, 463 Docosanol, 517 Dog food, for ferrets, 453, 460 Dolphins, serotonin for, 518 sponge carrying by, 504 505 Dook Soup, for ferrets, 461 463 during illness, 465 466 Drug resistance, medicated feeds and, in aquatic animals, 337 338 Drugs, in feed. See Medicated feeds. Dry food, for aquatic animals, 339 340 for avians, 409 for ferrets, 451, 453, 461, 463 464 for marsupials, 421, 437 macropods, 432 434 sugar gliders, 425, 427, 429 for rabbits, extruded pellets as, 500 for reptiles, 382 383 Dry matter (DM), in metabolizable energy, 356 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), of reptiles, 373 Dusting of food, with calcium supplement, 374, 510 E Echinacea, for small mammals, 507 Ectotherms, metabolizable energy and, 356 Egg laying, in avians, Ca:P ratio for, 408 methionine for, 399 Eicosanoids, 516 Elasmobranch nutrition, 344 Electrolyte balance, in rabbits, with hepatic lipidosis, 492 with urolithiasis, 491, 499 Electrolytes, for hand-reared marsupials, 442 443 for macropods, 432, 434 for reptiles, with cachexia, 388 389 with dehydration, 385 386 Elimination disorders. See Fecal disorders. Emeraid Herbivore diet, for rabbits, comparison to other prescription diets, 495 497 indications for, 487 488, 493, 495 Endodontal disease, in rabbits, 488 Endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN). See Urea cycle. Endotherms. See also Marsupial nutrition. metabolism of, 356, 416 during torpor and hibernation, 418 419 Enemas, for constipation, in reptiles, 391 Energy intake, obesity and, in reptiles, 386 Energy requirements, in amphibians, 356 357, 359 in aquatic animals, 333 334, 338 339 in avians, 399, 408, 410 in ferrets, 451, 454 455, 463 in marsupials, 415 417
Index 537 during torpor and hibernation, 418 420 maintenance, 417, 419 scope of, 418 sugar gliders, 420 422, 428 in rabbits, 495 balance with anorexia, 492 calorie intake calculation for, 492 493 endogenous sources of, 491 492 in reptiles, obesity and, 386 in rodents, coprophagy and, 474 endogenous sources of, 473 Enrichment, in avian nutrition, 410 413 in macropod nutrition, 432 Enteral feedings, for rabbits, administration methods for, 493 immediate-term diets in, 489, 493 494 long-term diets in, 494 495, 497 short-term diets in, 494 495, 497 with anorexia, 492 493 for reptiles, 388 390 Enteritis, in guinea pig, 479 Enteroendocrine cells, in opossum GI tract, 435 Enterotoxemia, in rabbits, risks for, 498 499 with GI stasis, 486 Environmental factors, of energy requirements, in marsupials, 415 420 of food acceptance, in amphibians, 350 in aquatic animals, 341 342 in macropods, 432 of nutritional disorders, in reptiles, 384 390 Enzymes, intestinal brush border, in ferrets, 449 450, 453 pancreatic powder, for avians, 506 proteolytic, in amphibians, 348 349 Esbilac formula, for hand-reared marsupials, 442 444 Esophageal choke, in chinchilla, 477 Esophageal feeding tube, for reptiles, 388, 390 Esophagus, of amphibians, 348 349 of opossum, 435 Exoskeleton, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 357, 359 360 Extrusion processes, for pelleted diet, 500 Eye diseases. See Ocular disorders. Eye sea, for avians, 506 F Fat composition, of insects, in amphibian diet, 352 353 Fat requirements, in amphibians, 357 358 optimizing insects for, 360 in aquatic animals, 334 335, 338 in avians, 402 in ferrets, 451 453, 455 456, 459 460 in opossum, 436 438 in rabbits, 489, 495 in rodents, 476, 480
538 Index Fat storage, in aquatic animals, 340 341 obesity and, in rabbits, 488 489 in reptiles, 386 387 Fat supplement, for ferrets, 461 463 for hand-reared marsupials, 442 Fat-soluble vitamins, for amphibians, 362 for aquatic animals, 335, 340 341 for avians, 401 402, 404 for opossum, 436 Fatty acids, essential, for amphibians, 357 358 for aquatic animals, 335 for avians, 406 407, 506 for marsupials, 419 free, in rabbits, 488 489, 492 omega. See Omega fatty acids (OFA). short-chain, for macropods, 430 431 volatile, in rabbits, 491 in rodents, 473 n-3 Fatty acids. See a-linolenic acid (n-3). Feathers, pigmentation of, carotenoids role in, 403 404 protein in, 408 Fecal disorders, in opossum, 436 in rabbits, diarrhea as, 486 with GI stasis, 486 487 in reptiles, constipation as, 389 391 diarrhea as, 389 soft feces as, 389 in rodents, constipation as, 477 diarrhea as, 477, 479 480 Feed/feedings, dry. See Dry food. enteral. See Enteral feedings. formulations of. See Formulations. living. See Live food. medications in. See Medicated feeds. Feeding strategies, for avians, companion birds, 410 411 enrichment as, 410 413 foraging as, 411 413 large birds, 411 psittacine birds, 397 398 small birds, 410 411 for ferrets, kits, 467 468 when switching diets, 461 463 for marsupials, macropods, 431 435 opossum, 437 438 sugar gliders, 428 429 Feeding times, for aquatic animals, 342 for ferrets, 451 for marsupials, 425, 429, 438 Feeding tubes, for marsupials, 441 for rabbits, 492 493 for reptiles, 388, 390 391
Fermentation, cecal, in rabbits, 491, 498 anorexia impact on, 491 492 GI stasis impact on, 486 foregut, in marsupials, 429 430 hindgut, in rodents, 473 coprophagy and, 474 475 microbial, in marsupials, 420 Ferret nutrition, 449 470 commercial diets in, 451 453 development efforts for, 456 nutrients provided by, 454 455, 460 selecting a complete, 459 dentition for, 450 451 grain consumption and, 453 during breeding, 452, 464 465 during gestation, 464 465 during lactation, 465 energy needs and, 451, 454 food considerations in, 451 454 for growth, 464 for kits, 467 468 during weaning, 465 gastrointestinal tract and, anatomy and physiology of, 449 450 clinical significance of, 450 geriatric, 467 high-fat supplements in, 451, 461 463 illness and, 465, 468 inflammatory bowel disease and, 468 insulin-secreting tumors and, 450, 465 467 introduction to, 449 islet cell disease and, 465 467 key points of, 449 maintenance diets in, 454, 459 460 minerals in, 452, 457 459 optimal diet in, switching to, 461 463 physiologic states requiring special, 464 465 aging as, 467 breeding and gestation as, 454, 464 465 growth as, 454, 464 illness as, 465, 468 insulin-secreting tumors as, 450, 465 467 lactating and weaning as, 454, 465 snacks in, 450, 459 specific requirements in, 454 455 diets failure to meet, 456 457 physiologic states and, 464 465 supplements in, 450, 457, 461, 463, 507 high-carbohydrate, 463 taurine deficiency and, 456 457 treats in, 463 464 acceptable, 462 464 Index 539
540 Index Ferret (continued ) during illness, 467 sweet, 454, 459, 463 unsuitable diets in, 460 461 vitamins in, 450, 453, 457 459 water in, 459 Ferretone, for ferrets, 462 463 Fiber requirements, in aquatic animals, 337 338 in ferrets, 451 456, 463 in marsupials, 420, 431 in rabbits, 486 487, 495 crude, 498 for GI mobility, 487 488, 492, 494 high-fiber, 487, 490, 498 recommended levels for, 498 source and length of, 498 with enteral feedings, 492, 494 in reptiles, 387, 391 in rodents, captive diet and, 475 476 chinchilla, 472, 477 coprophagy and, 474 475 gerbil, 474 guinea pig, 473, 479 Field metabolic rate (FMR), definition of, 416 measurement of, 417 of marsupials, 415 419 Fish diets, available formulations of, 339 for ferrets, 451, 454, 457 Fish nutrition, 333 346. See also Aquatic animal nutrition. Fish oils, for aquatic animals, 335 Fish supplements, 508 Flavonoid supplement, ocular effects of, 512 Fluid therapy, for ferrets, with islet cell disease, 466 467 for rabbits, with GI stasis, 487 with hepatic lipidosis, 492 for reptiles, with cachexia, 388 389 with constipation, 391 with dehydration, 385 Fluorescent light bulb fixture, for fish tanks, 375 FMR:BMR ratio, in marsupials, 417 418 Foliage, in chinchilla diet, 472 in rodent diet, 472, 476 477 Folic acid, for ferrets, 453, 458 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), regulation of dietary supplements, 505, 507 Food extrusion, for pelleted diet, 500 Food formulations. See Formulations. Food groups, consumption of, by avians, 400 401 Food preferences, of avians, 402 of ferrets, 451, 459, 461, 467 of macropods, 430 Food processing, in digestive efficiency, 356
Index 541 Food selection. See also specific nutrient or species. during foraging. See Foraging. for amphibians. See Insects. for aquatic animals, behavioral considerations of, 341 342 energy and, 333 334, 338 339 food formulations and, 339 340 nutrient requirements and, 333 338 specific recommendations in, 342 344 storage and, 336, 340 341 for avians, 409 410 for ferrets, 451 454 Food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, 340 341 Food supplements. See Supplements. Foraging, by avians, 411 413 by marsupials, 420 424, 430, 438 Foregut fermentation, in marsupials, 429 430 Forestomach, of hamster, 473 474 of macropods, 429 431 Formulations, diet, for aquatic animals, 339 340 for avians, 407, 409 410 companion birds, 410 411 psittacine birds, 398, 400, 409 for captive animals. See Captivity diet. for rabbits, with nutritional disorders. See Prescription diets. milk, for ferret hand-rearing, 467 468 for marsupial hand-rearing, 440 442 pediatric, for marsupial hand-rearing, 442 445 Fox food, for opossum, 438 Fractures, in bearded dragon, 371, 373 in reptiles, with calcium deficiency, 371 372 Free fatty acids, in rabbits, lipolysis and, 488 489, 492 Free-living mammals, energy requirements of, 415 420 captivity diet vs., 420 Frozen food, for aquatic animals, 339 340 for reptiles, 380 381 Fruits, in avian diet, 410 411 in ferret diet, 459, 463 in marsupial diet, macropods, 432 434 opossum, 435, 438 439 sugar glider, 424 425, 427, 429 weaning of hand-reared, 445 in rodent diet, 472, 476 477 Fundus/fundic contractions, in amphibians, 349 in opossum, 435 Fungal infections, in aquatic animals, 338, 516 supplements for, 516 G Gallbladder, in amphibians, 349 Gastric gavage, for reptiles, with constipation, 391
542 Index Gastric tympany, in chinchilla, 477 in rabbits, 486 487 Gastrointestinal anatomy, of amphibians, 348 350 adults, 348 350 larvae, 348 of aquatic animals, 337 of ferrets, anatomy and physiology of, 449 450 clinical significance of, 450 of marsupials, macropods, 429 431 maturation of, 440 opossum, 435 436 transit time in. See GI transit time. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, in ferrets, 460 in rabbits, 486 487 in rodents, 477, 479 480 natural cures for, 504 Gecko, nutritional disorders in, 372, 386 Geophagy, 504 Gerbil nutrition, captive diet in, 475 477 coprophagy in, 474 475 dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, 474 health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 507 Geriatric nutrition, for ferrets, 467 Gestational nutrition, in ferrets, 464 465 in marsupials, 349 440 GI obstruction, in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits, 486 GI stasis, in rabbits, 486 487 GI transit time, in ferrets, 449 450, 453 in hamsters, 480 in rabbits, 498 499 Glandular stomach, of hamster, 473 474 Glucose level, plasma, in aquatic animals, 335 in ferrets, during illness, 465 islet cell disease and, 465 467 in marsupials, 431, 436 in rabbits, with anorexia, 491 492 Glycogen, metabolism vs. storage of, in aquatic animals, 335 in ferrets, 466 Good manufacturing practices (GMPs), for nutraceuticals, 507 Gout, in avians, from high-protein diets, 408 409 Grains, in ferret diet, 453 in rodent diet, 472, 474, 476 477 Grasses, in macropod diet, 431, 433 in rodent diet, 472
Index 543 Grazers, macropods as, 430 431 maintenance diet for, 432 433 Green tea, ocular effects of, 512 Growing chicks, calcium and phosphorus for, 407 408 protein for, 408 Growth and development, of ferrets, special nutrition for, 464 of marsupials, hand-reared, 440 442 lactated milk differences for, 439 440 macropods, 443 sugar gliders, 442 443 Growth rate, in avians, methionine and, 399 Guinea pig nutrition, captive diet in, 475 476 coprophagy in, 474 475 dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, 479 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 471 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 507 Gum, in sugar glider diet, 420 421, 424 supplements, 425 Gut, of ferrets, 449 450, 453 Gut flora, in ferrets, 450 in guinea pig, 473 Gut loading, of reptiles, for calcium supplementation, 374 375 H Hamster nutrition, captive diet in, 475 477 coprophagy in, 474 475 dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, 473 474 health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 480, 507 Hand-rearing, of ferrets, 467 468 of marsupials, 439 445 cross-fostering vs., 440 lactation milk differences vs., 439 440 macropods, 442 443 methods for, 440 442 milk formulations for, 440 441 need for, 440 opossum, 443 445 scope of, 439 440 sugar gliders, 442 443
544 Index Hay, for chinchillas and guinea pigs, 472 for macropods, 431 432 for rabbits, protein in, 499 500 with GI stasis, 487 488 with urolithiasis, 491, 499 for rodents, 476 478 Hepatic lipidosis, in rabbits, treatment of, 492 493 with anorexia, 492 493 with GI stasis, 486 487 with obesity, 486, 489, 492 Hepatic steatosis, chronic, in rabbits, 488 489. See also Hepatic lipidosis. Herbal cures/substances, traditional medicine vs., 505 509. See also Supplements. Herbivores, amphibians as, 348 avians as, 406 fish as, 334, 337 geophagy in, 504 marsupials as, 417, 420, 429, 433 rabbit as, 487 reptiles as, 375 376, 378 379, 386, 389 rodents as, chinchillas and guinea pigs as, 471 472 coprophagy and, 474 475 hamsters and gerbils as, 472, 474 supplements for, 509 Herptiles, calcium requirements in, 359 metabolizable energy and, 356 protein bioavailability in, 357 vitamin supplementation for, 361 362 Heterothermy, metabolism during, 418 419 Hibernation, in marsupials, metabolism rates during, 418 sugar gliders, 424 High Protein Wombaroo diet, for sugar gliders, 426 High-carbohydrate supplements, for ferrets, 463 for rabbits, 499 High-fiber intake, for rabbits, 487, 490, 498 High-protein diets, for avians, 408 409 for ferrets, 465, 467 Hindgut fermentation, in rodents, 473 coprophagy and, 474 475 Histidine, for ferrets, 452 Homemade diets, vs. commercial foods, 338 Honeydew, in sugar glider diet, 420, 422 424 Honey-pollen diet, for sugar glider, 423 425 Hormones, for stress reduction, 517 vitamin A regulation of, in avians, 403 404 Humidity, in food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, 340 341 nutritional disorders related to, in reptiles, 384, 386, 390 pouch life and, in marsupials, 440 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Hypercalcinuria, in ferrets, 460 in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits, 490 491
Index 545 Hyperglycemia. See Glucose level. Hyperparathyroidism, nutritional. See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hypertension, in rabbits, with obesity, 449 Hypervitaminosis A, in opossum, 437 in reptiles, 379 380 Hypoglycemia, dietary management of. See Glucose level. in ferrets, signs and symptoms of, 465 467 in rabbits, with anorexia, 491 493 Hypothyroidism, nutritional. See Secondary hypothyroidism. Hypovitaminosis A, in reptiles, 376 379 clinical signs of, 377 378 diagnosis of, 378 overview of, 376 377 prevention of, 379 treatment of, 378 Hypovitaminosis C, 509 Hypovitaminosis E, in reptiles, 382 383 I Iguana, cachexia in, 388 Ileus, GI, in guinea pig, 479 Illness, nutrition for, in ferrets, 465 467 in rabbits, calorie calculations, 492 493 in reptiles, 388 389 Immediate-term formulas, for enteral feedings, in rabbits, 489, 493 494 Immune function, diet and, in young ferrets, 460 supplements for, 515 517 Immuno-2865, 515 516 for avians, 507 for cetaceans, 508 In utero nutrition, in ferrets, 464 465 in marsupials, 349 440 Infections, fungal. See Fungal infections. in ferrets, geriatric, 467 young, 460, 463 parasites as. See Parasites. secondary, in macropod nutrition, 432 supplements for, 515 517 Inflammation, supplements for, 515 517 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in ferrets, 468 Ingredients list, 338, 460, 463 Inositol, 514 Insectivores, amphibians as, 347 348, 351 marsupials as, 420 421, 424 425, 437 438 reptiles as, 374, 378 380 rodents as, 472 supplements for, 509 Insects, in amphibian diet, digestibility of, 359 360 nutrient composition of, 356 359 specific invertebrate, 351 356
546 Index Insects (continued) nutritive value of, 347 348 optimizing, 360 362 in reptile diet, 374, 378 380 in rodent diet, 472 in sugar glider diet, 420 421, 424 425, 427, 429 Insulinomas, in ferrets, dietary management of, 450, 465 467 Insulin-secreting tumors, in ferrets, 450, 465 467 Intestinal disorders, nutrition-related, in chinchilla, 477 in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits, 486 487 Invertebrates, in amphibian diet, 351 356. See also Insects. marine, nutrition for, 344 Iodine deficiency, 511 in reptiles, 383 384 Iodine requirements, in rabbits, 496 Iodine supplement, 511 512 for aquatic animals, 344, 508 for avians, 506 for reptiles, 384 Iron dextran, for reptiles, 508 Islet cell disease, in ferrets, dietary management of, 465 467 Isoleucine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Isotope-labeled water, for FMR measurement, in marsupials, 417 J Jar lid, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 Joey nutrition. See Hand-rearing. Jurgelski diet, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 445 K Kangaroo nutrition. See Macropod nutrition. Ketogenic activity, in macropods, 429 430 in rabbits, with lipolysis, 489, 492 493 Kibble, for ferrets, 451, 453, 461, 464 Kilocalories, in metabolizable energy, 356 Kits, ferret, feeding of, 467 468 weaning of, 465 Kitten food, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 445 Koi nutrition, 342 343 L Lactase, intestinal, in ferrets, 449 450 Lactation, in ferrets, diet for, 465 problems with, 467 468 in marsupials, metabolic rate and, 418 milk maturation differences in, 439 440
Lactation phases, in marsupials, 439 440 Lactobacillus spp., for aquatic animals, 336 for avians, 506 for small mammals, 507 in rodent gut, 473 Lactococcus lactis, for aquatic animals, 336 Lagomorphs, wash-back colonic separation mechanism in, 474 475 Large intestines, of amphibians, 350 of ferrets, 450 of rodents, 473 474 Larval feeders, amphibians as, diet components for, 350 351, 356 359 gastrointestinal anatomy of, 348 aquatic animals as, 339 Larval insects, for nutrition. See Insects. Lauric acid, for amphibians, 358 Leadbeater s diet, for sugar gliders, 426 428 Lecithin, 508, 514 Lemon balm, for avians, 506 Leucine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Light exposure, in food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, 340 nutritional value of. See UV-B entries. Linolenic acid (n-6), for amphibians, 357 for avians, 406 407, 506 for ferrets, 452, 461 a-linolenic acid (n-3), for amphibians, 357 for aquatic animals, 335 for avians, 406 407 Lipidosis, hepatic. See Hepatic lipidosis. Lipids. See Fat requirements. Lipoic acid. See Alpha lipoic acid (ALA). Lipolysis, in rabbits, with anorexia, 491 492 Lips, of amphibians, 348 Liquid food. See also Feeding tubes. commercial. See Formulations. for aquatic animals, 339 340 prescribed. See Prescription diets. Live food, for aquatic animals, 339 for ferrets, 451 Liver, as ferret food, 457, 460, 463 in amphibians, 349 in avians, vitamin A stored in, 402 in rabbits, lipid metabolism role of, 488 489 in reptiles, fat storage in, 386 387 vitamin A stored in, 376, 378, 509 Liver disease/function, in rabbits. See also Hepatic lipidosis. with GI stasis, 486 487 with obesity, 488 489 supplements for, 513 515 in ferrets, 465 466 Index 547
548 Index Lizards, obesity in, 387 Long-term formulas, for enteral feedings, in rabbits, 494 495, 497 Lysine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 M Macronutrients, in amphibian diet, 351, 354 355 in avian diet, 395 Macrophagous amphibians, 350 Macropod nutrition, 429 435 captivity diets for, 419, 431 435 comparison of suggested, 434 435 classification per dietary preferences, 430 energy metabolism in, 430 431 gastrointestinal dynamics of, 429 430 hand-rearing and, 442 443 need for, 439 440 metabolism in, 415 419 rate approximations, 430 micronutrient requirements in, 432 commercial formulations for, 432 433 summary overview of, 415, 419 420, 445 Magnesium requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in rodents, 478 479 Maintenance diet, for ferrets, 454, 459 460 for macropods, 432 433 for marsupials, 417, 419 parenteral, for rabbits, 492 493 Malignancies, in ferrets, islet cell, 465 467 terminal, 467 Malocclusion, of teeth, in rabbits, 487 488 in rodents, 477, 479 480 Manna, in sugar glider diet, 420, 422, 424 Marine invertebrate nutrition, 344 Marsupial milk, energy content of, 442 maturation differences of, 439 440 Marsupial nutrition, 415 447 hand-rearing and, 439 445 cross-fostering vs., 440 lactation milk differences vs., 439 440 methods for, 440 442 milk formulations for, 440 441 need for, 440 scope of, 439 440 species-specific guidelines for, 442 445 introduction to, 415 key points of, 415 metabolic scope in, 418 metabolism in, 415 419 BMRs and, 415 417 consequences of low, 416 417
maintenance of, 417, 419 FMRs and, 417 418 hibernation and, 418 419 metabolic rates and, 415 416 summary of, 419 420 torpor and, 419 most important goal of, 445 nutrient requirements in, 417, 420, 423 species as pets, 415 416 Maximum sustained metabolic rate (MSMR), definition of, 416 of marsupials, 415, 418 Medicated feeds, for aquatic animals, 337 338 for marsupials, 433 wild sources of, 503 504 Melissa balm, for avians, 506 Menadione, in avians, 406 Mercury vapor bulb, UV-B output of, 375 376 Merycism, in macropods, 429 Metabolic energy requirements. See Energy requirements. Metabolic scope, 418 in marsupials, 419 420 sustained, 418 Metabolism/metabolic rate, basal. See Basal metabolic rate (BMR). field. See Field metabolic rate (FMR). maximum sustained. See Maximum sustained metabolic rate (MSMR). Metabolizable energy (ME), calculation of, 356 definition of, 356 for ferrets, 454 for marsupials, 417 measurement of, 356 of insects for amphibians, requirements for, 356 357 specific invertebrate composition, 352 353 Methane gas, production of, in macropods, 429, 431 Methionine, 514 in amphibian diet, 357 in avians, 408 for egg-laying, 399 in ferret diet, 452, 459 in reptile diet, 508 Methyltransferases, SAMe role in reactions of, 514 Microbial fermentation, in marsupials, 420, 429 430 Micronutrient mix, for macropods, 432 433 Micronutrient requirements, in avians, 395 in marsupials, 419 macropods, 432 433 Microphagous amphibians, 348 Milk, from lactation. See Lactation. in marsupial nutrition, for hand-rearing, formulations, 440 441 replacement, 442 lactated, energy content of, 442 maturation differences of, 439 440 Index 549
550 Index Milk replacers, artificial, 440, 442, 467 468 Milk thistle, 515 for reptiles, 508 for small mammals, 507 Mineral deficiencies, in ferrets, 457, 463 in reptiles, 370, 374, 382 Mineral requirements, in amphibians, 359 optimizing insects for, 360 361 in aquatic animals, 336 in avians, 401 402, 407 408 in ferrets, 452, 457 459 in marsupials, 419 macropods, 433 434 sugar gliders, 425, 429 Mineral supplements, 510 512 Mink diet, for ferrets, 451, 454, 456 Moisture, dietary, for ferrets, 455 456, 463 Dook Soup and, 461 463 for rodents, 472 Molasses, for rabbits, 499 Molt, energy expenditure with, in avians, 408 Mucous production/secretion, in amphibians, 348 349 in hamsters, 480 Mucus-trap colonic separation mechanism, in rodents, 474 475 Multi-Milk formula, for hand-reared marsupials, 443 444 Muscle disease, in macropods, 434 435 Muscle meat, for ferrets, 456 457 Myomorph nutrition, captive diet in, 475 477 coprophagy in, 474 475 digestive anatomy in, 473 474 health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 mucus trap colonic separation mechanism and, 474 475 natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 species overview for, 471 472 supplements in, 507 Myopathy, in ferrets, 456 457 in macropods, 434 435 N n-3. See a-linolenic acid (n-3). n-6. See Linolenic acid (n-6). Nasogastric tube, in rabbits, for decompression, 487 for feedings, 492 493 Natural cures/substances, supplements vs., 505 509. See also Supplements. Natural diets. See also Food preferences; specific species. of marsupials, 415 420 of rodents, caviomorphs, 471 472 myomorphs, 472
Natural rhythms, of food intake, in aquatic animals, 342 in avians, 400, 412 in ferrets, 451 in marsupials, 420, 436 in reptiles, 386 Nectar, in sugar glider diet, 420, 422 425 Nephritis, in geriatric ferrets, 467 Niacin, for ferrets, 453, 458 459 Nickel requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 Nipples. See Teats. Nitrogen, in amphibian diet, 352 353 in ferret diet, 453, 456 in sugar glider diet, 423 Nitrogen recovery. See also Urea cycle. in amphibians, 357 in aquatic animals, 339 in macropods, 430 431 in marsupials, 423 Nitrogen requirements, in avians, 408 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 514 515 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASD), 515 NSHP (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism). See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nutraceuticals. See also Supplements. good manufacturing practices for, 507 regulation of, 505, 507 Nutri-Cal, for ferrets, 450, 461 462, 464 geriatric, 467 with islet cell disease, 466 467 for small mammals, 507 Nutrient bioavailability. See Bioavailability. Nutrient composition, of ferret diets, 452 455 of invertebrates. See also Insects. in amphibian diet, 351 356 of prescription diets, for rabbits, 495 497 Nutrient requirements, for amphibians, 356 359 fats, 357 358 metabolizable energy, 356 357 minerals, 359 proteins, 357 vitamins, 358 359 for aquatic animals, 333 338 carbohydrates, 333, 335 color enhancers, 337 fats, 334 335 fiber, 337 minerals, 336 probiotics, 336 337 proteins, 333 334 summary of, 337 338 vitamins, 335 336 for avians, 398 400 Index 551
552 Index Nutrient (continued) minerals, 407 408 omega fatty acids, 406 407 protein, 408 409 vitamins, 402 406 for ferrets, 451 454, 457 459 for marsupials, 417 for rabbits, prescription diets compared to, 495 497 for reptiles, 369 370. See also Reptile nutritional disorders. Nutrition, for amphibians, 347 367. See also Amphibian nutrition. for aquatic animals, 333 346. See also Aquatic animal nutrition. for avians, 397 413. See also Avian nutrition. for ferrets, 449 470. See also Ferret nutrition. for marsupials, 415 447. See also Marsupial nutrition. for rabbits, 485 502. See also Rabbit nutrition. for rodents, 471 483. See also Rodent nutrition. supplements for, 503 525. See also Supplements. Nutritional disorders. See also specific disorder, nutrient, or species. in ferrets, 460 461 in marsupials, 420 in rabbits, 486 491 anorexia as, 487, 491 bloat as, 486 487 GI obstruction as, 486 487 GI stasis as, 486 487 hypercalcinuria as, 490 491 obesity as, 488 490 hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489 teeth malocclusion as, 487 488 urolithiasis as, 490 491, 499 in reptiles, 369 395. See also Reptile nutritional disorders. in rodents, 477 480 chinchilla and guinea pig, 477 479 hamster and gerbil, 480 Nutritional history. See Diet history. Nutritional labels, 338, 460, 463 Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP). See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nutritional secondary hypothyroidism. See Secondary hypothyroidism. Nutritional supplements, 503 525. See also Supplements. Nuts, in avian diet, 411 in gerbil diet, 477 in marsupial diet, 425 O Obesity, in aquatic animals, 338 339 in ferrets, 451 in marsupials, 420 opossum, 437 sugar gliders, 424 425, 429
in rabbits, 488 490, 499 arteriosclerosis related to, 490 body condition scoring for, 488 489, 494 dietary management of, 490, 492 hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489, 492 hypertension related to, 489 in reptiles, 386 387 in rodents, 477, 480 Obstruction, GI, in rabbits, 486 OcuGlo, for avians, 507 Ocular disorders, antioxidants for, 512 513 in ferrets, 456 457 25-OHD. See 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD). Oleic acid, for amphibians, 358 Omega fatty acids (OFA), as supplement, 514 516 for avians, 506 for ferrets, 462 for rabbits, 496 for reptiles, 508 ocular effects of, 512 513 Omnivores, amphibians as, 348, 350 fish as, 337 geophagy in, 504 marsupials as, 420, 435 reptiles as, 376, 378 379 rodents as, 472, 474 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Oophagy, in amphibians, 350 Opossum nutrition, 435 439 adult, 436 437 as omnivorous, 435 436 captivity diet for, 419, 437 439 hand-rearing and, 443 445 need for, 440 weaning formulation for, 444 metabolism in, 415 419 secondary hyperparathyroidism and, 437 short-tailed opossum, 415, 438 439 summary overview of, 415, 419 420, 445 Virginia opossum, 415, 435 438 vitamins in, 436 437 Opportunistic feeders, chinchillas as, 472 Oral cavities, of amphibians, 348 Oral disorders, in reptiles, with vitamin A disorders, 377 378 Oral examination, for rabbits, 488 Organic waste, digestion/decomposition of, in aquatic animals, 339 Ornamental fish, tropical, nutrition for, 343 344 Osteodystrophia fibrosa. See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Overfeeding, of aquatic animals, 338 339 of reptiles, 386 387 starved, 388 389 Index 553
554 Index Oxalate metabolism, in rabbits, 499 in rodents, 475, 479 Oxidation, of stored food, for aquatic animals, 340 341 P Pain management, for rabbits, with GI stasis, 487 Palmitic acid, for amphibians, 358 Pancreas, in amphibians, 349 350 Pancreatic enzyme powder, for avians, 506 Pantothenic acid, for ferrets, 453, 459 Parasites, diarrhea related to, in reptiles, 389 in macropod food, 432 natural cures for, 504 Parenteral nutrition, for rabbits, 492 493 Parrots, feeding strategies in the home, 410 412 Passerine birds, nutrient requirements in, 399 401 Pasturing, of macropods, 431, 433 Peak metabolic rate, 418 Pediatric formulas, for marsupial hand-rearing, 442 445 Pellets. See Dry food. Penguins, supplements for, 507 Periodontal disease, in hamsters, 480 in rabbits, 488 Peristalsis, in amphibians, 348 349 in rabbits, with GI stasis, 486 Phenylalanine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Phosphatidylcholine (PC), 514 Phosphorus requirements, in amphibians, 359 insects for, 354 355 in aquatic animals, 336, 338 in avians, 404 405 for reproductive needs, 407 408 in ferret diet, 452, 455, 457 in marsupials, sugar gliders, 426 428 in rabbits, 497 in reptiles, 370, 374 in rodents, 476, 478 479 Photoperiod. See UV-B radiation. Photoreceptor actions, of vitamin A, in avians, 403 Placental mammals, enteroendocrine cell in GI tract of, 435 external. See Marsupial entries. Plasma osmolality, dehydration and, in reptiles, 385 386 Poikilotherms, metabolizable energy and, 356 Pollen, in sugar glider diet, 420, 422 424 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). See also Linolenic acid (n-6); a-linolenic acid (n-3). for avians, 407 408 for ferrets, 460 liver effects of, 514 515
Index 555 ocular effects of, 512 513 Potassium requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in macropods, 432 Prebiotics, for aquatic animals, 336 Prescription diets, for rabbits, comparison of constituents of, 495 497 enteral feedings and, immediate-term formulas, 489, 493 494 long-term formulas, 494 495, 497 short-term formulas, 494 495, 497 with nutritional disorders, 486, 491 500 anorexia, 491 495 calorie intake calculation in, 492 493 dental malocclusions, 488 GI stasis, 487 488 obesity, 490 urolithiasis, 491 Primates, tryptophan for, 508 Probiotic requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 337 Prokinetic enhancers, for GI stasis, in rabbits, 487 Protein composition, of captivity diets, for ferrets, 428, 452, 455 456, 460 for marsupials, 426 429 of insects, in amphibian diet, 352 353 Protein requirements, in amphibians, 357 in aquatic animals, 333 334, 338 in avians, 401, 408 409 in ferrets, 451 452, 459 460 Dook Soup and, 461 463, 465 466 geriatric, 467 in marsupials, 417, 419 420, 423 425 in rabbits, 495 hay content of, 499 500 in reptiles, 508 in rodents, 473 474, 476 477 Protein synthesis, microbial, in macropods, 430 431 Proteolytic enzymes, peptic, in amphibians, 348 349 Psittacine birds, feeding in the home, 410 411 feeding strategies of, 397 398 nutrient requirements in, 399 401 for growing chicks, 407 408 supplements for, 506 Puppy Esbilac formulation, for hand-reared marsupials, 442 444 Pyloric contractions, in amphibians, 349 Pyloric gland, in opossum, 435 Pyloric sphincter, in amphibians, 349 Pyridoxine, for ferrets, 453, 458 R Rabbit Digestive Health Formula, 495 497 Rabbit nutrition, 485 502 cecal fermentation in, 491, 498 anorexia impact on, 491 492
556 Index GI stasis impact on, 486 dietary management in, 486, 491 500 calorie intake calculation as, 492 493 during anorexic periods, 491 495 enteral feeding as, 493 495 for hepatic lipidosis, 492 for obesity, 492 immediate diet formulas, 493 495 immediate-term diet formulas, 489, 493 494 long-term diet formulas, 494 495, 497 myths, misconceptions, and important facts, 498 500 nasogastric tubes for, 49 short-term diet formulas, 494 495, 497 disorders related to, 486 491 anorexia as, 487, 491 bloat as, 486 487 GI obstruction as, 486 487 GI stasis as, 486 487 hypercalcinuria as, 490 491 obesity as, 488 490 arteriosclerosis related to, 490 body condition scoring for, 488 489, 494 dietary management of, 490, 492 hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489, 492 hypertension related to, 489 teeth malocclusion as, 487 488 urolithiasis as, 490 491, 499 fiber requirements in, 486 487, 495 crude, 498 for GI mobility, 487 488, 492, 494 high-fiber, 487, 490, 498 recommended levels for, 498 source and length of, 498 with enteral feedings, 492, 494 introduction to, 485 486 key points of, 485 summary overview of, 500 supplements for, 507 Rabbit Urinary Tract Health Formula, 491, 495 497 Rabbit Weight Management diet, 490, 495 497 Radiography, of bone demineralization, in bearded dragon, 372 373 of constipation, in reptiles, 390 of dental disease, in rabbits, 488 Raisins, for chinchilla, 476 for ferrets, 459, 463 Raptors, supplements for, 506 Recovery diet, for rabbits, 489, 495 497 RecoveryPlus diet, for rabbits, 487 489, 495 497 Rectum, of ferrets, 449 Reef nutrition, 344 Regulation, of dietary supplements, 505, 507
Reproduction, in ferrets, diet for, 464 465 in marsupials, diet for, 429 energy reserves for, 419 420 with low BMR, 416 417 zoopharmacognosy and, 504 505, 518 Reptile nutritional disorders, 369 395. See also specific disorder. anorexia as, 387 389 cachexia as, 387 389 constipation as, 389 391 dehydration as, 384 386, 388 diarrhea as, 389 hypovitaminosis E as, 382 383 introduction to, 369 370 key points of, 369 obesity as, 386 387 soft feces as, 389 stress-related, 517 supplements for, 508 thiamine deficiency as, 380 381 thyroid-related, secondary hyperparathyroidism as, 370 376 secondary hypothyroidism as, 383 384 vitamin A related, 375 380 hypervitaminosis A as, 379 380 hypovitaminosis A as, 376 379 overview of, 375 376 Retinol, in amphibian diet, 358, 362 insects for, 354 355 in avian diet, 402 404 in reptile diet. See Hypervitaminosis A; Hypovitaminosis A. supplements for, 509 Riboflavin, for ferrets, 453, 458 Rodent nutrition, 471 483 captive diet in, 475 476 for caviomorphs, 475 476 for myomorphs, 475 477 chinchillas and. See Chinchilla nutrition. coprophagy in, 474 475 digestive anatomy in, colonic separation mechanism in, 474 475 of caviomorphs, 473 of myomorphs, 473 474 gerbils and. See Gerbil nutrition. guinea pigs and. See Guinea pig nutrition. hamsters and. See Hamster nutrition. health issues related to, 477 480 in caviomorphs, 477 479 in myomorphs, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, of caviomorphs, 471 472 of myomorphs, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 Index 557
558 Index Rodent (continued) species overview for, 471 472 supplements in, 507 Rodents, as ferret food, 451 Rumen, in hamster, 473 in macropods, 430 431 S S-adenosy-L-methionine (SAMe), 514 Salivary glands, in opossum, 435 of amphibians, 348 Salt blocks, for macropods, 434 Salt poisoning, in ferrets, 461 Sap, in sugar glider diet, 420 421, 424 425 Saw palmetto, for small mammals, 507 Scurvy, 509 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional, in ferrets, 460 461 in opossum, 437 in reptiles, 370 376 calcium intake deficiency and, 371 374 clinical signs of, 371 373 diagnosis of, 372 373 treatment of, 373 374 etiology of, 370 prevention of, 374 375 UV-B radiation effect on, 370 371, 374 376 Secondary hypothyroidism, nutritional, in reptiles, 383 384 clinical signs of, 383 diagnosis of, 383 384 iodine deficiency and, 383 prevention of, 384 treatment of, 384 Seed-only diets, for avians, 402, 408, 410 Seeds. See also Grains. in marsupial diet, 425 in rodent diet, 471 472, 474, 477 ocular effects of, 513 Selenium requirements, in ferrets, 452, 460 in reptiles, 382, 508 Sensory factors, of food acceptance, in aquatic animals, 341 342 Serenin Vet, for cetaceans, 508 Serotonin, for stress reduction, 517 518 Sexual behavior, wild, serotonin for, 518 Shana-Vet, 516 517 for avians, 507 for cetaceans, 508 Shark nutrition, 344 Short-chain fatty acids, for macropods, 430 431 Short-tailed opossum, nutrition for, 415, 438 439 captivity diet in, 419