Index Note: Page numbers of articles titles are in boldface type. A Abortion defined, 81 82 enzootic in sheep and goats, 213 216. See also Enzootic abortion, in sheep and goats. ovine, 84 86 infectious, in sheep and goats causes of, 83 89 C. abortus, 84 86 C. burnetii, 86 88 C. fetus subsp. fetus, 84 C. jejuni, 83 84 control of, 81 93 toxoplasmosis, 88 89 described, 81 82 diagnostic approach to, 82 management of, 82 83 Abscess(es) lung, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 pedal joint, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 191 toe, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 white line, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 Acidosis, ruminal, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 36 37 Acute mastitis, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 39 40 Adenocarcinoma enzootic nasal, in sheep, treatment and control of, 181 ovine pulmonary, in sheep, treatment and control of, 181 Adenovirus(es), ovine, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Analgesia/analgesics, in sheep and goats, 47 59 described, 50 51 endotracheal intubation, 54 55 intraoperative monitoring and supportive therapy, 55 56 local and regional, 51 53 physiologic considerations, 47 48 recovery from, 56 Anaplasmosis, in sheep and goats, 219 221 causes of, 219 clinical expression of, 220 control of, 221 diagnostics in, 220 221 distribution of, 219 220 treatment of, 221 Vet Clin Food Anim 27 (2011) 235 246 doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(10)00107-6 vetfood.theclinics.com 0749-0720/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
236 Index Anemia, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 33 35 Anesthesia/anesthetics, in sheep and goats, 47 59 inhalational anesthesia, 55 injectable anesthesia, 53 54 intraoperative monitoring and supportive therapy, 55 56 local and regional, 51 53 physiologic considerations, 47 48 preanesthetic preparation, 48 recovery from, 56 sedation and premedication, 48 50 Antibiotic(s). See Antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial drugs. See also specific drugs, e.g., Tetracycline. at drying off, for mastitis management in sheep and goats, 118 for Brucella ovis infection control in sheep, 63 for hoof disorders in sheep and goats, 188 resistance of, described, 26 29 Antimicrobial resistance described, 23 24 in sheep and goats, 24 26 in small ruminants, 23 32 impact of, 24 risk factors for, practices increasing, 29 Arthritis, septic pedal, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 191 B Back-line applications, chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 207 Bacterin vaccines, in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 197 Biosecurity, farm-related, in hoof disorders management in sheep and goats, 189 Bloat, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 40 Blowfly strike, in sheep, chemical control of, 209 210 Bovicola ovis infestation, in sheep, 204 Bronchoalveolar lavage, in respiratory disease diagnosis in sheep, 176 Brucella spp. B. melitensis infection described, 95 96 in sheep and goats, control and eradication of, 95 104 diagnostic tests in, 97 99 prerequisites for, 96 97 programs in, 100 103 strategies in, 100 vaccines in, 97 99 B. ovis infection, in sheep, 61 66 control of, 61 66 accreditation programs in, 64 antibiotics in, 63 overview of, 62 removal of grossly diseased rams in, 64 testing methods in, 62 63 vaccination in, 63 64 effects of, 61 62
Index 237 eradication of, 62 63 transmission of, 61 62 Brucellosis, described, 95 C Campylobacter spp., abortion in sheep and goats due to, 83 89 C. abortus, 84 86 C. burnetii, 86 88 C. fetus subsp. fetus, 84 C. jejuni, 83 84 Caseous lymphadenitis, 193 202 control of environmental, 199 200 test and cull in, 196 197 vaccination in, 197 199 described, 193 194 diagnosis of, 196 197 lesions associated with, 194 195 pathogenesis of, 195 196 transmission of, 194 195 Cephalosporin(s), resistance to, 28 Cestode parasites, pharmaceutical control of, 150 Chemical(s), in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 206 207 Chlamydial infections, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 213 233. See also specific infections. enzootic abortion, 213 216 Chondritis, laryngeal, in sheep, treatment and control of, 183 Choroptic mange, in sheep, 205 Chronic suppurative pneumonia/lung abscesses, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Clostridial diseases, in sheep, 121 126 described, 121 125 enterotoxemias, 123 124 myonecrosis, 124 125 neurotropic diseases, 125 parenchymatous organs affected by, 124 toxemia, 124 125 Contagious ovine digital dermatitis, treatment and control of, 187 190 Copper supplementation, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 166 167 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, 193 Culling, of chronically infected animals, in hoof disorders management and control in sheep and goats, 189 D Dairy farms, drug use in, for sheep and goats, laws and regulations for, 20 Dermatitis interdigital, treatment and control of, 187 190 ovine digital, contagious, treatment and control of, 187 190 Dicrocoelium dendriticum, pharmaceutical control of, 150 Dipping, chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 206
238 Index DNA vaccines, in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 198 Dressing(s), chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 207 Drug(s) for endoparasitic helminth infections in sheep, 139 156. See also Endoparasitic helminth infections, in sheep, pharmaceutical control of. for goats. See also Drug(s), for sheep and goats. in Canada, 12 in U.S., 11 for sheep in Canada, 8 10 in U.S., 6 7 for sheep and goats extralabel use of, 3 18 illegal, 13 14 legal basis of, 3 permissible, 3 13 monitoring of, 18 19 labeled/licensed, for sheep and goats, 2 3 Drug laws and regulations, for sheep and goats, 1 21. See also Goat(s), drug laws and regulations for; Sheep, drug laws and regulations for. Dusting, chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 207 Dystocia, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 42 43 E Ectoparasite(s) described, 203 204 in sheep eradication of, 207 208 treatment and control of, 203 212 chemical application in, 206 207 future considerations in, 211 in North America, 211 types of, 204 206 Emergency conditions, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 33 45 acute mastitis, 39 40 anemia, 33 35 bloat, 40 dystocia, 42 43 enterotoxemia, 36 hypocalcemia, 37 obstetric emergencies, 42 43 polioencephalomalacia, 35 36 pregnancy toxemia, 38 respiratory distress, 41 42 ruminal acidosis, 36 37 urinary obstruction, 38 39 Endoparasitic infections helminth-related, in sheep, pharmaceutical control of, 139 156 cestode parasites, 150 described, 139 140
Index 239 nematode parasites, 141 148 trematode parasites, 148 150 in sheep, non-pharmaceutical control of, 157 162 control measures in development or unproven, 161 in identifying and protecting most vulnerable sheep, 158 in monitoring for worm infections, 159 160 in reducing rate and amount of contamination, 157 158 in reducing selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance, 158 159 nematode-related, in goats, control of, 163 173 copper supplementation in, 166 167 grazing management in, 168 nematophagous fungi in, 167 plant neutraceuticals in, 167 stimulation of immune responses against gastrointestinal nematodes in, 168 169 targeting worm population in host in, 164 166 Enterotoxemia(s) in goats, treatment of, 36 in sheep, 123 124 treatment of, 36 Environmental measures, in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 199 200 Enzootic abortion in sheep and goats, 213 216 causes of, 213 clinical expression of, 214 control of, 215 216 diagnostics in, 214 215 distribution of, 213 214 treatment of, 215 ovine, 84 86 Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma, in sheep, treatment and control of, 181 F Face lice infestation, in sheep, 205 Farm biosecurity, in hoof disorders management and control in sheep and goats, 189 Fluoroquinolone(s), resistance to, 28 29 Flystrike, control of, nonchemical methods in, 210 Foot lice infestation, in sheep, 205 Foot trimming, for hoof disorders in sheep and goats, 187 188 Footbathing, for hoof disorders in sheep and goats, 188 189 Foottrot, treatment and control of, 187 190 Fungus(i), nematophagous, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 167 G Gastrointestinal nematodes, in goats, 163 164 Genetics, in hoof disorders management and control in sheep and goats, 190 Goat(s) anesthesia and analgesia in, 47 59. See also Analgesia/analgesics, in sheep and goats; Anesthesia/anesthetics, in sheep and goats. antimicrobial resistance in, 24 26
240 Index Goat(s) (continued) B. melitensis infection in, control and eradication of, 95 104. See also Brucella spp., B. melitensis infection, in sheep and goats, control and eradication of. chlamydial and rickettsial infections in, treatment and control of, 213 233. See also specific infections. drug(s) for extralabel use of, illegal, 13 14 in Canada, 12 in U.S., 11 monitoring of, 18 19 withdrawal time estimation of, 13 18 drug laws and regulations for, 1 21 compounding, 19 in dairy farms, 20 in natural or organic farms, 19 20 emergency conditions in, treatment of, 33 45. See also Emergency conditions, in sheep and goats, treatment of. endoparasitic nematode infections in, control of, 163 173. See also Endoparasitic infections, nemadtode-related, in goats, control of. hoof disorders in, treatment and control of. See also Hoof disorders, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of. infectious abortion in, 81 93. See also Abortion, infectious, in sheep and goats. labeled/licensed drugs for, 2 3 mastitis in, 115 120. See also Mastitis, in sheep and goats. paratuberculosis in, 127 138. See also Paratuberculosis, in sheep and goats. reproduction in, pharmaceutical control of, 67 79. See also Reproduction, in sheep and goats, pharmaceutical control of. Grain overload, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 36 37 Granuloma(s), toe, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 191 Grazing management, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 168 H Head fly infestation, in sheep, 204 Heartwater, in sheep and goats, 224 226 causes of, 224 clinical expression of, 224 control of, 225 226 diagnostics in, 224 225 distribution of, 224 treatment of, 225 Hoof disorders, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 187 192. See also specific disorders. culling of chronically infected animals in, 189 deep sepsis of pedal joint in, 190 191 farm biosecurity in, 189 foot trimming in, 187 188 genetic improvement in, 190 toe granuloma, 191 vs. eradication, 190 white line lesions, 190
Index 241 Hydrotea irritans infestation, in sheep, 204 Hypocalcemia in sheep and goats, treatment of, 37 peri-parturient, treatment and control of, 108 110 Hypomagnesemia, treatment and control of, 110 I Infection(s). See specific types. Interdigital dermatitis, treatment and control of, 187 190 Itch mite infestation, in sheep, 205 J Jetting, chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 206 Johne disease. See Paratuberculosis. K Kidney disease, pulpy, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 36 L Lactation, mastitis during, in sheep and goats, treatment of, principles of, 116 117 Lamb(s), newborn, pregnancy toxemia in, treatment and control of, 107 Laryngeal chondritis, in sheep, treatment and control of, 183 Lesion(s), white line, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 Lice, in sheep, 204 of face, 205 of foot, 205 Linognathus spp. infestation, in sheep L. ovillus, 205 L. pedalis, 205 Live vaccines, in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 198 Lousicide(s), resistance to, in sheep, 208 Lung(s), abscess of, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Lymphadenitis, caseous, 193 202. See also Caseous lymphadenitis. M Maedi-visna, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Mange choroptic, in sheep, 205 psoroptic, in sheep, 205 eradication of, 208 209 sarcoptic, in sheep, 205 206 eradication of, 211 Mastitis acute, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 39 40 defined, 115 in sheep and goats
242 Index Mastitis (continued) described, 115 during lactation, treatment of, principles of, 116 117 treatment of, 115 120 antimicrobial drugs at drying off in, 118 detection of inhibitors in milk in, 118 Melatonin, in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 72 75 Melophagus ovis infestation, in sheep, 204 Metabolic diseases, peri-parturient, treatment and control of, 105 113. See also specific diseases. Milk, detection of inhibitors in, in mastitis management in sheep and goats, 118 Mite(s), itch, in sheep, 205 Mycoplasma pneumonia, in sheep, treatment and control of, 180 Myonecrosis, clostridial diseases presenting with, in sheep, 124 125 N Natural farms, drug use in, for sheep and goats, laws and regulations for, 19 20 Nematode(s) gastrointestinal, in goats, 163 164 pharmaceutical control of, 141 148 Nematode infections, endoparasitic, in goats, control of, 163 173. See also Endoparasitic infections, nematode-related, in goats, control of. Nematophagous fungi, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 167 Neurotropic diseases, clostridial, in sheep, 125 Neutraceutical(s), plant, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 167 O Obstetric emergencies, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 42 43 Oestrus ovis infestation, in sheep, treatment and control of, 183 Office of Minor Use and Minor Species, at US Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, 2 3 Organic farms, drug use in, for sheep and goats, laws and regulations for, 19 20 Ovine adenovirus, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Ovine enzootic abortion, 84 86 Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, in sheep, treatment and control of, 181 P Parainfluenza virus 3, in sheep, treatment and control of, 181 Paramphistomum spp., pharmaceutical control of, 150 Parasite(s) cestode, pharmaceutical control of, 150 nematode, pharmaceutical control of, 141 148 trematode, pharmaceutical control of, 148 150 Parasitic pneumonia, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Paratuberculosis described, 127 in sheep and goats, 127 138 control of
Index 243 strategies in, 129 131 vaccines in, 131 vs. eradication, 131 133 epidemiology of, 129 historical and comparative views on, 128 129 pathogenesis of, 129 prevention of, vs. therapy, 133 Parenchymatous organs, clostridial diseases of sheep effects on, 124 Pasteurellosis, in sheep, treatment and control of, 177 180 Pedal joint abscess of, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 191 deep sepsis of, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 191 Peri-parturient hypocalcemia, treatment and control of, 108 110 Peri-parturient metabolic diseases, treatment and control of, 105 113. See also specific diseases. Plant neutraceuticals, in endoparasitic nematode infection control in goats, 167 Pneumonia(s) chronic suppurative, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Mycoplasma, in sheep, treatment and control of, 180 parasitic, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Polioencephalomalacia, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 35 36 Pregnancy toxemia, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 38, 105 108 in affected flock/herd, 107 108 in critically ill female animals, 106 107 in newborn lambs or kids born from sick female animals, 107 Progestagen(s) in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 68 70 prostaglandins with, in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 72 Progesterone, in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 68 70 Prostaglandin(s) in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 70 71 progestagens with, in reproduction control in sheep and goats, 72 Psoroptic mange, in sheep, 205 eradication of, 208 209 Pulpy kidney disease, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 36 Q Q fever, in sheep and goats, 216 219 abortion related to, 86 88 causes of, 216 clinical expression of, 217 control of, 218 219 diagnostics in, 217 distribution of, 217 treatment of, 217 218 R Radiography, in respiratory disease diagnosis in sheep, 176 Reproduction, in sheep and goats, pharmaceutical control of, 67 79
244 Index Reproduction (continued) described, 67 68 melatonin in, 72 75 progestagens and prostaglandin combinations in, 72 progestagens in, 68 70 progesterone in, 68 70 prostaglandins in, 70 71 Respiratory disease, in sheep described, 175 176 diagnosis of, 176 177 treatment and control of, 175 186 chronic suppurative pneumonia/lung abscesses, 182 enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma, 181 laryngeal chondritis, 183 maedi-visna, 182 Mycoplasma pneumonia, 180 Oestrus ovis infestation, 183 ovine adenovirus, 182 ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 181 parainfluenza virus 3, 181 parasitic pneumonia, 182 pasteurellosis, 177 180 respiratory syncytial virus infections, 182 Respiratory distress, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 41 42 Respiratory syncytial virus infections, in sheep, treatment and control of, 182 Rickettsial infections, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 213 233. See also specific infections. Q fever, 216 219 Ruminal acidosis, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 36 37 Ruminant(s), small, antimicrobial resistance in, 23 32 S Sarcoptic mange, in sheep, 205 206 treatment of, 211 Septic pedal arthritis, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 191 Sheep anesthesia and analgesia in, 47 59. See also Analgesia/analgesics, in sheep and goats; Anesthesia/anesthetics, in sheep and goats. antimicrobial resistance in, 24 26 B. melitensis infection in, control and eradication of, 95 104. See also Brucella spp., B. melitensis infection, in sheep and goats, control and eradication of. B. ovis infection in, control of, 61 66. See also Brucella spp., B. ovis infection, in sheep. blowfly infestation in, 204 chlamydial and rickettsial infections in, treatment and control of, 213 233. See also specific infections. clostridial diseases in, 121 126. See also Clostridial diseases, in sheep. drug(s) for extralabel use of, illegal, 13 14 in Canada, 8 10 in U.S., 6 7
Index 245 monitoring of, 18 19 withdrawal time estimation of, 13 18 drug laws and regulations for, 1 21 compounding, 19 in dairy farms, 20 in natural or organic farms, 19 20 Web sites for, 4 5 ectoparasites in, treatment and control of, 203 212. See also Ectoparasite(s), in sheep, treatment and control of. emergency conditions in, treatment of, 33 45. See also Emergency conditions, in sheep and goats, treatment of. endoparasitic infections in helminth-related, pharmaceutical control of, 139 156. See also Endoparasitic infections, helminth-related, in sheep, pharmaceutical control of. non-pharmaceutical control of, 157 162. See also Endoparasitic infections, in sheep, non-pharmaceutical control of. hoof disorders in, treatment and control of, 187 192. See also Hoof disorders, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of. infectious abortion in, 81 93. See also Abortion, infectious, in sheep and goats. ked infestation in, 204 labeled/licensed drugs for, 2 3 lice infestation in, 204 mastitis in, 115 120. See also Mastitis, in sheep and goats. paratuberculosis in, 127 138. See also Paratuberculosis, in sheep and goats. reproduction in, pharmaceutical control of, 67 79. See also Reproduction, in sheep and goats, pharmaceutical control of. respiratory disease in, treatment and control of, 175 186. See also Respiratory disease, in sheep, treatment and control of. Sheep scab, 205 eradication of, 208 209 Shelly hoof, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 Sulfonamide, resistance to, 27 T Tetracycline, resistance to, 27 28 Thorax radiographic examination of, in respiratory disease diagnosis in sheep, 176 ultrasonographic examination of, in respiratory disease diagnosis in sheep, 177 Tick-borne fever, in sheep and goats, 221 224 causes of, 221 clinical expression of, 221 control of, 222 224 diagnosis of, 221 222 distribution of, 221 treatment of, 222 Tip spraying, chemical, in ectoparasite treatment and control in sheep, 207 Toe abscess, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 Toe granuloma, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 191 Toxemia(s) clostridial diseases presenting with, in sheep, 124 125
246 Index Toxemia(s) (continued) pregnancy, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 38, 105 108. See also Pregnancy toxemia, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of. Toxoid vaccines, in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 197 Toxoplasma gondii, abortion in sheep and goats due to, 88 89 Toxoplasmosis, abortion in sheep and goats due to, 88 89 Trematode parasites, pharmaceutical control of, 148 150 Trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations, resistance to, 27 Twin-lamb disease, treatment and control of, 105 108 U Ultrasound, in respiratory disease diagnosis in sheep, 177 Urinary obstruction, in sheep and goats, treatment of, 38 39 US Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Minor Use and Minor Species at, 2 3 V Vaccination(s) for B. ovis infection control in sheep, 63 64 for hoof disorders in sheep and goats, 188 in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 197 199 in Australia, 198 199 Vaccine(s) in Brucella melitensis infection control and eradication in sheep and goats, 97 99 in caseous lymphadenitis management and control, 197 199 in paratuberculosis control in sheep and goats, 131 W White line abscess, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 White line lesions, in sheep and goats, treatment and control of, 190 Worm infections, monitoring for, in non-pharmaceutical control of endoparasitic infections in sheep, 159 160