STUDY OF EIMERIA NINAKOHYLAKIMOVAE IN GOAT AND SHEEP FROM BEED, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA.

STUDY OF EIMERIA NINAKOHYLAKIMOVAE IN GOAT AND SHEEP FROM BEED, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA. *More B.V., **Kamble H.A. and ***Nikam S.V. 1 Department of Zoology, Ramkrishna Paramhansa Mahavidyalaya, Osmanabad. (M.S.) India. 2 Department of Botany Ramkrishna Paramhansa Mahavidyalaya, Osmanabad. (M.S.) India. 3 Department of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. (M.S.) India ABSTRACT During the period of two years i.e. from june-2007 to May 2009 a total number of 2636 goat samples were examined. 528 of these were positive for coccidial infection, the percentage of prevalence being about 20.03%. The present study twelve species of Eimeria from goats were found. Out of twelve species, Nine species are redescribed and three are new species. The commonest was E. arloingi, it was found 15.15% of the total sample examined. Followed by E. crandallis 13.63%, E. parva 12.12%, E. ninakohlyakimovae 11.17%, E. intricata 10.41%,. E. christenseni, 8.90%, E. ahsata 7.57%, E. hirci 6.62%, E. parbhaniensis 5.68%,. Three new species are recorded. E. straightatus 3.97%, E. susheelensis 2.84% and Eimeria leafii 1.32% examined. During the period of two years i.e. from june- 2007 to May 2009 a total number of 2462 sheep samples were examined. 594 of these were positive for coccidial infection, the percentage of prevalence being about 24.12%. The present study ten species of Eimeria from sheep were found. Out of ten species in sheep eight species are redescribed and two are new species. Eimeria crandallis was the most frequent, being found in 108 out of 594 positive samples 18.18% of the total samples examined. followed by Eimeria parva 15.15%, Eimeria weybridgensis 13.80%, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae 12.62%, Eimeria intricata 10.26%, Eimeria ahsata 9.25%, Eimeria ovina 6.90%, Eimeria ajantai 5.72%. Two new species are recorded, Eimeria balloonii and Eimeria beedatus. Eimeria balloonii 4.37%, Eimeria beedatus 3.70% of the positives samples examined. KEY WORDS: Eimeria, Coccidia, oocyst, sporocyst, sporozoite INTRODUCTION Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are largest group of protozoa. Eimeria is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species responsible for the disease coccidiosis. These species cause pathological damage and mortality in poultry, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit and other animals. The genus Eimeria Schneider, 1975, with more than 1400 species described to date, is the largest genus, and may be the most specious genus of all animal genera. Coccidia have a complex life cycle and other unusual characteristics which have stimulated investigations by increasing number of biologists. The studies of fine ultra structure of coccidia have indicated that they are related to plasmodium, which causes malaria, and to other blood sporozoa. The studies also proves that closer relationship between coccidia and toxoplasma, the organism which causes toxoplasmosis, and to other similar organism, such as Sarcosytis was suggested by these studies. The discovery in 1970 shows that toxoplasma gondii undergoes a cycle of stages in the intestine of cats similar to those of coccidia and is transmissible by oocysts discharged in the feces of cats; the coccidian nature of this organism was proved. The coccidia have enhanced medical as well as veterinary and general biological importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material for the study of coccidia of goats and sheep was obtained from various slaughter houses as well as from different fields in and around Beed (M.S.). Different parts of the intestine of slaughtered goats were examined and processed within 4-5 hours after collection. The faecal contents were diluted with distilled water and sieved to remove the large faecal debris. After repeated washing the oocysts were concentrated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The oocysts were then spread out in shallow petri dishes and covered with 2.5% solution of potassium dichromate for sporulation. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS During the present study twelve species of Eimeria are found in goats. Nine species are redescribed and three are new species. The commonest was E. arloingi, it was found in 80 of 528 positive samples, showing a prevalence of 15.15% of the positive samples or 3.03% of the total sample examined. E. ninakohlyakimovae was the fourth found 59 out of 528 positive samples representing 11.17% of the positive samples and 2.23% of the total samples examined. Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 8

During the study ten species of Eimeria are found in sheep, eight species are redescribed and two are new species. Eimeria crandallis was the most frequent, being found in 108 out of 594 positive samples 18.18% or 4.38% of the total samples. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae was the fourth found in 75out of 594 positive samples, representing 12.62% of the positive samples and 3.04% of the total samples examined. Description of the oocyst of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae The oocysts collected from the goats are subspherical with micropyle but without micropylar cap. Fig.1.Unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from Goat Fig.2.Unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from Sheep Fig.1.Sporulated oocyst of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Goat Fig.2.Sporulated oocyst of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from Sheep Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 9

The oocyst wall is double layered and 2.5µm thick. The outer layer is smooth, yellowish brown in colour, 1.3µm thick. The inner layer is light yellow, 1.2µm thick. The micropyle measures 1µm wide. One or more polar granules are present, the oocystic residuum is absent. The unsporulated oocyst shows the presence of spherical sporoblast which measures about 11 18µm in diameter. The sporocysts are spindle shaped and without stieda body. Sporocystic residuum is present, composed of many scattered granules. Sporozoites are elongate, laying length wise in the sporocyst. Each has a conspicuous refractile globule. The oocysts collected from the sheep are similar in size than that of goat. The oocyst wall is double layered and about 2.2µm thick. The outer layer is smooth and reddish to brown in colour, 1.2µm thick. The inner layer is dark green, 1.0µm thick. Micropyle is present, micropylar cap is absent. Polar granules are present, but the oocystic residuum is absent. The unsporulated oocyst shows the presence of spherical sporoblast measures about 10 16 µm in diameter. The sporocysts are ovoid and with the small stieda body. Sporocystic residuum is present, composed of many scattered granules. Sporozoites are elongate and with a refractile globule. The dimensions of the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from goats and sheep are as follows (All measurements are in microns) Particulars Oocyst from goat Oocyst from sheep Length of the oocyst 19.0 32.0 (24.53) 17.0 23.0 (16.62) Width of the oocyst 14.0 28.0 (20.26) 12.0 19.5 (13.19) Length width ratio of the 1.1 1.3 (1.2) 1.1 1.4 (1.2) oocyst Length of the sporocyst 10.0 16.0 (11.46) 5.0 12.0 (7.72) Width of the sporocyst 4.0 9.0 (6.94) 3.0 8.0 (5.81) Length width ratio of the sporocyst 1.7 2.5 (1.6) 1.5 1.6 (1.3) The frequency distribution of the lengths and widths of the oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from goats and sheep shown in Graph No.1 Sporulation time: The sporulation time of the oocysts was 18-24 hours in the case of oocyst of goat and 48 hours in the case of sheep Prevalence: The species was found in 2.23% of the 2636 goats and 3.04% of the 2462 sheep examined from Beed district Table No.1. Showing the comparative dimensions of oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from goats and sheep (Based on various authors) (All measurements are in microns) In goat Sr. Authors Length of Width of oocyst Average no oocyst 1 Shah and Joshi (1963) 23.0 28.0 18.0 23.0 25 x 21 2 Singh (1964) 20.4 26. 8 17.0 20.4 22.2 x 18.1 3 Kshirsagar (1976) 22.8 34.2 17.1 28.5 27.48 x 21.20 4 Nikam (1983) 20.0 27.0 15.0 22.0 23.5 x 18.87 5 Jadhav (2002) 22.0 28.0 17.0 23.0 24.88 x 20.36 6 Present author 19.0 32.0 14.0 28.0 24.53 x 20.26 Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 10

Table No.1. Continued. In sheep Sr. no Authors Length of oocyst Width of the oocyst Average 1 Christensen (1938) 20.0 28.0 15.0 22.0 23.1 x 18.3 2 Singh (1963) 22.0-30.0 15.0-26.0 22.9 x 20.7 3 Chevalier (1965) - - 23.1 x 17.9 4 Rastani (1966) 17.0 25.0 15.0 21.0 22.2 x 17.6 5 Levine and Ivens (1970) 16.0 30.0 13.0 22.0 23.0 x 18.0 6 Bhatia and pande (1970) 18.0 26.0 15.0 22.0 21.6 x 18.3 7 Bawazir (1980) 19.4 26.5 13.3 21.4 23.1 x 16.8 8 Nikam (1983) 16.0 26.0 11.0 20.0 19.83 x 14.55 9 Present author 17.0-23.0 12.0 19.5 16.62 x 13.19 Length (µm) Width (µm) Graph.No.1. Showing the frequency distribution of the lengths and widths of oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from goats and sheep COMMENTS This species was first described from the goat by Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1930) and later on by various workers like Shah and Joshi (1963), Singh (1964), Sayin (1964), Chevailer (1966), Kshirsagar (1976), and Nikam (1983). From goat Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 11

it was reported by Chhabra and Pande (1991), Jalila et.al (1998), Koudela et.al (1998), Faizal and Rajapakse (2001), Serder et.al (2003), Kumar lalan et.al (2005), Daie et.al (2006), Abdurrahman Gul (2007), Bandra et.al (2007), Sharma et.al (2009). From sheep it was described by Jackson (1934), Christenson (1938), Singh (1963), Shah (1963), Chevailer (1965), Bali (1972), Bawazir (1980), and Nikam (1983). It was also reported by Varghese and Yayabu (1985), O Callaghan et.al (1987), Barutzki et.al (1990), Dasilva et.al (1991), Maingi and Munyua (1994), Balika Ramize (1999), Arslan et.al (1999), Galip Kaya (2004), Fawazia H. Toulah (2007), Gul A (2007), Karl Skirnisson (2007), Mohammad Yakhchali and Eqbal Golami (2008). Other workers like Balozet (1932), Rao and Hiregaudar (1954), Svanbaev (1957), Ray (1961), Bhatia and Pande (1970) described this species without specifying whether the material was from goats or sheep. Comparison of the oocysts from goats and sheep of present author with the previous workers is given in Table No.1 After the observation of dimensions of the various workers it has seen that the oocysts of goats of present author are larger than Shah and Jyoshi (1963), Singh (1964), Nikam (1983) and Jadhav (2002) but smaller in size than Kshirsagar (1976). Present author observed micropyle in this species which was also recorded by Nikam (1983) and Jadhav (2002) but it was absent in the species recorded by Kshirsagar (1976). In present species sporocysts are without stieda body as Kshirsagar (1976), also recorded sporocysts without stieda body while Nikam (1983) and Jadhav (2002) recorded sporocysts with small stieda body. The oocysts of sheep of present author are smaller in size than Christensen (1938), Singh (1963), Rastani (1966), Levine and Ivens (1970), Bhatia and Pande (1970), Bawazir (1980). Nikam (1983). Bawazir (1980) and Nikam (1983) reported a micropyle and also reported by present author. A small stieda body was observed by Nikam (1983) and present author while it was absent in the species recorded by Bawazir (1980). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Authors are grateful to the head Dept. of Zoology Dr. B.A.M.University, Aurangabad (M.S.) for providing the library and laboratory facilities. REFERENCES Abdurrahman G. (2007). The prevalence of Eimeria species in goats in Igdir. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31(6): 411-414. Arslan M. O. Umar S. and Kara M. (1999). The prevalence of coccidian species in sheep in Kars province of Turkey. J. Trop. Anim. Health and production. Vol.31 (3)161-165. Bali H. S. (1972). Survey of coccidial fauna and coccidiosis of sheep in Bihar. J. Res. Punjab Agri. Univ. 9(1): (Suppl.): 206-213. Balicka Ramisz A. (1999). Studies on coccidiosis in goats in Poland. J. Vet. Parasitol. 81 (4): 347-349. Bawazir S. S. (1980). Studies on the coccidia of some mammals. Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University Library, Aurangabad. Bandara N.W.R.V.N., Rajakaruna, R.S. and Rajapakse R.P.V.J. (2007). Identification and prevalence of Eimeria spp. causing cocciodiosis in goats in selected sites from kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts. Peradeniya Univ. Res. Session. Srilanka. 12 (1). Barutzki D., Marquardt S. and Gothe R. (1990): Eimeria infections of sheep in Northwest Germany. Vet. Parasitol. 37(1): 79 82. Bhatia B. B. and Pande B. P. (1970). A study of the sporulated oocysts of Eight Eimerian species in Indian goats and sheep. Orissa Vet. J. 4: 123-130. Balozet L. (1932). Les coccidies des petits ruminants de la Tunisie. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 25: 710 715. Chevalier H. J. (1965): Uber die coccidienarten der schafe in Deutschland. Deut. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 72: 361-365. Chhabra R. C. and Pande V. S. (1991). Coccidia of goats in Zimbabwe. Vet. Parasitol. 39(3-4): 199 205. Christensen J. F. (1938). Species differentiation in the coccidian from the domestic sheep. Jour. Parasitol. 24: 453-467. Dai Y. B., Liu X. Y. and Tao J. P. (2006). Pathogenic effects of the coccidium Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in goats. Vet. Res. Commu. 30(2006):149-160. Dasilva N. R. and Miller J. E. (1991). Survey of Eimeria spp. oocysts in feces from Louisiana state University ewes. Vet. Parasitol. 40 (1-2): 147 50. Faizal A. C. and Rajapakse R. P. (2001). Prevalence of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes infections in cross bred goats in the dry areas of Srilanka. Small. Rumin. Res. 40(3): 233-238. Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 12

Fawzia, H.T. (2007). Prevalence and comparative morphological study of four Eimeria sp. of sheep in Jeddah Area, Saudi Arabia. J. Biol. Sci. 7(2): 413-416. Galip K. (2004). Prevalence of Eimeria species in Lambs in Antakya province. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 28(2004): 687-692. Gul A. (2007). Prevalence of Eimeria species in sheep in the Bitlis province. Turkiye parazitol. Derg. 31(1): 20-4. Jalila A., Dorny P. Sani R., Salim N. B. and Vercruysse,J. (1998). Coccidial infections of goats in Selangor, Penisular Malaysia. Vet. Parasitol. Jan. 31: 74(2-4): 165-72. Kshirsagar H. S. (1976). Studies on morphology and Biology of coccidia of some mammals. Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University Library, Aurangabad. Koudela B. and Bokova,A. (1928). Coccidiosis in goats in the Czech republic. Vet. Parasitol Apr. 30: 76(4): 261-7. Karl skirnisson (2007). Eimeria spp. (Coccidia, protozoa) infections in a flock of sheep in Iceland: species composition and seasonal abundance. I.C.E. Agric. Sci. 20: 73-80. Kumar L., Sinha S. R, Sinha S., Sharma S., Sanjeev K., Mandal G.K. and Verma, S. B. (2005). Studies on Eimeria sp. in goats in and around Patna. J. Vet. Parasitol. 19 (2). Maingi M. and Munyua W. K. (1994). The prevalence and intensity of infection with Eimeria species in sheep in Nyandarua district of Kenya. Jour. Vet. Res. Comm. Vol. 18(1): 19-25. Nikam (1983). Studies on the protozoan parasites of some mammals. Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University Library Aurangabad. O Callaghan M. G. (1989). Coccidia of domestic and feral goats in South Australia. Vet. Parasitol. Mar. 30(4): 267-72. Rao S. R. and Hiregaudar L. S. (1954). Coccidiosis in sheep and goats in Bombay state. Bombay., Vet. Col. Marg, 4: 29-33. Serdar D., Abdurrahman G., Erol A. and Kamile B. (2003). The prevalence of Eimeria of species in goats in van. Turk. J. Vet. Sci. 27: 439-442. Singh P. P. (1964). On Eimerian oocysts in Indian goat (An exogenous study). Agra Univ. J. Res. Sci. 13: 233-238. Sayin F. (1964). Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Yakimoff and Rasteg, 1930 in an Angora goat. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Dergisi, 7: 136-144. Shah H. L. and Joshi S. C. (1963). Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of goats in Madhya Pradesh with descriptions of the sporulated oocysts of eight species. J. Vet. An. Husb. Res., 7: 9-20. Sharma D. K., Nimisha A., Ajoy M., Pooja N. and Saket (2009). Coccidia and gastrointestinal nematode infections in semi-intensively managed Jakhrana goats of semi-arid region of India. Tropical and subtropical Agro-ecosystems, 11: 135-139. Singh N. (1963). On Eimerian oocysts from sheep. Punjab, Vet. 3: 1-7. Varghese T. and Yayabu R. (1985). Ovine coccidia in Papua New Guinea. Vet. Parasitol. 17 (3): 181-91. Yakimoff W. L. and Rastegaiff F. F. (1930). Zur frage uber coccidian der ziegen. Arch. Protistenk. 70:185-191. Volume 4 Issue 2 (2014) ISSN: 2319 314X (Print); 2319 3158 (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved. 13