INFECTIOUS DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ANIMAL SHELTERS LILA MILLER and KATE HURLEY
Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters
Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters Edited by Lila Miller, DVM, and Kate Hurley, DVM, MPVM A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Edition first published 2009 2009 Wiley-Blackwell Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell s publishing program has been merged with Wiley s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Editorial Offi ce 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1379-0/2009. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice, or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Infectious disease management in animal shelters / edited by Lila Miller and Kate Hurley. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-1379-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Communicable diseases in animals. 2. Animal shelters. I. Miller, Lila. II. Hurley, Kate. [DNLM: 1. Animal Diseases--prevention & control. 2. Communicable Disease Control. 3. Animal Welfare. SF 781 I4175 2009] SF781.I524 2009 636.089'69 dc22 2008053865 A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. Set in 9.5 on 12 pt by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore 1 2009
Dedication This textbook is dedicated to the countless homeless animals in shelters everywhere, and the steadfast veterinarians and shelter staff who toil tirelessly on their behalf.
Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments ix xi xiii Section 1: Principles of Disease Management 3 1 Introduction to Disease Management in Animal Shelters 5 Kate F. Hurley and Lila Miller 2 Wellness 17 Brenda Griffi n 3 Outbreak Management 39 Kate F. Hurley 4 Sanitation and Disinfection 49 Glenda Dvorak and Christine A. Petersen 5 Canine and Feline Vaccinations and Immunology 61 Laurie J. Larson, Sandra Newbury, and Ronald D. Schultz 6 Pharmacology 83 Virginia R. Fajt 7 Necropsy Techniques 107 Patricia A. Pesavento Section 2: Respiratory Diseases 123 8 Feline Upper Respiratory Disease 125 Janet M. Scarlett 9 Canine Kennel Cough Complex 147 Claudia J. Baldwin 10 Canine Distemper Virus 161 Sandra Newbury, Laurie J. Larson, and Ronald D. Schultz 11 Canine Influenza 173 Cynda Crawford and Miranda Spindel Section 3: Gastrointestinal Diseases 181 12 Feline Panleukopenia 183 Helen Tuzio vii
viii Contents 13 Canine Parvovirus and Coronavirus 197 Leslie D. Appel and Stephen C. Barr 14 Internal Parasites 209 Dwight D. Bowman 15 Bacterial and Protozoal Gastrointestinal Disease 223 Michael R. Lappin and Miranda Spindel Section 4: Dermatological Disease 241 16 Dermatophytosis 243 Karen A. Moriello and Sandra Newbury 17 Ectoparasites 275 Karen A. Moriello, Sandra Newbury, and Alison Diesel Section 5: Other Diseases 299 18 Rabies 301 James C. Wright 19 Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 307 Julie K. Levy 20 Feline Infectious Peritonitis 319 Catherine H. Mullin 21 Vector-Borne Diseases 331 Janet Foley 22 Heartworm Disease 341 C. Thomas Nelson 23 Zoonosis 349 Jennifer Calder and Lila Miller Index 375
Contributors Leslie D. Appel, BS, DVM ASPCA New York, New York Shelter Outreach Services Ithaca, New York Claudia J. Baldwin, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM (SAIM) Associate Professor, Veterinary Clinical Sciences Director, Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program Faculty, Center for Food Security and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Stephen C. Barr, BVSc, MVS, PhD, DACVIM (SA) Professor of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York Dwight D. Bowman, MS, PhD Professor of Parasitology Department of Microbiology & Immunology College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York Jennifer A.M. Calder, DVM, MPH, PhD, CHSV Professor of Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health Tuskegee University Department of Pathobiology Tuskegee, Alabama Cynda Crawford, DVM, PhD Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Alison Diesel, DVM, Resident ACVD University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Glenda Dvorak, MS, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Virginia R. Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP Texas A & M University College Station, Texas Janet Foley, DVM, PhD Department of Medicine and Epidemiology University of California Davis, California Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York Kate F. Hurley, DVM, MPVM Koret Shelter Medicine Program Center for Companion Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California ix
x Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Internal Medicine) Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Laurie J. Larson, DVM Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Julie K. Levy, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Contributors Patricia A. Pesavento, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California Christine A. Petersen, DVM, PhD College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Janet M. Scarlett, DVM, MPH, PhD Director, Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York Lila Miller, BS, DVM ASPCA New York, New York Adjunct Assistant Professor, Cornell University Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania Karen A. Moriello, DVM, Diplomate ACVD School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Medical Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Catherine H. Mullin, VMD, MS Koret Shelter Medicine Program Center for Companion Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California C. Thomas Nelson, DVM, BS Animal Medical Centers of N.E. Alabama Anniston, Alabama Ronald D. Schultz, MS, PHD, Diplomate ACVM (Honorary) Professor and Chair Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Miranda Spindel, DVM, MS ASPCA Fort Collins, Colorado Helen Tuzio, BS, DVM, Diplomate ABVP (Feline) Forest Hills Cat Hospital Glendale, New York James C. Wright, DVM, PhD Department of Pathobiology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Sandra Newbury, DVM Koret Shelter Medicine Program Center for Companion Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, California
Preface Shelter medicine is a relatively new specialty area in veterinary medicine. In the past, euthanasia has been the most common response to infectious disease in sheltered animals. Even when shelter staff had the desire and resources to seek alternatives, veterinarians and fellow shelter professionals may have advised depopulation. This did not reflect a lack of compassion, but simply a lack of knowledge regarding safe alternatives that addressed the needs of individual animals while protecting the health of the shelter population and surrounding community. Balancing these concerns in the resource -limited shelter environment is a complex task, but veterinary science need not shy away from complexity. The same principles of evidence - based medicine and herd health, applied so effectively in other settings, create a powerful set of tools to maintain the health of this most vulnerable population. While the challenges inherent to shelter medicine are substantial, the potential rewards are great. Because so many animals pass through shelters, the effects of policies, both good and bad, are magnified. Effectively managing outbreaks, preventing infection, and establishing wellness programs in shelters have the potential to save countless lives, prevent tremendous suffering, and even save shelters money and staff time that can be devoted to other urgently needed programs. Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff was the first textbook for veterinarians devoted solely to the care of animals in shelters. It was published in 2004 and very ambitiously tackled a variety of medical and management issues that veterinarians working with shelters would need to know, but only touched on the specifics of managing disease in shelters. It very quickly became clear that a textbook was needed that focused entirely on the management of infectious disease in animal shelters. This textbook was conceived in 2005 and work began shortly thereafter. The purpose of this text is to provide detailed, practical information regarding fundamental principles of disease control in shelters and specific management of the most important diseases encountered in dogs and cats in shelters. The emphasis throughout is on strategies for the prevention of illness and mitigation of disease spread. Practical information on treatment and considerations for adoption are also included. This text is not intended to provide the reader with exhaustive information about each disease included nor does it cover every disease that may be encountered in a shelter animal. Other textbooks are available that focus on the details of disease pathogenesis, individual animal treatment protocols, and less common conditions in shelter dogs and cats as well as other species of importance. The reader is encouraged to use these resources in conjunction with this text. The recommendations contained herein are based on research coupled with the authors collective experience. As in any practice setting, final decisions regarding selection of treatment protocols, safe drug use, and shelter practices are the responsibility of the clinician. xi
Acknowledgments This book is truly the work of many people. We would like to thank the contributing authors who provided their valuable time and expertise so freely to this project. We recognize that completion of the chapters was an additional project for individuals with extremely busy lives. Nevertheless, the authors worked unstintingly to provide the very best available resources, often gathering together information that has never before been presented in this format. Each chapter is a gift for the homeless animals we are all working to care for. In reflecting on the circumstances that made this book possible, we must acknowledge all those pioneering veterinarians who established the integral role of the veterinarian in shelter animal care and who founded the field of shelter medicine. We must also gratefully acknowledge the shelter staff and volunteers who work tirelessly to care for homeless pets and who help make our work meaningful. We recognize Wiley-Blackwell for their vision in supporting publication of this and the first textbook on shelter medicine, Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff. They courageously answered the need for a resource dedicated to a population of animals previously little regarded by veterinary publishers. We would especially like to thank the ASPCA and UC Davis for recognizing the importance of the textbook. Our supervisors, colleagues, and residents have all contributed with their patience and support over the three years it took to bring this project to its completion. Special thanks must also go to Diane Wilson, the project manager, whose excellent organizational skills, encouragement, and enthusiasm allowed us to focus on the process of assembling all the information contained in this text. All the authors provided invaluable contributions, but two authors went above and beyond the call of duty: Sandra Newbury co - authored an epic four chapters, and Miranda Spindel, in addition to co - authoring two chapters, provided valued editorial assistance with several others. Finally, we would like to extend a heartfelt thanks to our beloved families, friends, and pets, who tolerated our prolonged absence and neglect as we worked day and night on this book. Kate would like to personally thank: Muggs the Terrier for being a warm anchor at my feet for the many hours I sat at my desk; Foss the Cat for refusing to take my angst seriously; my Mom for raising me to believe I could make a difference in the world; and all my wonderful family, friends, and partners in dance and crime who supported, amused, and distracted me throughout this project and who always remind me of how much more there is to life. Lila would like to personally thank: my parents Virginia and Lonist, who have never wavered in their love and support over the years; my brother Rodney and his family; Corlette and Lila for their patience; Mr. Rusty and Miss Coco, two cats who always met me at the door on those late nights coming home from the office; and the many friends and colleagues who have cheered me along the way. Without your support and encouragement this book surely would not have been possible. We missed you and are happy to be back, if only until the second edition is due! xiii
Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters
Section 1 Principles of Disease Management
1 Introduction to Disease Management in Animal Shelters Kate F. Hurley and Lila Miller SHELTER MEDICINE AS A SPECIALTY The development of shelter medicine as a valued component of veterinary science reflects a variety of trends, including increased value placed on animals and a desire to seek alternatives to euthanasia as a response to companion animal homelessness; greater resources and sophistication on the part of animal -sheltering organizations, which create unprecedented opportunities for the design of quality facilities and health - care programs; and an explosion in the amount of evidence -based knowledge available to guide best practices for shelter animal care. Although veterinarians have been working with shelters for years, it has only recently been acknowledged that this is a very complex field requiring special expertise. The first formal shelter medicine class at a veterinary college was offered by Cornell University in 1999; there are now shelter medicine programs, courses, and residencies offered at several universities. Many major veterinary conferences offer lectures in shelter medicine as well. There is an Association of Shelter Veterinarians whose membership is growing daily. As interest in the field steadily increases, more studies are being conducted to determine better ways of managing the health and welfare of shelter animals. Roles of veterinarians in shelters Veterinarians work with shelters in a variety of capacities as volunteers, employees, or consultants. The range of authority can be very broad. They may be on the high end of the chain of command as shelter directors or board members, or they may enter the shelter merely to provide per diem surgical or medical services. Many veterinarians fall somewhere in the middle as regular or part -time employees in charge of the health - care program. Employment and consulting opportunities for shelter veterinarians are rising, and these opportunities represent rewarding and challenging options for professional practice. However, currently only a small percentage of veterinarians have a specialized background or expertise in this area. There is a great need to expand learning opportunities so that veterinarians may better serve shelter populations. Herd health approach to shelter medicine Simply stated, shelter medicine is herd health medicine for companion animals. The design of a comprehensive program to control, manage, and reduce the transmission of disease in animal shelters is a challenge for the veterinary professional. Current traditional clinical veterinary education focuses either on the design of cost -effective herd health protocols that emphasize disease prevention and maximize the production of animal products for food or that deliver sophisticated and potentially costly health care to individual companion animals. Shelter medicine requires a blend of these two approaches. Often the care of each individual shelter animal is best served by rigorous attention to the wellness of the group as a whole. When disease transmission is prevented, individual animals are spared serious illness that otherwise might not be treatable. When the population as a whole is healthy, more resources are available for those individuals requiring an additional level of care. Another key historical difference in the two approaches to clinical practice revolves around the emotional bond and value attached to companion animals that do not exist to the same degree in large animal agricultural practice. This bond has a major impact on the ability to deliver science and evidence - based management 5