Tobramycin, or Amikacin in an Experimental Model of Serratia marcescens Endocarditis: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation
|
|
- Erik Pearson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1991, p /91/ $02.00/0 Copyright C 1991, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 35, No. 1 Impact of Dosage Schedule on the Efficacy of Gentamicin, Tobramycin, or Amikacin in an Experimental Model of Serratia marcescens Endocarditis: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation GILLES POTEL,1* JOCELYNE CAILLON,1 BRUNO FANTIN,2 JOCELYNE RAZA,1 FLORENCE LE GALLOU,1 JEAN-YVES LEPAGE,' PHILIPPE LE CONTE,' DENIS BUGNON,1 DENIS BARON,' AND HENRI DRUGEON' Laboratoire d'antibiologie, Faculte de Medecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes,' and Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U.13, H6pital Claude Bernard, Paris,2 France Received 21 May 1990/Accepted 16 October 1990 Aminoglycosides are usually considered to be concentration-dependent antibiotics and to have similar pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. To verify the equivalent activity of the aminoglycosides on a susceptible strain, we tested the killing rate of three aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin) on one strain of Serratia marcescens both in vitro and in vivo by using a rabbit model of left-ventricle endocarditis. Despite similar MICs, the time-kill curve of gentamicin was consistently better than those of amikacin and tobramycin, whatever the concentration of each antibiotic used (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/liter), after a 5-h incubation. The in vivo bacterial reduction in the vegetations was measured 24 h after administration of an intravenous 48-mg/kg bolus of each antibiotic or at the end of a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion of the same dose. Gentamicin was significantly more effective when administered as a bolus than when administered as a continuous infusion ( versus log1o CFU/g of vegetation, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas amikacin was more effective as a continuous infusion than as a bolus injection ( versus loglo CFU/g of vegetation, respectively; P < 0.01). Tobramycin was not very effective, whatever the dosage tested (approximately 6.5 to 7 loglo CFU/g). These results suggest that concentration-dependent bactericidal activities, both in vitro and in vivo, may vary greatly among aminoglycosides despite similar MICs. The bactericidal killing rates of aminoglycosides are usually considered to be concentration dependent. This property is defined by an increased bactericidal effect with increasing concentration for any given period of exposure. Consistent data from different animal models (8, 13) suggest that in cases of pseudomonal experimental infections, single, large daily doses of aminoglycosides are at least as effective as conventional intermittent dosing regimens. Despite infrequent in vivo comparative studies between aminoglycosides, Kapusnik et al. concluded that it is now possible to study the single-daily-dose regimen in humans and that any of the aminoglycosides may be used, because their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are comparable (12). A clinical multiple-dose study (including bacteremia and pneumonia) of humans has shown that a high peak-concentration/mic ratio was a factor of improved therapeutic outcome (16), suggesting that single daily dosing could further improve the prognosis of severely infected patients, allowing higher peak concentration of aminoglycosides. Furthermore, aminoglycosides are less toxic in single doses than in multiple doses (1, 21). Recent studies (4, 18) failed to show any evidence that aminoglycoside treatment once daily had greater ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity than the traditional three-times-daily regimen. Nevertheless, and before the routine clinical application of single daily doses, it should be pointed out that some bacterial species (like Serratia marcescens) have been excluded from experimental studies despite a high mortality rate in clinical infections and a possible difference from other * Corresponding author. species in terms of optimal antimicrobial regimen. Juvin et al. (11) have shown for six clinical strains of S. marcescens that killing rates of aminoglycosides in vitro could be different from one another for the same strain, even when their MICs were similar, suggesting a possible difference in terms of pharmacodynamic properties of aminoglycosides. Furthermore, gentamicin is intrinsically the most active aminoglycoside against Serratia strains which are susceptible to all aminoglycosides (11). The aim of this work was to verify the in vivo relevance of these findings on a rabbit model of S. marcescens endocarditis, comparing the in vivo dynamics of bacterial killing of a single equivalent dose of gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. To assess the in vivo impact of dosage schedule, we administered the same dosage of each drug as a pulse dosing or as a 24-h continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Organism. The strain of S. marcescens used for inducing experimental endocarditis, strain HN229, was isolated from the urine of a hospital patient. This strain was found to be resistant to rabbit serum. Antibiotics. The three aminoglycosides tested were tobramycin (Eli-Lilly), gentamicin (Schering-Plough), and amikacin (Bristol). In vitro studies. (i) Antibiotic susceptibility tests. The MIC of each antibiotic was determined by a Mueller-Hinton broth dilution technique with Ca2' and Mg2+ supplementation (24) in 200-pdl wells, with an inoculum of 105 CFU/ml in the mid-exponential phase of growth. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the drug producing no visible 111
2 112 POTEL ET AL. growth after an incubation of 18 h. After 24 h, a subculture was made on Mueller-Hinton agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) The MBC corresponded to the lowest concentration of the drug permitting 0.1% of the bacteria to survive and was obtained by replicating 1 ml, using a Steers apparatus, onto agar plates with polyanethole sulfonic acid sodium salt (SPS; Sigma). (ii) Killing curves. Time-kill curves were drawn for each antibiotic at 11 concentrations in Mueller-Hinton broth: 0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/liter. For each concentration the antibiotics were incubated in a microtube (1-ml tubes, Macrowell; Skatron, Lier, Norway) with an inoculum of 107 S. marcescens cells per ml in the stationary phase of growth. Surviving bacteria were counted in each tube after 1.5, 3, 5, and 24 h of incubation by a semiautomatic dilution micromethod involving an automatic 96-well dispenser (Skatron) and a Steers replicator distributing 2 ± 0.5 IlI of each dilution onto agar plates. A 3% solution of SPS was added, avoiding a carryover phenomenon. After a 24-h incubation, the first dilution with 5 to 30 colonies was read and the colony count was then multiplied by the dilution factor. The standard error of this count was 0.2 log1o CFU/ml. The sensitivity limit of detection is equal to 2.4 log1o CFU/ml. This method was detailed in a previous work (5) Ėxperimental endocarditis. In vivo studies were carried out on New Zealand White female rabbits (age range, 12 to 15 weeks; weight range, 2.5 to 3.5 kg). The animals were kept in individual cages and allowed free access to food and water throughout the experiment. Left-ventricular endocarditis was induced as described previously (19). At 24 h after introduction of a polyethylene catheter through the aortic valve, each rabbit received 1 ml of a suspension containing i07 organisms per ml, injected through the marginal ear vein. (i) Experimental design. At 48 h after inoculation, the animals were randomly assigned to one of the six following therapeutic regimens: 48 mg of gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin per kg administered as an i.v. bolus or as a 24-h i.v. continuous infusion. For the infusion, a catheter (22-gauge) was inserted into a marginal ear vein and connected to an electric syringe pump. The antibiotic was diluted iti sterile saline, and the infusion output chosen was equal to 2 ml/h. The animals were kept for 24 h in rabbit-restraining cages. Nine untreated rabbits made up the control group. As previously shown, the dose chosen (48 mg/kg) allowed for trough concentrations in vegetations averaging 2,ug/g of vegetation 24 h after an i.v. bolus (20), assuming that no bacterial regrowth could occur during the experiment; this permitted valuable comparisons between drugs. Moreover, three infected animals were assigned to each therapeutic regimen to determine the pharmacokinetics of each drug. A catheter was inserted into the left femoral artery to take serum samnples 5, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after the bolus or 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h after the beginning of the infusion. (ii) Evaluation of therapy. The effect of each treatment was evaluated 24 h after the i.v. bolus of each antibiotic or at the end of the 24-h i.v. infusion. The animals were sacrificed with an i.v. bolus of thiopental. The heart was removed, and vegetations were excised and rapidly rinsed in sterile saline. Some of the vegetations were weighed and homogenized in a Thomas Teflon pestle tissue homogenizer with 0.5 ml of sterile saline. Serial dilutions of 50-pd aliquots were spread by using a Spiral System (Interscience) and quantitatively cultured on Trypcase-soy agar plates for 24 h at 370C. ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. Bacterial titers were expressed as log1o CFU/g of vegetation. We were able to detect quantities as small as 20 CFU/ml. Owing to this sensitivity limit, vegetations found to be sterile were considered to contain 20 CFU/ml of homogenate, and the value integrated for the calculation of the mean bacterial titer took into account the weight of vegetations. Part of each vegetation was frozen prior to antibiotic assays. (iii) Antibiotic assays. Concentrations of each antibiotic in serum were determined by using a microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis ATCC The range of measurable concentrations with this strain was 0.06 to 1,ug/ml for all three antibiotics. After being weighed and homogenized with 0.3 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, the vegetations were centrifuged and the supernatant fluid was sampled for microbiologal assay. The same strain of B. subtilis was used. (iv) Statistical evaluation. A Kruskall-Wallis test and then a Mann-Whitney test were performed to compare the bacterial titers measured in treated animals versus controls. A Fisher exact test was used to compare the number of sterile vegetations (no growth of the undiluted tissue homogenate) in each group versus the controls. RESULTS In vitro studies. (i) Antibiotic susceptibiity tests. The MICs (and the MBCs) for the S. marcescens strain studied were 0.5 -jg of gentamicin per ml and 1 jig of tobramycin and amikacin per ml. (ii) Killing curves. At concentrations of twice the MIC, the three aminoglycosides exhibited a slight bactericidal activity between 0 and 5 h, but regrowth was noted between 5 and 24 h only for tobramycin and amikacin; this regrowth reached the same level as the control (10 log CFU/ml). The time-kill curves of the three aminoglycosides at 4 times the MIC are represented in Fig. 1. Gentamicin exhibited the best killing, apparently sterilizing the culture after a 5-h incubation period. At a concentration 16 times the MIC (Fig. 2), gentamicin sterilized the culture after a 3-h incubation period, without regrowth at 24 h. Amikacin and tobramycin exhibited a concentration-dependent killing between 4 and 16 times the MIC, although their effect was less dramatic than that of gentamicin. The MICs for surviving bacteria after a 24-h exposure were unchanged compared with those for the parental strain. In vivo studies. (i) Concentrations in serum. The drug levels obtained in serum after a 48-mg/kg i.v. bolus of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were quite similar each time, with a peak level (5 min after the injection) around 300,ug/ml and a trough level (24 h after the injection) around 1,ug/ml. The mean half-life at 1B phase for the three aminoglycosides, calculated between 30 min and 6 h, was 54 min (r = 0.97; P < 0.001). The steady state of the 24-h i.v. infusion was reached between 3 and 6 h. The mean level in serum was slightly lower for gentamicin ( ,ug/ml) than for tobramycin ( ,ug/ml) or amikacin (8.0 ± 1.9,ug/ml), but this difference was not significant. (ii) Experimental endocarditis. The in vivo effect of a 48-mg/kg dose of each antibiotic administered as a bolus is shown in Table 1. Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic and had a significant antibacterial effect on vegetations, whereas amikacin and tobramycin did not. The mean trough concentration in vegetations was similar in each group (around 2,ug/g of vegetation). When the same dose was administered as a continuous 24-h i.v. infusion (Table 2), amikacin proved the most effective, more so than gentamicin (P < 0.05), whereas tobramycin had no significant antibac-
3 VOL. 35, 1991 DOSAGE SCHEDULE OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES 113 L06 CFU/fIL 4 TIME (HOURS) FIG. 1. Time-kill curves of gentamicin (*), tobramycin (O), and amikacin (K) at a concentration equal to four times the MIC versus control (El). Surviving bacteria were counted after 1.5, 3, 5, and 24 h of incubation. terial effect, despite concentrations in vegetations far above the MICs of the three drugs. Furthermore, the MICs for the surviving bacteria in the vegetations were identical to those for the parental strain. These results show clearly that gentamicin was more effective when administered as a bolus, whereas the same dose of amikacin was more effective on S. marcescens when administered as a 24-h continuous infusion rather than as a LOG CFU/IL 10 bolus. The antibacterial efficacy of tobramycin was not affected by the dosage schedule. DISCUSSION In our in vivo experiments, we chose to study the antibacterial effect of a single i.v. injection of each antibiotic, comparing the in vivo efficacy of two therapeutic regimens: 24 6 FIG. 2. Surviving bacteria were counted after 1.5, 3, 5, and 24 h of incubation. (El). 3 TIME (HOURS) Time-kill curves of gentamicin (*), tobramycin (U), and amikacin (O) at a concentration equal to 16 times the MIC versus control
4 114 POTEL ET AL. ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. TABLE 1. In vivo mean antibacterial effect of gentamicin, amikacin, or tobramycin in vegetations 24 h after an i.v. 48-mg/kg dose administered as a bolus Treatment group No. of rabbits Mean vegetation titer ± SD No. of sterile Trough concn in vegetations sacrificed (log CFU/g of vegetation) vegetations/total no." (glg/g of vegetation) (mean ± SD) Control ± 0.4 0/11 Gentamicin ± 0.2b 6/9c 2.2 ± 1.2 Amikacin ± 1.3 0/ ± 1.8 Tobramycin ± 1.9 0/7 2.3 ± 1.5 a Number of culture-negative vegetations/total number of animals sacrificed. b P < 0.01 versus control (Mann-Whitney U test). c P = versus control (Fisher's exact test). bolus or continuous infusion. S. marcescens endocarditis, although uncommon in humans, provided a useful experimental model of acute gram-negative bacterial infection and was also used to assess the relationship between the bacterial titer and the antibiotic level in infected sites (6). Moreover, a single i.v. injection allowed us to study the in vivo intrinsic activity of each drug more accurately, avoiding complex interactions of dosing intervals or postantibiotic effects. Our in vitro results showed clearly that, despite similar MICs and MBCs, the killing rate of gentamicin was markedly higher than those of tobramycin and amikacin, whatever the concentration used. In vivo, gentamicin exhibited the best antibacterial effect when administered as a bolus, whereas amikacin proved most effective when administered as a continuous infusion, more so than gentamicin and tobramycin. The differences observed in vivo cannot apparently be explained by pharmacokinetic parameters. The dose chosen (48 mg/kg) proved capable of achieving similar mean trough concentrations for each drug 24 h after a bolus (2.2, 1.9, and 2.3,ug/g of vegetation for gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin, respectively). Furthermore, the half-lives in serum were very similar from one drug to another. Nevertheless, despite similar pharmacokinetics in serum, it is not clear that the areas under the concentration-time curves are similar in the vegetations themselves. Therefore, Carbon et al. (2) showed that of the aminoglycosides injected in 1.5-mg/kg doses, gentamicin induced higher interstitial levels than did tobramycin. In this work, we did not determine the early concentrations of aminoglycosides after administration of the bolus in the vegetations themselves, and a possible difference (in terms of local concentrations between drugs) cannot be excluded. Finally, it must be stressed that the tobramycin bolus has a mediocre in vivo antibacterial effect, whereas its distribution is rapid and homogeneous, as has been recently shown in quantitative autohistoradiography (3) Ṫhe differences observed may be due to the antibiotic itself: the activity of gentamicin in vitro (in time-kill curve terms) is significantly more concentration dependent than that of amikacin or tobramycin, which may explain the better in vivo activity of a gentamicin bolus. It has been shown in vitro that the antibacterial effect of aminoglycosides on gram-negative bacteria necessitates an active uptake, which consumes energy (9, 23). In recent research, it has been shown with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi that the level of this uptake is genetically determined (15). The hypothesis can thus be put forward that this level of uptake may be different from one aminoglycoside to another and that, for the same bacterium, the higher the uptake, the more efficient a high concentration (gentamicin) would be. On the contrary, a lower level for tobramycin and amikacin would be responsible for the poor result observed in vivo with the bolus. In continuous administration, only amikacin enables five of eight animals to clear the bacteria, confirming its time-dependent activity on S. marcescens. As the steady state is similar for the three antibiotics tested, it is hard to understand why tobramycin does not cause the same results as amikacin with this regimen, since their in vitro behavior is similar. It is possible that local physicochemical conditions (ph, anaerobiosis) are less favorable to its activity on S. marcescens, although this fact, to our knowledge, has never been demonstrated. Therefore, the active concentrations in vivo are probably higher than the MICs in vitro and may be different from one drug to another. Finally, it is possible that our strain of S. marcescens produces a 6'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC 6') enzyme, which preferentially inactivates tobramycin and amikacin (10, 17, 22), even though the MICs for surviving bacteria (both in vitro and in vivo) were apparently identical to those for the parental TABLE 2. In vivo mean antibacterial effect of gentamicin, amikacin, or tobramycin in vegetations after an i.v. 24-h continuous infusion of a 48-mg/kg dose No. of rabbits Mean vegetation titer ± SD No. of sterile Concn in vegetation at steady state Treatment group sacrificed (log CFU/g of vegetation) vegetations/total no." (p.g/g of vegetation) (mean ± SD) Control ± 0.4 0/11 Gentamicin b 0/ ± 2.5 Amikacin ± 2.0C 5/8d 8.2 ± 3.7 Tobramycin ± 2.2 0/ ± 3.6 a Number of culture-negative vegetations/total number of animals sacrificed. b p < 0.05 versus control (Mann-Whitney U test). C P < 0.01 versus control (Mann-Whitney U test). d p = versus control (Fisher's exact test).
5 VOL. 35, 1991 strains. New in vitro experiments are now in progress in an attempt to elucidate this important point. Experimental research comparing the dose-efficacy or concentration-efficacy relation of several aminoglycosides on the same type of bacterium are rare. Recently, Legett et al. (14) studied the effect of different doses and the interval of administration of netilmicin and gentamicin on a murine model of Klebsiella pneumoniae thigh infection or pneumonia. The authors found no difference in activity between the two antibiotics, but there were no data available in this research concerning the in vitro time-kill curves. On the other hand, much experimental research has shown the concentration-dependent activity of aminoglycosides (8, 12, 14), but none of this research has been carried out for S. marcescens infections. Moore et al. (16) do not identify the results obtained on S. marcescens in terms of the aminoglycoside used. Interestingly, Garraffo et al. studied the serum antibacterial activity of an i.v. infusion of amikacin on the same strain of S. marcescens in healthy volunteers. Serum killing curves showed a time-dependent activity against this strain, but a concentration-dependent activity against Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae (7). Finally, our results show that the in vivo activities of three aminoglycosides against S. marcescens can be different, despite similar MICs. Their pharmacodynamics (in time-kill curve terms) are different, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the in vivo effect of a bolus can indeed be predicted by the in vitro time-kill curves, which demonstrate the superior activity of gentamicin. Despite an initial dose with concentrations close to those observed in humans, amikacin is less efficient as a bolus than in continuous administration. Thus, concentration-dependent killing can differ markedly among aminoglycosides, and concentration-dependent killing may be relatively less important than time-dependent killing. The relative contributions of time- and concentration-dependent killing to overall in vivo antibacterial effect are difficult to predict from in vitro studies. Our results do not agree with those of Kapusnik et al. (12), and optimum dosing regimens determined with one aminoglycoside and species should not be generalized to others. Other in vitro studies are now necessary to explain the mechanism(s) which would enable these differences to be elucidated. In short, the type of antibacterial activity (time or concentration dependent) of aminoglycosides depends both on the molecule chosen and on the bacterium under treatment. The weak activity of amikacin in bolus form on S. marcescens (compared with that of gentamicin) could explain in part the absence of agreement in the literature concerning the optimum therapeutic dosage regimen of aminoglycosides (13). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by grants from Facultd de Mddecine de Nantes. We thank M. 0. Hervy for her helpful secretarial assistance. REFERENCES 1. Bennett, W. M., C. E. Plamp, D. N. Gilbert, R. A. Parker, and G. A. Porter The influence of dosage regimen on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: dissociation of peak serum levels from renal failure. J. Infect. Dis. 140: Carbon, C., A. Contrepois, and S. Lamotte-Barrillon Comparative distribution of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and amikacin in interstitial fluid in rabbits. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 13: Cremieux, A. C., B. Maziere, J. M. Vallois, M. Ottaviani, A. Azancot, H. Raffoul, A. Bouvet, J. J. Pocidalo, and C. Carbon Evaluation of antibiotic diffusion into cardiac vegetations DOSAGE SCHEDULE OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES 115 by quantitative autoradiography. J. Infect. Dis. 159: de Vries, P. J., R. P. Verkooyen, P. Lequit, and H. A. Verbrugh Prospective randomized of once-daily versus thrice-daily netilmicin regimens in patients with intraabdominal infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9: Drugeon, H. B., J. Caillon, M. E. Juvin, and J. L. Pirault Dynamics of ceftazidime-pefloxacin interaction shown by a new killing curve-chequer board method. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 19: Fantin, B., B. Pangon, G. Potel, J. M. Vallois, F. Caron, A. Bure, and C. Carbon Ceftriaxone-netilmicin combination in single-daily-dose treatment of experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33: Garraffo, R., H. B. Drugeon, P. Dellamonica, E. Bernard, and P. Lapalus Determination of optimal dosage regimen for amikacin in healthy volunteers by study of pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: Gerber, A. U., W. A. Craig, H. P. Brugger, C. Feller, A. P. Vastola, and J. Brandel Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice. J. Infect. Dis. 147: Hancock, R. E. W., and A. Bell Antibiotic uptake into Gram-negative bacteria. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: John, J. F., W. F. McNeill, K. E. Price, and P. A. Kresel Evidence for chromosomal site specifying amikacin resistance in multiresistant Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 21: Juvin, M. E., H. B. Drugeon, J. Caillon, and J. L. Pirault Comparaison de l'activitd bactdricide de trois aminosides: gentamicine, tobramycine, amikacine. Pathol. Biol. 35: Kapusnik, J. E., C. J. Hachbarth, H. F. Chambers, T. Carpenter, and M. A. Sande Single, large, daily dosing versus intermittent dosing of tobramycin for treating experimental pseudomonas pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 158: Le Bel, M., and M. Spino Pulse dosing versus continuous infusion of antibiotics. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 14: Legett, J. E., B. Fantin, S. Ebert, K. Totsuka, B. Vogelman, W. Calame, H. Mattie, and W. A. Craig Comparative antibiotic dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals in murine pneumonitis and thigh-infection models. J. Infect. Dis. 159: Merlin, T. L., G. E. Davis, W. L. Anderson, R. K. Moyzis, and J. K. Griffith Aminoglycoside uptake increased by tet gene expression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33: Moore, R. D., P. S. Lietman, and C. R. Smith Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. J. Infect. Dis. 155: Morohoshi, T., M. Toriya, S. Yokoiyama, K. Fujimoto, K. Hayano, S. Goto, and A. Tsuji The acetylation of 6'-amino group of amikacin by a new enzyme prepared from Serratia sp. J. Antibiot. 37: Nordstrom L., H. Ringberg, S. Cronberg, 0. Tjernstrom, and M. Walder Does administration of an aminoglycoside in a single daily dose affect its efficacy and toxicity? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 25: Perlman, B. B., and L. R. Freedman Experimental endocarditis. II. Staphylococcal infection of the aortic valve following placement of a polyethylene catheter in the left side of the heart. Yale J. Biol. Med. 44: Potel, G., B. Pangon, B. Fantin, J. M. Vallois, F. Faurisson, and C. Carbon Program Abstr. 26th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr Powell, S. H., W. B. Thompson, M. A. Luthe, R. C. Stern, D. A. Grossniklaus, D. D. Bloxham, D. L. Groden, M. R. Jacobs, A. 0. Discenna, H. A. Cash, and J. D. Klinger Once daily vs continuous aminoglycoside dosing: efficacy and toxicity in ani-
6 116 POTEL ET AL. ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. mal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin. J. Infect. Dis. 147: Sanders, C. C., and C. Watanakunakorn Emergence of resistance to f-lactams, aminoglycosides and quinolones during combination therapy for infection due to Serratia marcescens. J. Infect. Dis. 153: Taber, H. W., J. P. Mueller, P. F. Miller, and A. S. Arrow Bacterial uptake of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Microbiol. Rev. 51: Washington, J. A., II, and V. L. Sutter Dilution susceptibility test: agar and macro-broth dilution procedures, p In E. H. Lennette, A. Balows, W. J. Hausler, Jr., and J. P. Truant (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 3rd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Identification of Factors Affecting In Vivo Aminoglycoside Activity
ANTiMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 1992, p. 744-750 0066-4804/92/040744-07$02.00/0 Copyright 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 36, No. 4 Identification of Factors Affecting In Vivo
More informationInfluence of ph on Adaptive Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Aminoglycosides and Their Postantibiotic Effects
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1996, p. 35 39 Vol. 40, No. 1 0066-4804/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Influence of ph on Adaptive Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
More informationPostantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on Gram-negative bacteria evaluated by a new method
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1988) 22, 23-33 Postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on Gram-negative bacteria evaluated by a new method Barforo Isaksson'*, Lennart Nibson*, Rolf Mailer' and
More informationY. Q. Xiong*, J. Caillon*, X. Y. Zhou*, G. Potel'*, D. Bugnon', P. Le Conte*, F. Le Gallon*, R. Le Floch', D. Baron* and H.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1995) 35, 697-706 Treatment of experimental rabbit infective endocarditis due to a raultidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high-dose ceftazidime alone and
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:
More informationVOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559. ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill
VOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559 ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill BIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH ANTIBIOTIC 6640, A NEW BROAD-SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC J. Allan Waitz, Eugene L. Moss, Jr., Edwin
More informationPharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, JUlY 1975, p. 86-90 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 8, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Pharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates JORGE B.
More informationIn Vitro Activity of Netilmicin, Gentamicin, and Amikacin
ANTIMICROBIAL AGzNTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1977, p. 126-131 Copyright X 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 11, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. In Vitro Activity of Netilmicin, Gentamicin, and Amikacin
More informationMICHAEL J. RYBAK,* ELLIE HERSHBERGER, TABITHA MOLDOVAN, AND RICHARD G. GRUCZ
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 2000, p. 1062 1066 Vol. 44, No. 4 0066-4804/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin,
More information2 0 hr. 2 hr. 4 hr. 8 hr. 10 hr. 12 hr.14 hr. 16 hr. 18 hr. 20 hr. 22 hr. 24 hr. (time)
Key words I μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ II Fig. 1. Microdilution plate. The dilution step of the antimicrobial agent is prepared in the -well microplate. Serial twofold dilution were prepared according
More informationThe pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens
The pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Unit Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels,
More informationEvaluation of the AutoMicrobic System for Susceptibility Testing of Aminoglycosides and Gram-Negative Bacilli
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1987, p. 546-550 0095-1137/87/030546-05$02.00/0 Copyright C 1987, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 3 Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic System for Susceptibility
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF BRANDED
More informationPharmacokinetic & Pharmadynamic of Once Daily Aminoglycosides (ODA) and their Monitoring. Janis Chan Pharmacist, UCH 2008
Pharmacokinetic & Pharmadynamic of Once Daily Aminoglycosides (ODA) and their Monitoring Janis Chan Pharmacist, UCH 25-4-2008 2008 Aminoglycosides (AG) 1. Gentamicin 2. Amikacin 3. Streptomycin 4. Neomycin
More informationComparative Activity of Netilmicin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Tobramycin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae
ANTIMICROBIAL AGzNTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Oct. 1976, P. 592-597 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 1, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Comparative Activity of Netilmicin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, and
More informationAppropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean?
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean? Jaehee Lee, M.D. Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea KNUH since 1907 Presentation outline Empiric antimicrobial choice: right spectrum,
More informationAn evaluation of the susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative organisms isolated in cancer centres with aminoglycoside usage
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1991) 27, Suppl. C, 1-7 An evaluation of the susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative organisms isolated in cancer centres with aminoglycoside usage J. J. Muscato",
More informationTeicoplanin and Vancomycin for Treatment of Experimental
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Aug. 1991, p. 1570-1575 0066-4804/91/081570-06$02.00/0 Copyright X 1991, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 35, No. 8 Influence of Low-Level Resistance to Vancomycin
More informationCefepime and amikacin synergy in vitro and in vivo against a ceftazidime-resistant strain of Enterobacter cloacae Bobigny Cedex, France
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1998) 41, 367 372 Cefepime and amikacin synergy in vitro and in vivo against a ceftazidime-resistant strain of Enterobacter cloacae JAC Olivier Mimoz a *, Anne Jacolot
More informationAntimicrobial Pharmacodynamics
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics November 28, 2007 George P. Allen, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice OSU College of Pharmacy at OHSU Objectives Become familiar with PD parameters what they
More informationPersistent in Kidneys
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 1981, p. 381-385 0066-4804/81/030381-05$02.00/0 Vol. 19, No. 3 Prevention of Acute and Chronic Ascending Pyelonephritis in Rats by Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationavailable. and P. aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin by standardized disk testing (1) in the Microbiology Laboratory
ANTimICROBIAL AGENTh AND CHEMOTHERAPY, OCt. 1976, p. 677-681 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 10, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. In Vitro Susceptibility of Gentamicin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
More informationAntibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice?
Antibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice? With the support of Wallonie-Bruxelles-International 1-1 In vitro evaluation of antibiotics : the antibiogram
More informationDisk Susceptibility Studies with Cefazolin and Cephalothin
ANTIMICROBiAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHEMRAPY, Jan. 1974, p. 63-67 Copyright i 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Disk Susceptibility Studies with Cefazolin and Cephalothin
More informationSynergism of penicillin or ampicillin combined with sissomicin or netilmicin against enterococci
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (78) 4, 53-543 Synergism of penicillin or ampicillin combined with sissomicin or netilmicin against enterococci Chatrchal Watanakunakoni and Cheryl Glotzbecker Infectious
More informationEvaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals
J Vet Diagn Invest :164 168 (1998) Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals Susannah K. Hubert, Phouc Dinh Nguyen, Robert D. Walker Abstract.
More informationTel: Fax:
CONCISE COMMUNICATION Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL,a novel pyrrolidinone--ylidenemethyl cephem,tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci L. M.
More informationDETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY*
44 DETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY* AUTHOR: Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte, MD, MScID University of the Philippines College of Medicine-Philippine
More informationIN VITRO COMBINATION EFFECTS OF NORFLOXACIN, GENTAMICIN, AND Ĉ- LACTAMS ON Ĉ- LACTAM RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
IN VITRO COMBINATION EFFECTS OF NORFLOXACIN, GENTAMICIN, AND Ĉ- LACTAMS ON Ĉ- LACTAM RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA YONGYUTH JITTAROPAS NAOTO 1), RIKITOMI 2), and Kaizo MATSUMOTO 2) 1) Department of
More informationDoripenem: A new carbapenem antibiotic a review of comparative antimicrobial and bactericidal activities
REVIEW Doripenem: A new carbapenem antibiotic a review of comparative antimicrobial and bactericidal activities Fiona Walsh Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
More informationComparison of the Inhibitory and Bactericidal Activity of Aztreonam and Amikacin Against Gram Negative Aerobic Bacilli
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE, Vol. 18, No. 6 Copyright 1988, Institute for Clinical Science, Inc. Comparison of the Inhibitory and Bactericidal Activity of Aztreonam and Amikacin Against Gram
More informationPatients. Excludes paediatrics, neonates.
Full title of guideline Author Division & Speciality Scope Gentamicin Prescribing Guideline For Adult Patients Annette Clarkson, Specialist Clinical Pharmacist Antimicrobials and Infection Control All
More informationCombination antibiotic therapy: comparison of constant infusion and intermittent bolus dosing in an experimental animal model
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1985) 15, Suppl. A, 313-321 Combination antibiotic therapy: comparison of constant infusion and intermittent bolus dosing in an experimental animal model Joyce J.
More informationActivity of Three Aminoglycosides and Two Penicillins Against
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 1975, P. 172-178 Copyright @ 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 7, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Activity of Three Aminoglycosides and Two Penicillins Against
More informationFactors affecting plate assay of gentamicin
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1977) 3, 17-23 Factors affecting plate assay of gentamicin II. Media D. C. Shanson* and C. J. Hince Department of Medical Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical
More informationto estimate the in vivo inoculum effect. Investigations were performed by using a TEM-3-producing strain of K
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1992, p. 1883-1889 Vol. 36, No. 9 0066-4804/92/091883-07$02.00/0 Copyright 1992, American Society for Microbiology Piperacillin, Tazobactam, and Gentamicin
More informationJAC Bactericidal index: a new way to assess quinolone bactericidal activity in vitro
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1997) 39, 713 717 JAC Bactericidal index: a new way to assess quinolone bactericidal activity in vitro Ian Morrissey* Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry
More informationUse of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics to Optimize Antimicrobial Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Use of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics to Optimize Antimicrobial Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections David S. Burgess College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin,
More informationAlasdair P. MacGowan*, Mandy Wootton and H. Alan Holt
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1999) 43, 345 349 JAC The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial
More informationJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August 26, 2006
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy doi:./jac/dkl Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae,
More informationAnimal models and PK/PD. Examples with selected antibiotics
Animal models and PK/PD PD Examples with selected antibiotics Examples of animal models Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanate Macrolides Quinolones Andes D, Craig WA. AAC 199, :375 Amoxicillin in mouse thigh
More informationJerome J Schentag, Pharm D
Clinical Pharmacy and Optimization of Antibiotic Usage: How to Use what you have Learned in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics Jerome J Schentag, Pharm D Presented at UCL on Thursday
More informationIn Vivo Efficacy of the Novel Aminoglycoside ACHN-490 in Murine Infection Models
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 2011, p. 1728 1733 Vol. 55, No. 4 0066-4804/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aac.00862-10 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. In Vivo
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/627/01-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS GUIDELINE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF EFFICACY
More informationThe Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3. Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University
The Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3 Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Tae-yoon Choi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The use of disinfectants
More informationDetermination of antibiotic sensitivities by the
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 531-535 Determination of antibiotic sensitivities by the Sensititre system IAN PHILLIPS, CHRISTINE WARREN, AND PAMELA M. WATERWORTH From the Department of Microbiology,
More informationJAC Linezolid against penicillin-sensitive and -resistant pneumococci in the rabbit meningitis model
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2000) 46, 981 985 JAC Linezolid against penicillin-sensitive and -resistant pneumococci in the rabbit meningitis model Philippe Cottagnoud a *, Cynthia M. Gerber
More informationETX2514SUL (sulbactam/etx2514) for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections
ETX2514SUL (sulbactam/etx2514) for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections Robin Isaacs Chief Medical Officer, Entasis Therapeutics Dr. Isaacs is a full-time employee of Entasis Therapeutics.
More informationEvaluation of the BIOGRAM Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test System
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1985, p. 793-798 0095-1137/85/110793-06$02.00/0 Copyright 1985, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 22, No. 5 Evaluation of the BIOGRAM Antimicrobial Susceptibility
More informationThe impact of the pre-treatment interval on antimicrobial efficacy in a biological model
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1993) 31, Suppl. D, 29-39 The impact of the pre-treatment interval on antimicrobial efficacy in a biological model Andreas U. Gerber, Urs Greter, Charlotte Segessemnann
More informationProtein Synthesis Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali 11 Nov 2018 Lec 7 Aminoglycosides Are structurally related two amino sugars attached by glycosidic linkages. They are bactericidal Inhibitors
More informationMICRONAUT MICRONAUT-S Detection of Resistance Mechanisms. Innovation with Integrity BMD MIC
MICRONAUT Detection of Resistance Mechanisms Innovation with Integrity BMD MIC Automated and Customized Susceptibility Testing For detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical
More informationGuidelines for Laboratory Verification of Performance of the FilmArray BCID System
Guidelines for Laboratory Verification of Performance of the FilmArray BCID System Purpose The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), passed in 1988, establishes quality standards for all laboratory
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
HTIDE CONFERENCE 2018 OPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS FEDERICO PEA INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF UDINE, ITALY SANTA
More informationDoes the Dose Matter?
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Does the Dose Matter? William A. Craig Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, such as the ratio of peak
More informationJanuary 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1
January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) roth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton
More informationHigh-Dose Amikacin. mental infections (4, 5, 9, 12; S. Gudmundson, J. D. Turnidge,
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, JUIY 1987, p. 101-108 Vol. 31, No. 7 00-4804/87/07101-08$02.00/0 Copyright 1987, American Society for Microbiology Serum Bactericidal Activity and Postantibiotic
More informationY-688, a New Quinolone Active against Quinolone-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Lack of In Vivo Efficacy in Experimental Endocarditis
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Aug. 1998, p. 1889 1894 Vol. 42, No. 8 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Y-688, a New Quinolone Active
More informationContribution of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antibiotics in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections
Contribution of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antibiotics in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections Francois JEHL Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology University Hospital Strasbourg
More informationEXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING
EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING CHN61: EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING 1.1 Introduction A common mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is the production
More informationAdvance Access published September 16, 2004
Advance Access published September 16, 2004 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh435 JAC Post-antibiotic effect induced by an antibiotic combination: influence of mode, sequence and
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/26062
More informationOriginal Article. Ratri Hortiwakul, M.Sc.*, Pantip Chayakul, M.D.*, Natnicha Ingviya, B.Sc.**
Original Article In Vitro Activity of Cefminox and Other β-lactam Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Extended- Spectrum-β-lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Ratri Hortiwakul,
More informationEffects of Minocycline and Other Antibiotics on Fusobacterium necrophorum Infections in Mice
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 1975, p. 421-425 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 7, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Effects of Minocycline and Other s on Fusobacterium necrophorum
More informationImpact of Spores on the Comparative Efficacies of Five Antibiotics. Pharmacodynamic Model
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 12 December 2011 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.01109-10 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin
More informationAminoglycoside-resistant enterococci
Aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci M. J. BASKER, B. SLOCOMBE, AND R. SUTHERLAND From Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Brockham Park, Betchworth, Surrey J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 375-380 SUMMARY
More informationAlasdair P. MacGowan,* Chris A. Rogers, H. Alan Holt, and Karen E. Bowker
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 2003, p. 1088 1095 Vol. 47, No. 3 0066-4804/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.3.1088 1095.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationDrug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 160-164 Drug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit KIM BRIDGES AND E. J. L. LOWBURY From the MRC Industrial Injuries and Burns Unit, Birmingham
More informationUniversity, New York, New York Received for publication 7 May was measured by the broth dilution method as previously
ANTmIcaoBIAL AGuNTS AND CHUMTrHURAPY, Sept. 1976, p. 526-534 Copyright C 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 10, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. In Vitro Study of Netilmicin Compared with Other Aminoglycosides
More informationEffect of Gentamicin Dosing Interval on Therapy of Viridans Streptococcal Experimental Endocarditis with Gentamicin plus Penicillin
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1995, p. 2098 2103 Vol. 39, No. 9 0066-4804/95/$04.00 0 Copyright 1995, American Society for Microbiology Effect of Gentamicin Dosing Interval on Therapy of
More informationAspects of the Chronic Toxicity of Gentamicin Sulfate in Cats
THE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES VOL. 124, SUPPLEMENT DECEMBER 1971 1971 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Aspects of the Chronic Toxicity of Gentamicin Sulfate in Cats J. Allan Wait,
More informationby adding different antibiotics to sera containing
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 521-525 Serum gentamicin assays of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 C Kiebsiella method compared with overnight plate diffusion and acetyltransferase assays D. C. SHANSONI
More informationComparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys. Géza Sárközy
Comparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys Géza Sárközy Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Science Szent István University
More informationEach copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.
Pharmacodynamic Properties of Antibiotics: Application to Drug Monitoring and Dosage Regimen Design Author(s): Steven C. Ebert and William A. Craig Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology,
More informationCHSPSC, LLC Antimicrobial Stewardship Education Series
CHSPSC, LLC Antimicrobial Stewardship Education Series March 8, 2017 Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics: Refresher Part 1 Featured Speaker: Larry Danziger, Pharm.D. Professor of Pharmacy
More informationEuropean Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Routine and extended internal quality control as recommended by EUCAST Version 5.0, valid from 015-01-09 This document should be cited as "The
More informationReceived 5 February 2004/Returned for modification 16 March 2004/Accepted 7 April 2004
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Aug. 2004, p. 3112 3118 Vol. 48, No. 8 0066-4804/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.8.3112 3118.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationPharmacokinetics (PK), Pharmacodynamics (PD), and PK-PD Integration of Danofloxacin in Sheep Biological Fluids
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 2003, p. 626 635 Vol. 47, No. 2 0066-4804/03/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.2.626 635.2003 Copyright 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationEvaluation of MicroScan MIC Panels for Detection of
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1988, p. 816-820 Vol. 26, No. 5 0095-1137/88/050816-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1988, American Society for Microbiology Evaluation of MicroScan MIC Panels for Detection of
More informationCost high. acceptable. worst. best. acceptable. Cost low
Key words I Effect low worst acceptable Cost high Cost low acceptable best Effect high Fig. 1. Cost-Effectiveness. The best case is low cost and high efficacy. The acceptable cases are low cost and efficacy
More informationVersion 1.01 (01/10/2016)
CHN58: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING (CLSI) 1.0 PURPOSE / INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Introduction Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed in order to determine whether a pathogen is likely to be
More informationReceived 17 December 2003; accepted 22 December 2003
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2004) 53, 609 615 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh130 Advance Access publication 3 March 2004 In vitro post-antibiotic effect of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines,
More informationOutline. Antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance in gram negative bacilli. % susceptibility 7/11/2010
Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Is Combination Therapy the Way to Go? Sutthiporn Pattharachayakul, PharmD Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand Outline Prevalence of anti-microbial resistance in Acinetobacter
More informationChristine E. Thorburn and David I. Edwards*
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2001) 48, 15 22 JAC The effect of pharmacokinetics on the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and the emergence
More informationTOLYPOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC. V IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. Masahiro Kondo, Tokiko Oishi and Kanji Tsuchiya
16 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS JAN. 1972 TOLYPOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC. V IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Masahiro Kondo, Tokiko Oishi and Kanji Tsuchiya Biological Research Laboratories, Research
More informationLysostaphin Treatment of Experimental Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Aortic Valve Endocarditis
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, June 1998, p. 1355 1360 Vol. 42, No. 6 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Lysostaphin Treatment of Experimental Methicillin-Resistant
More informationHelp with moving disc diffusion methods from BSAC to EUCAST. Media BSAC EUCAST
Help with moving disc diffusion methods from BSAC to EUCAST This document sets out the main differences between the BSAC and EUCAST disc diffusion methods with specific emphasis on preparation prior to
More informationPrevalence of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antibiogram in a tertiary care centre
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 952-956 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Prevalence of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase
More informationChristiane Gaudreau* and Huguette Gilbert
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1997) 39, 707 712 JAC Comparison of disc diffusion and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and Campylobacter
More informationAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics Susan E. Sharp, Ph.D., DABMM, FAAM Director, Airport Way Regional Laboratory Director, Regional Microbiology and Molecular Infectious Diseases Laboratories
More informationBuilding a Better Mousetrap for Nosocomial Drug-resistant Bacteria: use of available resources to optimize the antimicrobial strategy
Building a Better Mousetrap for Nosocomial Drug-resistant Bacteria: use of available resources to optimize the antimicrobial strategy Leonardo Pagani MD Director Unit for Hospital Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
More informationSELECT NEWS. Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine
SELECT NEWS Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine Did you know that? Florfenicol is one of the most powerful antibiotics currently available in veterinary medicine with one of the
More informationagainst Clinical Isolates of Gram-Positive Bacteria
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 993, p. 366-370 Vol. 37, No. 0066-0/93/00366-05$0.00/0 Copyright 993, American Society for Microbiology In Vitro Activity of CP-99,9, a New Fluoroquinolone,
More informationNAFCILLIN AND OXACILLIN COMPARATIVE ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY IN MICE. J. A. YURCHENCO, M. W. HOPPER, T. D. VINCE and G. H.
46 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS APR. 1976 NAFCILLIN AND OXACILLIN COMPARATIVE ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY IN MICE J. A. YURCHENCO, M. W. HOPPER, T. D. VINCE a G. H. WARREN Research Division, Wyeth Laboratories,
More informationESCMID Online Lecture Library. by author
Expert rules in susceptibility testing EUCAST-ESGARS-EPASG Educational Workshop Linz, 16 19 September, 2014 Dr. Rafael Cantón Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal SERVICIO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y PARASITOLOGÍA
More informationOther β-lactamase Inhibitor (BLI) Combinations: Focus on VNRX-5133, WCK 5222 and ETX2514SUL
Other β-lactamase Inhibitor (BLI) Combinations: Focus on VNRX-5133, WCK 5222 and ETX2514SUL David P. Nicolau, PharmD, FCCP, FIDSA Director, Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development Hartford Hospital
More informationReceived 27 August 2002; returned 26 November 2002; revised 8 January 2003; accepted 11 January 2003
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2003) 51, 905 911 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg152 Advance Access publication 13 March 2003 AUC 0 t /MIC is a continuous index of fluoroquinolone exposure and predictive of
More informationDISCLAIMER: ECHO Nevada emphasizes patient privacy and asks participants to not share ANY Protected Health Information during ECHO clinics.
DISCLAIMER: Video will be taken at this clinic and potentially used in Project ECHO promotional materials. By attending this clinic, you consent to have your photo taken and allow Project ECHO to use this
More information