ADVANCES IN ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE 1985
ADVANCES IN WELFARE SCIENCE 1985 edited by Michael W. Fox, D.Se., Ph.D., B.:Vet.Med., MRCVS Director, The Institute jor the Study oj Animal Problems Washington, DC 20037, USA and Linda D. Mickley B.S. Research Associate, The Institute jor the Study oj Animal Problems Washington DC 20037, USA 1986 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS... a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP.. BOSTON / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER.,~
Distributors jor the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA jor the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lrn, UK jor all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8385-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-0094247-9 e-isbn-13: 978-94-0094247-9 Copyright 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
IN MEMORIAM Michael J. McCulloch His life and work showed us the healing power of concern for animal and human life. We will long remember his pioneering contributions to the study of the human-animal bond.
MANUSCRIPT REVIEW COMMI'ITEE ADVANCES IN ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE Judith K. Blackshaw Department of Animal Production, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia Gordon M. Burghardt Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA Ned Buyukmihci School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, USA Marian Dawkins Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Detlef W. Folsch Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institut fur Tierproduktion, Gruppe Physiologie und Hygiene, Zurich, Switzerland Andrew E Fraser Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada 'Jed H. Friend, Jr. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA John Grandy The Humane Society of the United States Washington, D.C., USA W.B. Gross Department of Veterinary Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Katherine Houpt Department of Physiology, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA JohnA Hoyt The Humane Society of the United States Washington, D.C., USA B.O. Hughes Agricultural Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland Frank Hurnik Department of Animal Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
Ron Kilgour Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton, New Zealand Devra Kleiman National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA ElizabethA. Lawrence 'fufts University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Michael J. McCulloch Northwest Resource Group of Mental Health, Portland, Oregon, USA Jenny Rernfry Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, Herts, England Bernard E. Rollin Department of Philosophy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Andrew N. Rowan 'fufts University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Harry C. Rowsell Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Joyce S.A. TIschler The Animal Legal Defense Fund, San Francisco, California, USA G. vanputten Research Institute for Animal Production, "Schoonoord," Zeist, Holland D.B. Wilkins Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, The Causeway, Horsham, Sussex, England Thomas Wolfle National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Foreword This second volume of papers dealing with scientific and ethical aspects of animal welfare covers a variety of topics and areas of investigation. It will be of particular interest to those readers seeking more insight into such subjects as farm animal welfare and humane husbandry systems; animal experimentation, especially in the field of psychology; and pain in animals, notably its recognition and alleviation. Several of our selections deal with very specific subjects that are germane to animal welfare: the use of T-61 for euthanizing cats and dogs, a new humane method of stunning for livestock and poultry, an innovative alternative to killing animals for rabies diagnosis, alternatives to aversive procedures in teaching experimental psychology, and the need for improved theoretical modeling in animal experimentation and research design. Following the precedent set in the first volume of Advances in Animal Welfare Science, we have included several papers dealing with people's attitudes toward animals. These papers range from a consideration of cultural influences and veterinary ethics to an examination of anthropomorphism, to a discussion of the linkage between the environmental politics and perceptions of the Green Movement and animal welfare and rights. We wish to express our gratitude to the Manuscript Review Committee for the excellent work they have done and to the twenty contributors to this volume which we believe will do much to advance the science of animal welfare, and the well-being of animals under man's dominion. M.W. Fox L.D. Mickley Washington, D.C.
LIST OF CONTENTS Foreword... vii I. FARM ANIMALS CARDIAC ARREST STUNNING OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY T Grandin... 1 THE DEFINITION, CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WELFARE FOR FARM ANIMALS R. Kilgour... 31 THE ATrAINMENT OF HUMANE HOUSING FOR FARM LIVESTOCK D.G.M. Wood-Gush... 47 II. LABORATORY ANIMALS Animal Pain THE RECOGNITION AND ALLEVIATION OF PAIN IN ANIMALS P.A. Flecknell... 61 T-61 USE IN EUTHANASIA OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS: A SURVEY A.N. Rowan... 79 ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION W. Schannann... 87 ANIMAL PAIN B.E. Rollin... 91 Animal Experimentation in the Psychology Setting THREE BLIND MICE, SEE HOW THEY RUN: A CRITIQUE OF BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS M.A. Giannelli... 109 ALTERNATIVES TO AVERSIVE PROCEDURES WITH ANIMALS IN THE PSYCHOLOGY TEACHING SETTING J.A..Kelly... 165 ANTHROPOMORPHISM IS NOT A FOUR-LETTER WORD R. Lockwood... 185 Alternatives THE IMBALANCE BETWEEN EXPERIMENT AND THEORY IN BIOWGY: THE NEED FOR THEORY-DIRECTED MODELING M.L. Fidelman and D.C. Mikulecky... 203
APPLICATIONS OF LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY IN THE EVALUATION OF THE RISK OF RABIES TRANSMISSIONS BY BITING DOGS AND CATS D.C. Blenden, M.J. Torres-Anjel, and ET. Satalowich... 221 III. VETERINARY ETHICS TO WRITE A THERIATRIC OATH G. wckwood... 249 VETERINARY CONDUCT AND ANIMAL WELFARE H. R.ozemond... 255 Iv. ATTITUDES TOWARDS ANIMALS THE GREEN MOVEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR ANIMALS R. Hawkins... 269 HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF ANIMALS AND ANIMAL AWARENESS: THE CULTURAL DIMENSION E.A. Lawrence... 285 IS MAN'S INFLICTION OF SUFFERING ON ANIMALS IMMORAL? R.E Welborn... 297 Instructions to Authors... 303