Zoonoses Viral, Rickettsial and Prion Diseases
The Editor Dr. Sudhi Ranjan Garg is a senior Professor of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology in the College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Hisar (India). He has also worked as Head of the Department. Dr. Garg obtained the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry in 1979. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research awarded Junior Research Fellowship to Dr. Garg for postgraduate studies. Dr. Garg completed his Master of Veterinary Sciences in Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology in 1982. He was later awarded Russian Government Scholarship for doctoral studies and obtained Ph.D. from the prestigious All-Russian Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine in Moscow in 1991. Dr. Garg has over 30 years of experience of extensive graduate and postgraduate teaching and research on zoonotic diseases. He has guided many students for their Master s and Doctoral degrees. Dr. Garg works as a subject matter specialist for many organizations. Recognizing his contributions, the Indian Association of Veterinary Public Health Specialists has honoured Dr. Garg as Fellow of the Association. Dr. Garg has been actively associated with the Alliance for Rabies Control (UK), Global Alliance for Rabies Control (USA), and the Commonwealth Veterinary Association in their campaigns for rabies prevention, control and elimination. Dr. Garg has been regularly coordinating mass education programmes for the schoolchildren, college students, pet owners, farmers and urban people. The Global Alliance for Rabies Control has commended his efforts and has cited him as an example of Local Heroes taking action towards rabies prevention and control efforts in the country. Dr. Garg also works as resource faculty in the Continuing Veterinary Education Programme run by the Veterinary Council of India and other training programmes. Apart from coordinating training programmes on Diagnosis of Rabies, Food Safety Standards, and Capacity Building of Decentralized Institutions for SPS Compliance in Raw Milk Sector, Dr. Garg has delivered lectures to the trainees in a number of such programmes. Dr. Garg is a Life-Member of the Indian Association of Veterinary Public Health Specialists, Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India, Indian Association of Veterinary Microbiologists, Immunologists and Specialists in Infectious Diseases, and the Association of Food Scientists and Technologists of India. He is currently working as a Member in the Editorial Board of the journal Microbes and Health published by the Bangladesh Society of Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health and in the Journal of Foodborne and Zoonotic Diseases which has been launched recently. Dr. Garg is currently engaged in propagating the One Health concept in the region. He has successfully organized a multidisciplinary symposium on Interdisciplinary Approach for Tuberculosis Control and a Veterinary-Medical Workshop on Rabies and its Prevention. Dr. Garg has attended a large number of scientific conferences and meetings to present invited and lead papers. He has over 100 scientific papers and several books to his credit. His earlier books include Understanding Rabies and its Prevention; Interdisciplinary Approach for Tuberculosis Control; Veterinary and Livestock Sector: A Blueprint for Capacity Building; Environmental Security: Human and Animal Health; Handbook of Quality Control of Dairy and Meat Products; Veterinary Diagnostics: Current Trends; and Human and Animal Health: Environmental Perspectives.
Zoonoses Viral, Rickettsial and Prion Diseases Sudhi Ranjan Garg College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125 004, India 2014 Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110 002
2014 EDITOR Publisher s note: Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and author cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or the author. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in the book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book, if any. The author and the publisher will be grateful for any omission brought to their notice for acknowledgement in the future editions of the book. All Rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the publisher and the copyright owner. Cataloging in Publication Data--DK Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. <docinfo@dkagencies.com> Zoonoses : viral, rickettsial and prion diseases / Sudhi Ranjan Garg. p. cm. Contributed articles. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9789351242727 (Hardbound) ISBN 9789351301639 (International Edition) ISBN 9789351242734 (Series) 1. Zoonoses. 2. Virus diseases. 3. Rickettsial diseases. 4. Prion diseases. I. Garg, Sudhi Ranjan. DDC 571.98 23 Published by : Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company 81, Darya Ganj, Near Hindi Park, Delhi Medical Association Road, New Delhi - 110 002 Phone: 011-4354 9197, 2327 8134 Fax: +91-11-2324 3060 E-mail: info@astralint.com Website: www.astralint.com Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services, Delhi - 110 035 Printed at : Salasar Imaging Systems, Delhi - 110 035 PRINTED IN INDIA
Preface Despite remarkable progress and great developments in human and veterinary medicine, microbial threats of animal origin continue to pose major challenge to public health in the twenty-first century. New infectious agents and some already known microorganisms have led to the emergence of previously unrecognised diseases in recent decades. The evolution of existing pathogens has been responsible for alterations in the host range, vectors, pathogenicity or microbial strains in some cases. The re-emergence of existing or endemic diseases also haunted the mankind during the past some decades and continues to do so either due to expansion of the geographical setting or host range of such diseases, or due to considerable rise in their prevalence. Nearly all of these emerging and reemerging disease episodes have involved a variety of zoonotic or species-jumping infectious agents. Viruses constitute the most prominent group of emerging and reemerging zoonotic pathogens because of their ability to adapt quickly to the changing environmental conditions and the possibility of their transmission by various modes including contact, inhalation, bites, through conjunctiva, and via contaminated food and water. Among the viral zoonoses, rabies is well known for its deadly and painful consequences. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that emerged only in the later part of the twentieth century is a prominent example where the causative virus has permanently crossed the species barrier. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is another such example. Influenza has caused major pandemics and the virus continues to strive for its movement from avian species into humans. The list of viral agents that are known to cross the species barrier is very long, many of which have caused devastating effects on the human populations. A number of zoonotic
viii viruses manifest as encephalitis in human beings, for example, Japanese encephalitis, Kyasanur forest disease, West Nile encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Nipah encephalitis, Hendra virus infection etc. The viruses in another major group mainly show haemorrhagic manifestations. These include dengue fever, chikungunya fever, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Marburg haemorrhagic fever, Hanta virus infection, Lassa fever etc. Arthropod vectors play important role in dissemination of many of these infections. Rickettsiae, which phylogenetically occupy a position between bacteria and viruses, comprise another important group of zoonotic organisms. These include a diverse variety of vector-borne diseases that vary in severity from mild, self-limiting illnesses to severe, life threatening manifestations. Till recently, Q fever was also grouped under rickettsial illnesses but now stands reclassified. Besides the viral and rickettsial zoonoses, a prion disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, which emerged in cattle in Europe in the later part of the twentieth century, assumes huge public health importance and has a major influence on international trade of livestock and livestock products. The emergence and reemergence of zoonotic diseases is driven by a complex set of factors associated with the human population, animal reservoirs, pathogenic agent, vectors and the environment. Human and animal demographics, ecological factors, climatic change, deforestation and urbanization, and social factors, customs and practices of the populations influence the interaction of man with domestic animals and wildlife; transmission of zoonotic pathogens; and the dynamics of diseases. This book is a humble attempt to develop an understanding of the animal-humanvector-microbe-environment interface and to conceptualize the strategies for prevention, control and elimination of major viral, rickettsial and prion diseases of zoonotic importance. I am confident that teachers, students, researchers, veterinarymedical professionals, planners and policymakers will find the book very useful. While expressing my deep sense of gratitude to all the contributing authors for their support and painstaking efforts, I gratefully acknowledge the extensive help from various agencies, particularly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH), Iowa State University. Sudhi Ranjan Garg
Contents Preface List of Contributors vii xiii 1. Zoonoses: Social and Economic Impact 1 H. Rahman, G.B. Manjunatha Reddy and L.R. Chatlod 2. Avian Influenza 8 C. Tosh and S. Nagarajan 3. Rabies 35 R.P. Singh and Arunkumar Patel 4. Japanese Encephalitis 47 Baldev R. Gulati, Nagaleelavathi S.P., H. Singha and 5. West Nile Virus Infection 68 Niranjan Mishra 6. Tick-borne Encephalitis 88 7. Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis 97
8. Rift Valley Fever 114 9. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever 128 10. Hantavirus Diseases 141 11. Yellow Fever 153 12. Kyasanur Forest Disease 167 Divakar Hemadri, S.S. Patil and H. Rahman 13. Dengue Fever 177 Sukdeb Nandi and Paban Kumar Dash 14. Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever 189 15. Chikungunya Fever 194 Y.P. Grover and S. Kapoor 16. Nipah Encephalitis 209 Mahmudur Rahman and Apurba Chakraborty 17. Hendra Virus Infection 217 S. Kapoor, K. Dhama and Y.P. Grover 18. Lassa Fever 237 19. Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever 244 20. Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever 255 21. Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome 262 S.K. Batra 22. Rotavirus Infection 269 Z.B. Dubal, R.P. Kolhe and K.N. Bhilegaonkar 23. Zoonotic Pox Infections 281 V. Bhanuprakash, B.K. Indrani, R. Yogisharadhya, G. Venkatesan, V. Balamurugan and R.K. Singh x
xi 24. Q Fever 305 25. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 332 26. Typhus Fever 342 27. Scrub Typhus 349 28. Murine Typhus 359 29. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 368 30. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 377 R.P. Gupta 31. Surveillance, Early Warning and Outbreak Reporting Systems 397 Pham Thanh Long 32. Genetic Approaches for Zoonoses Control 403 Ved Prakash and Basanti Jyotsana Index 423
List of Contributors Apurba Chakraborty Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh Arunkumar Patel Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 B.K. Indrani Advinus Therapeutics, Bangalore 560058 Baldev R. Gulati National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 Basanti Jyotsana Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501 C. Tosh High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal 462021 Divakar Hemadri Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore 560024 G.B. Manjunatha Reddy Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore 560025
G. Venkatesan Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263138 H. Rahman Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore 560025 H. Singha National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 K. Dhama Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 K.N. Bhilegaonkar Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 L.R. Chatlod ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Gangtok 793102, Sikkim Mahmudur Rahman Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh Nagaleelavathi S.P. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 Niranjan Mishra High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal 462021 Paban Kumar Dash Division of Virology, Defence R&D Establishment, Gwalior 474002 Pham Thanh Long Epidemiology Division, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam R.K. Singh National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001 R.P. Gupta Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 R.P. Kolhe Division of Veterinary Public Health, Shirwal Veterinary College, Shirwal xiv R.P. Singh Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122
R.Yogisharadhya Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar 263138 S.K. Batra Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 S. Kapoor Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 S. Nagarajan High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal 462021 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 S.S. Patil Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore 560024 Sukdeb Nandi CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122 V. Balamurugan Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore 560024 V. Bhanuprakash Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore 560024 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai 400012 Ved Prakash Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar 304501 xv Y.P. Grover Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004 Z.B. Dubal Animal Science Section, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403402