GHI-Thailand 2012 Dairy farming in Chiang Mai, Thailand Khwanchai Kreausukon Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University
History of Dairy farming in Thailand The conventional dairy farming was first introduced in 1962 by the help of the Danish government. From the promotion of dairy farming, the number of cows and milk production were gradually increasing. Between 1990 2000 the yearly average increased of the number of cows and milk production were 12.75 and 14.78 percentage (Office of Agricultural Economic).
Milk yield ( MEAN SD) of cows in different breeds in large dairy farm in Thailand(adapted from Chantaraprateep and Humbert,1993) Breed Milk yield (kg) MAX MIN HF 4,624 1,301 8,494 2,154 Brown Swiss 4,121 996 6,681 1,108 Jersey 3,762 1,112 6,190 1,960
Milk yield of Holstein Friesian pure-bred and cross-bred (adapted from Panpilai et al., 1995) Breed Lactation Mean SD 100%HF 1 3,753 907 2 4,753 1,010 87.5%HF 1 3,272 673 2 3,495 847 75%HF 1 3,263 702 2 3,460 872
However, the increased dairy product was not sufficient for the domestic consuming need. In 2011, Thailand has imported dairy products in the value of 13,240 MB.(Office of Agricultural economics) In 2006, the average global milk consumption was 100 Litre/ person/ year or 1 glass of milk/ person/ day. From the last national survey, Thai people consume only 13.02 litre/ person/ year. (Thai Dairy Fact Book 2009 )
Upper North of Thailand consisted of 8 provinces : Chiangmai, Chiangrai, Lampang, Lampun, Maehongsorn, Prae, Nan, and Payao This area included 17 dairy cooperative and 2 private collecting centers
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Information of dairy farming in Upper North 2001 2011 Calves 3,616 4,095 Heifers 6,305 18,553 Cows 9,437 34,181 Farms 1,321 1,488 Milk (ton) 98 260 Source: Chiangmai Artificial Insemination and Biotechnology Research Center
Dairy farming in Chiang Mai In 1997 there were 10,013 dairy cows and 875 farmers in Chiang Mai. Therefore, there were 11.44 cows per farm. Most of the farm (96.3%) had less than 25 cows Average age of the cows was 5.9 years (Max. 20.5 years) The culling rate was 15.82% (Lertrak et al., 1999)
Dairy farming in Chiang Mai From the socio-economic study, dairy farming in Chiang Mai in 1997 used one man as a labor and 65% were family members. 24.1% of dairy farms were growing rice, and 33.7% were dairy farming as main business. The advantages of dairy farming were home based family business, allowing more time for their family, and secure income (Rutch et al., 1999)
Dairy farming in Chiangmai The most important problems in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, metritis and reproductive problem, and blood parasite In dairy calves, diarrhea and respiratory infections are the most important problems. (Rutch et al., 1999)
MILK QUALITY AND CONSUMERS BEHAVIOR, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE Pawin Padungtod,1 Sakda Pruenglampoo,2 Posri Leelaapat,2 Khwanchai Kreauesukhon,1Chuleeporn Saksangawong,1 Duangporn Pichpol,1 Jutatip Thaboonpeng1 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 2Research Institute of Health Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai From a total of 1074 questionnaire responders, 92.6% consume milk. The majority of consumers consumed milk for health (79.4%), prefered natural flavour milk (42.5%) than sweeten (32.9%) and chocolate (10.8%) flavour. The most important factor for choosing milk product is nutritional component (81%) followed by taste (66.8) and price (55.3%). Most consumers did not know the milk composition although most read label (91.8%). ChiangMai Veterinary Journal 2006;4(1):31-42.
What s next for dairy farming in Chiang Mai Milk quality Labor, Roughage(animal feed), Veterinary services Antimicrobial resistance: MRSA
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Antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health issue with impact on both human and non-human antimicrobial usage. The continuing emergence, development and spread of pathogenic organisms that are resistant to antimicrobials are a cause of increasing concern.
People infected with resistant microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. Antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms hampers the control of infectious diseases by reducing the effectiveness of treatment, which increases the period of time infected patients shed the infectious agent, potentially spreading the latter agent among contact persons. Furthermore, the emergence of resistant microorganisms increases the costs for therapeutic interventions due to the increased duration of treatment and the need for the use of innovative - thus more expensive - antimicrobials. The longer duration of illness and treatment, often in hospitals, increases health-care costs and the financial burden to families and societies (WHO, 2011)
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA is a bacterium causing severe infections in humans (mainly hospitalized), which due to its wide resistance spectrum are difficult to treat. MRSA is a strain of S. aureus that is resistant to a large group of antibiotics called the beta-lactams, which include penicillins and cephalosporins. It has evolved an ability to survive treatment with beta-lactamase resistance beta-lactam antibiotics including methicillin, dicloxacillin, and oxacillin.
MRSA in Cattle Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important contagious mastitis pathogens, which is frequently isolated from dairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis The first isolations of MRSA from animals were reported for milk samples obtained from cows with mastitis. In Belgium,nearly 10% of 118 farms have an MRSA problem(vanderhaeghen et al.,2010) In Korea, 21 S. aureus strains (2.5%) derived from milk samples of cows with mastitis were MRSA positive (Moon et al., 2007)
MRSA in Cattle In the recent study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in veal calf farming in the Netherlands found that the prevalence of MRSA isolated from nasal swabs was 28% in veal calves, 33% in farmers, and 8% in family members, and the results from this study shows the direct associations between animal and human carriage of MRSA ST398 (Graveland et al., 2010)
In the Netherlands, MRSA ST398 carriage in healthcare personnel in contact with pigs and veal calves was 1.7% and in the control group was 0.15%, and the result from this study demonstrated that MRSA ST398 carriage in healthcare personnel in contact with farm animals is 10-fold higher than in other healthcare personnel (Wulf et al., 2008)
MRSA in milk the study on MRSA in US bulk tank milk reported that 218 bulk tank milk samples (40.2%) were positively cultured for S. aureus, but none were positive for MRSA on the selective indicator medium CHROMagar MRSA (Virgin et al., 2009)
MRSA in milk In Germany, the prevalence of MRSA from bulk tank milk in the 60 dairy farms was 6.7% (Khwanchai et al., 2011). The result indicate that bulk tank milk could be the source of MRSA and that testing bulk tank milk samples might be a suitable tool for monitoring the presence of multiresistent bacteria in animal products that are used for human consumption. This underlines the need to heat treat milk before marketing and consumption.
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