Empirical therapy for serious Gram-positive infections: making the right choice
|
|
- Cody Clement Palmer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 REVIEW /j x Empirical therapy for serious Gram-positive infections: making the right choice J. Segreti Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Abstract It is well established that delaying the administration of effective antimicrobials for the treatment of serious infections has a significant impact on patient outcomes. In this atmosphere of urgency, decision-making regarding therapy is further complicated by the current high rates of drug resistance among important pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. To improve treatment outcomes, decrease the risk of mortality and reduce hospital costs, physicians should always administer the most appropriate antimicrobial for the given scenario. When a staphylococcal infection is suspected but the resistance phenotype is not known, agents that are effective against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus provide optimal empirical coverage. However, the number of such empirical monotherapeutic options is limited. Daptomycin has proven clinical efficacy as compared with comparator agents in Gram-positive infections, and could be considered an appropriate therapy for the treatment of infections caused by either methicillin-susceptible S. aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Keywords: Complicated skin and soft tissue infection, daptomycin, Gram-positive infections, infective endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus Clin Microbiol Infect 09; 15 (Suppl. 6): 5 10 Corresponding author and reprint requests: J. Segreti, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA john_segreti@rush.edu This article forms part of a supplement based on the proceedings of a Novartis-sponsored symposium at the 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), April 08, entitled Positive outcomes in Gram-positive infections. The supplement is supported by an educational grant for production and distribution from Novartis, with editorial and writing support provided by Chameleon Communications International with Novartis Pharma AG sponsorship. Introduction Serious Gram-positive infections are a significant problem faced by physicians and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. The increasing incidence of Gram-positive bacteria with decreased susceptibility to many frequently used antimicrobials makes treating these infections even more problematic [1,2]. Optimal outcomes are achieved in patients for whom antimicrobial therapy is appropriate and adequate [3,4]. Adequate therapy can be defined as therapy to which the causative pathogen is susceptible, as determined in vitro on the basis of clinical breakpoints [5,6]. Appropriate therapy is an adequate therapy that is additionally deemed to be relatively favourable with respect to other considerations, including head-to-head clinical trial comparisons with alternative therapies, antimicrobial penetration into tissues, safety and tolerability, and cost-effectiveness [5,6]. Furthermore, an appropriate therapy is given at the correct dose and interval. The impact of inadequate antimicrobial therapy on patient outcomes is significant, increasing the risk of hospital mortality by up to two-fold in serious infections as compared with adequate therapy [5,7 10]. Of further consequence is the finding that the use of an inappropriate or suboptimal empirical therapy for serious infections, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, is also associated with increased mortality and duration of hospitalization [3,4,11]. To enable the administration of adequate antimicrobial regimens to patients, clinicians ideally require the results of bacteriological culture and susceptibility tests. Unfortunately, in current practice, obtaining such results may take 2 3 days. To avoid delays in therapy, which can have significant consequences for treatment outcomes in serious infections [12], clinicians regularly make decisions on empirical therapy immediately on presentation, without the benefit of laboratory results, thereby making educated guesses as to the causative pathogens and their resistance phenotypes. This review will discuss two case studies exploring the choice of appropriate Journal Compilation ª09 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
2 6 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 15, Supplement 6, December 09 CMI empirical therapy for serious infections caused by Gram-positive organisms with unknown methicillin susceptibility. The Empirical Dilemma What is the impact of choosing inappropriate therapy? In the USA [13] and a number of European countries (including the UK, Italy and Greece) [1], infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) can account for up to 50% of all nosocomial S. aureus infections. At a time when MRSA rates are high or increasing in many countries [1], the traditional options for treating suspected S. aureus infections create an empirical dilemma: should the clinician select an agent that is most appropriate against methicillinsusceptible S. aureus (MSSA) but not MRSA, or one that is most appropriate against MRSA but not MSSA? Choosing vancomycin as the empirical therapy in all cases of suspected S. aureus infections may not be the most appropriate option, despite its adequacy according to in vitro susceptibility data [14]. For example, several recent studies have indicated that vancomycin may be inferior to b-lactams for the empirical treatment of MSSA infections. For MSSA bacteraemia, vancomycin was associated with significantly higher rates of treatment failure [15 17] and infection-related mortality than treatment with b-lactams [16,17]. Similarly, for MSSA infective endocarditis (IE), empirical therapy with vancomycin was associated with significantly greater infection-related mortality than treatment with b-lactams [18], and complication rates during therapy and durations of intensive-care unit stay were significantly higher with vancomycin [19]. In addition, there is mounting evidence that the value of the MIC of vancomycin within the susceptible range ( 2.0 mg/l) influences clinical outcome, potentially rendering adequate therapy relatively inappropriate. For example, Sakoulas et al. [] found that a vancomycin MIC of mg/l was associated with significantly lower vancomycin treatment success rates in MRSA bacteraemia than a vancomycin MIC of 0.5 mg/ml (55.6% vs. 9.5%; p ¼0.01). Similarly, Lodise et al. [21] determined that vancomycin MICs of 1.5 mg/l were associated with a 2.4-fold increase in treatment failure as compared with vancomycin MICs of 1.0 mg/l (36.4% vs. 15.4%; p ¼0.049). Other data suggest that increased doses of vancomycin may not compensate for elevated MICs [22], and high vancomycin doses (4 g) are associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity [23]. Choosing the most appropriate empirical therapy for a patient is critical in reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality [3,12]. The likelihood of patients receiving inadequate empirical therapy increases with the increasing prevalence of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Local epidemiology and resistance rates should therefore be taken into consideration [6]. Several studies have demonstrated that the administration of inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy (Fig. 1) [5,7 10] and, furthermore, inappropriate empirical therapy (Fig. 2) [4,11] significantly increase the rate of mortality in infections such as bloodstream infections, MRSA sterile site infections, nosocomial pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In addition, delaying therapy for S. aureus bacteraemia has been shown to increase the risk of mortality and the overall length of hospitalization [12]; early administration of appropriate therapy in S. aureus infections is key to reducing these risks. Identification of bacteria from patient isolates can take up to 3 days from presentation of the patient to the healthcare facility, with the potential for contamination of samples by S. aureus colonizing p <0.001 Adequate Inadequate p <0.001 Mortality (%) p < p = p = n = 345 n = 147 n = 86 n = 27 Ibrahim et al. Rello et al n = 16 n = 34 Luna et al n = 284 n = 146 Alvarez-Lerma et al n = 169 n = 380 Schramm et al Bloodstream infections Ventilator-associated pneumonia Nosocomial pneumonia Mixed MRSA infections FIG. 1. The impact of inadequate therapy on mortality rates in bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sterile site infections [5,7 10].
3 CMI Segreti Empirical therapy: making the right choice 7 Mortality (%) p = Appropriate therapy Inappropriate therapy 18.2 p = n = 2158 n = 1255 n = 55 n = 51 0 Leibovici et al. Cheong et al FIG. 2. The impact of inappropriate therapy on mortality rates in bloodstream infections [4,11]. As defined by relevant investigators: therapy was appropriate if it was started within 2 days of the first positive blood culture, if the infecting microorganism was subsequently found to be susceptible in vitro to the drug administered, and if the antimicrobial was given intravenously [4]; therapy was appropriate if the initial antimicrobials, which were administered within 24 h after the acquisition of a blood culture sample, included at least one antimicrobial that was active in vitro and when the dosage and route of administration were consistent with current medical standards [11]. the skin [24]. Delaying therapy for this length of time is often not an option, so an empirical therapy is required to treat the suspected infection. Case Study I Infective Endocarditis (IE) IE is a common complication among intravenous drug users (IVDUs), with an incidence of 1 5% per year, and is responsible for 5 10% of the overall death rate in these patients [25]. The tricuspid valve (right-sided) is most frequently affected in IVDUs [26,27]; however, both left-sided and right-sided valves are involved in approximately 5 10% of cases [28]. This predisposition to right-sided IE in IVDUs is thought to be attributable to the injection of bacterial loads, either as part of the particulate matter or as a contaminant, directly into the venous system [28]. The most frequent causes of bacterial IE are Gram-positive organisms, with S. aureus being the bacterial species that is most often isolated [29,30]. Worldwide, the S. aureus isolates causing IE in IVDUs are usually methicillin-susceptible [28]. IE caused by MRSA is associated with a higher rate of persistent bacteraemia than the infection caused by MSSA, and has a non-significant trend towards higher mortality rates [30]. Here, I report on the case of a patient with right-sided IE who was successfully treated with empirical daptomycin. A 32-year-old male with a history of intravenous drug use, who had been suffering with fever and chills for 3 days, was admitted to hospital. He had been admitted previously on multiple occasions for trauma, and had received a gunshot wound to the abdomen 2 months earlier, which was complicated by an MRSA catheter-related bloodstream infection. However, prior antimicrobial therapy was not documented. Clinical examination of the patient revealed tachycardia and a II/VI systolic ejection murmur; the patient s abdomen was benign, and his chest was clear to auscultation. He presented with a temperature of 40 C, respiratory and heart rates of 24 breaths/min and 108 beats/min, respectively, blood pressure of 104/72 mmhg, and right atrial O 2 saturation of 99%. No Osler s nodes, splinter haemorrhages or Janeway s lesions were present. Laboratory results revealed an elevated white blood cell count ( /L) and anaemia (haemoglobin 10.4 g/dl, haematocrit 32%); blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were within normal ranges. Empirical treatment with daptomycin (6 mg/kg every 24 h) and piperacillin tazobactam was started (4.5 g every 6 h) after admission and initial diagnostic studies. Blood cultures drawn on admission grew Gram-positive cocci in clusters, which were later (48 h after admission) identified as MRSA with a vancomycin MIC of 2 mg/l and a daptomycin MIC of 0.5 mg/l. In addition, the organism was susceptible to tetracyclines, trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole and rifampin, and resistant to quinolones and clindamycin. Transthoracic echocardiography findings were normal, but transoesophageal echocardiography showed an 8-mm vegetation on the tricuspid valve. Daptomycin treatment was continued, but piperacillin tazobactam was discontinued following a 2-day treatment duration. Blood cultures were negative for growth on the third day of antimicrobial therapy. The patient was transferred to a chronic-care facility to complete a 6-week course of daptomycin, but signed out, against medical advice, after a total of 3 weeks of therapy, and was lost to follow-up. His condition on discharge was good. This patient was suffering from S. aureus bacteraemia with concurrent right-sided IE, and the bacteraemia resolved after administration of an appropriate empirical treatment regimen. In IVDUs, when treating endocarditis caused by S. aureus, it has been shown that infection-related mortality is reduced if an appropriate empirical regimen is chosen (Fig. 3) [18]. For this patient, it was unknown initially whether the infecting organism was MSSA or MRSA; therefore, the best possible option was therapy that covered both. In this case, administering an antimicrobial ineffective against MRSA would have delayed the receipt of adequate
4 8 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 15, Supplement 6, December 09 CMI Infection-related mortality (%) p = All p = Left-side/bilateral involvement -Lactam (n = 44) Vancomycin (n = 28) p =0.04 Right-side involvement p =0.02 Definite infective endocarditis by Duke criteria FIG. 3. Infection-related mortality according to the type of empirical therapy (b-lactam or vancomycin) in intravenous drug users with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis [18] treatment, increasing the patient s risk of mortality. In addition, the high vancomycin MIC for the MRSA isolate indicates an elevated likelihood that vancomycin would not have been an effective therapy [ 22,31 34], and may therefore not have been the most appropriate option in this case. Empirical monotherapy options that provide coverage against both MSSA and MRSA are limited. Daptomycin is one such agent, having been shown to be as effective as comparators for treating right-sided IE caused by either MSSA or MRSA in a phase III trial [35]. Another property of daptomycin that makes it appropriate for the treatment of this patient population is its rapid bactericidal activity, which is considered to be important for treatment efficacy in serious infections such as IE [36,37]. Daptomycin demonstrates concentration-dependent killing in in vitro models of IE, with a more rapid rate of bacterial killing than vancomycin [38], as well as against high-dose inocula and organisms in the stationary growth phase [39,40]. The mechanism of action of daptomycin, i.e. rapidly bactericidal but not bacteriolytic [41], is another potential benefit of this agent, as its use should not lead to any major clinical symptoms associated with the rapid lysis of bacteria within the body [42]. Case Study 2 Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) CA-MRSA is defined as an MRSA infection acquired outside of healthcare-associated settings [43]. Several risk factors have been identified for the development of infections caused by CA-MRSA, including participation in contact sports, residence in correctional facilities, and attendance at day-care and other institutional centres [44]. Military recruits and homosexual men are also at particular risk for CA-MRSA infection [44]. Although risk factors are useful for assessing the risk of infection with antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, they are much less predictive of infection with MRSA in the USA, because of the high prevalence of this strain in community-acquired infections [45]. A recent study has shown that empirical treatment of CA-MRSA complicated skin and soft tissue infections (csstis), guided by an algorithm that promotes the use of antimicrobials that are active in vitro against CA-MRSA, is associated with improved clinical outcomes as compared with administering empirical therapy that is less effective against MRSA [46]. Here, I report the case of a patient with a community-acquired cssti and concurrent bacteraemia who was successfully treated empirically with daptomycin. A 30-year-old man, released from a state correctional facility 14 months earlier, was admitted to hospital with fever, chills and facial cellulitis. The patient presented with swelling and redness of the lips and left side of the face (with no periorbital oedema or drainage), a temperature of 39.4 C, a heart rate of 110 beats/min, a respiratory rate of breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 128/82 mmhg. Blood analyses revealed that the patient was human imunodeficiency virusnegative. Treatment was initially started with ampicillin sulbactam (3.0 g intravenously every 6 h). However, cultures from blood drawn on admission were shown to be positive for Gram-positive cocci, so treatment was switched after 1 day to daptomycin (6 mg/kg every 24 h) to provide coverage against both MSSA and MRSA. Blood cultures were later shown to be positive for MRSA that was susceptible to vancomycin (MIC 0.5 mg/l), erythromycin (MIC 2 mg/l), clindamycin (MIC <2 mg/l), levofloxacin (MIC <1 mg/l), rifampin (MIC 1 mg/l), tetracycline (MIC 2 mg/l), trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole (MIC 2/38 mg/l) and daptomycin (MIC 0.5 mg/l), according to CLSI breakpoints [47]. Transoesophageal echocardiography findings were negative for vegetations, and a computerized tomography scan of the facial bones was negative for abscess, osteomyelitis and sinusitis. The patient received daptomycin treatment for 14 days;
5 CMI Segreti Empirical therapy: making the right choice 9 repeat blood cultures after this time were negative, and the facial cellulitis resolved. The emergence and spread of CA-MRSA in the USA has reduced the utility of traditional risk factors for identifying patients with MRSA. Therefore, in such a scenario, it may be appropriate to presume that any serious infection potentially caused by staphylococci could be MRSA until culture results are available. In many European countries, MRSA rates [1] are such that coverage against MRSA with empirical therapy should be strongly considered for hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections. However, CA-MRSA has also been documented in several European countries [48], raising the possibility that Europe may follow a trend similar to that in the USA. In the future, even community-acquired staphylococcal infections may need to be treated empirically as MRSA. Daptomycin has been shown to be rapidly bactericidal in vitro against CA-MRSA strains, with 99% of bacteria being killed in less than 2 h at 4 MIC [49], and has also been shown to be as effective as comparator therapies for treating csstis caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including MSSA, MRSA and enterococci [50]. These data indicate that daptomycin is an effective choice for the empirical treatment of suspected Gram-positive csstis. Summary Choosing the most appropriate empirical therapy is critical for obtaining the best patient outcomes. However, determination of the optimal treatment regimen is often complicated by the possibility of reduced antimicrobial sensitivity of the infecting bacterial strains. Treatment of infections caused by S. aureus can be particularly complex because of varying prevalences of MRSA, and the consequences of increased mortality and hospital length of stay associated with the use of inappropriate empirical therapies. The optimal empirical coverage against Gram-positive pathogens should include agents that are effective against antimicrobial-susceptible and antimicrobial-resistant strains. Because of its rapid bactericidal activity and proven clinical efficacy in infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant strains such as MRSA, daptomycin may be an appropriate option for the empirical treatment of serious Gram-positive infections, independent of methicillin susceptibility [35,50]. Acknowledgements Editorial and writing support for the author of this article was provided by L. Huson of Chameleon Communications International with Novartis Pharma AG sponsorship. This article is published as part of a supplement entitled Optimizing outcomes in patients with serious Gram-positive infections, sponsored by a medical grant from Novartis, and has been derived from a symposium entitled Positive outcomes in Gram-positive infections that was held at the 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), April 08. Transparency Declaration J. Segreti has acted as a paid consultant for Cubist, Novartis and Pfizer, and is a member of the speakers bureaus for Cubist and Pfizer. References 1. EARSS Management Team. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Annual Report Segreti J. Efficacy of current agents used in the treatment of Grampositive infections and the consequences of resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 05; 11 (suppl 3): Khatib R, Saeed S, Sharma M, Riederer K, Fakih MG, Johnson LB. Impact of initial antibiotic choice and delayed appropriate treatment on the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 06; 25: Leibovici L, Shraga I, Drucker M, Konigsberger H, Samra Z, Pitlik SD. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J Intern Med 1998; 244: Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 00; 118: Kollef MH. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of outcome for hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 00; 31 (suppl 4): S131 S Rello J, Gallego M, Mariscal D, Sonora R, Valles J. The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111: Schramm GE, Johnson JA, Doherty JA, Micek ST, Kollef MH. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: the importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Crit Care Med 06; 34: Alvarez-Lerma F. Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. ICU-Acquired Pneumonia Study Group. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: Cheong HS, Kang CI, Wi YM et al. Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy as a risk factor for mortality in patients with communityonset Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 08; 27: Lodise TP, McKinnon PS, Swiderski L, Rybak MJ. Outcomes analysis of delayed antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 03; 36:
6 10 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 15, Supplement 6, December 09 CMI 13. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS). System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 03, issued August 03. Am J Infect Control 03; 31: Sader HS, Watters AA, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Activity of daptomycin and selected antimicrobial agents tested against Staphylococcus aureus from patients with bloodstream infections hospitalized in European medical centers. J Chemother 08; : Chang FY, Peacock JE Jr, Musher DM et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 03; 82: Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr et al. Use of vancomycin or first-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysisdependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 07; 44: Kim SH, Kim KH, Kim HB et al. Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 08; 52: Lodise TP Jr, McKinnon PS, Levine DP, Rybak MJ. Impact of empirical-therapy selection on outcomes of intravenous drug users with infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 07; 51: Gentry CA, Rodvold KA, Novak RM, Hershow RC, Naderer OJ. Retrospective evaluation of therapies for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17: Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, Forrest A, Moellering RC Jr, Eliopoulos GM. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 04; 42: Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A et al. Relationship between vancomycin MIC and failure among patients with MRSA bacteremia treated with vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 08; 52: Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A. Highdose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med 06; 166: Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, Graves J, Drusano GL. Larger vancomycin doses (at least four grams per day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 08; 52: Mitchell DH, Howden BP. Diagnosis and management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Intern Med J 05; 35 (suppl 2): S17 S Miro JM, del Rio A, Mestres CA. Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 02; 16: Moss R, Munt B. Injection drug use and right sided endocarditis. Heart 03; 89: Ruotsalainen E, Sammalkorpi K, Laine J et al. Clinical manifestations and outcome in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis among injection drug users and nonaddicts: a prospective study of 74 patients. BMC Infect Dis 06; 6: Miro JM, del Rio A, Mestres CA. Infective endocarditis and cardiac surgery in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients. Cardiol Clin 03; 21: Barrau K, Boulamery A, Imbert G et al. Causative organisms of infective endocarditis according to host status. Clin Microbiol Infect 04; 10: Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA 05; 293: Moise-Broder PA, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Schentag JJ, Forrest A, Moellering RC Jr. Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 04; 38: Moise PA, Sakoulas G, Forrest A, Schentag JJ. Vancomycin in vitro bactericidal activity and its relationship to efficacy in clearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 07; 51: Soriano A, Marco F, Martinez JA et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 08; 46: Hsu DI, Hidayat LK, Quist R et al. Comparison of method-specific vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration values and their predictability for treatment outcome of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 08; 32: Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 06; 355: Alder J, Eisenstein B. The advantage of bactericidal drugs in the treatment of infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 04; 6: Dandache P, Aronow WS, Sakoulas G. Clinical update on the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial endocarditis. Comp Ther 07; 33: Tsuji BT, Rybak MJ. Short-course gentamicin in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 05; 49: French GL. Bactericidal agents in the treatment of MRSA infections the potential role of daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 06; 58: LaPlante KL, Rybak MJ. Impact of high-inoculum Staphylococcus aureus on the activities of nafcillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin, alone and in combination with gentamicin, in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 04; 48: Cotroneo N, Harris R, Perlmutter N, Beveridge T, Silverman JA. Daptomycin exerts bactericidal activity without lysis of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 08; 52: Ginsburg I. The role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post-infectious sequelae. APMIS 02; 110: Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 03; 290: Herman RA, Kee VR, Moores KG, Ross MB. Etiology and treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 08; 65: Johnson LB, Bhan A, Pawlak J, Manzor O, Saravolatz LD. Changing epidemiology of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 03; 24: Chuck EA, Frazee BW, Lambert L, McCabe R. The benefit of empiric treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Emerg Med 08; (Epub ahead of print). 47. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: eighteenth international supplement. M100-S18. Wayne, PA: CLSI, Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H et al. Global distribution of Panton Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 06. Emerg Infect Dis 07; 13: Leonard SN, Cheung CM, Rybak MJ. Activities of ceftobiprole, linezolid, vancomycin, and daptomycin against community-associated and hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 08; 52: Arbeit RD, Maki D, Tally FP, Campanaro E, Eisenstein BI. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis 04; 38:
The Impact of meca Gene Testing and Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Intervention on the Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy for ACCEPTED
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 May 2008 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.00801-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationConsiderations for antibiotic therapy. Christoph K. Naber Interventional Cardiology Heartcenter - Elisabeth Hospital Essen
Considerations for antibiotic therapy Christoph K. Naber Interventional Cardiology Heartcenter - Elisabeth Hospital Essen Infective Endocarditis There will never be a cure for this malignant disease! Sir
More informationAppropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean?
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean? Jaehee Lee, M.D. Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea KNUH since 1907 Presentation outline Empiric antimicrobial choice: right spectrum,
More informationMicrobiological and Genotypic Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant ACCEPTED. 1. Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 July 2008 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00357-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationSource: Portland State University Population Research Center (
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Surveillance Report 2010 Oregon Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Office of Disease Prevention & Epidemiology Oregon Health Authority Updated:
More informationOriginal Articles. K A M S W Gunarathne 1, M Akbar 2, K Karunarathne 3, JRS de Silva 4. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2011; 40(4):
Original Articles Analysis of blood/tracheal culture results to assess common pathogens and pattern of antibiotic resistance at medical intensive care unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children K A M S
More informationManagement of Native Valve
Management of Native Valve Infective Endocarditis 2005 AHA 2015 Baddour LM, et al. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435-86 2009 ESC 2015 Habib G, et al. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075-128 ESC 2015: Endocarditis
More informationEvaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs
Evaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs Josh Arnold, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds February 28, 2017 2016 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify the pathophysiology of MRSA nasal colonization
More informationHealth Informatics Centre, Division of Community Health Sciences, Dundee, UK
REVIEW Appropriate vs. inappropriate antimicrobial therapy P. G. Davey and C. Marwick Health Informatics Centre, Division of Community Health Sciences, Dundee, UK ABSTRACT Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment
More informationSustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship
Sustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship Much needless expense, untoward effect, harm and disappointment can be prevented by better judgment in the use of antimicrobials Whitney A. Jones, PharmD Antimicrobial
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship in managing septic patients
Antimicrobial stewardship in managing septic patients November 11, 2017 Samuel L. Aitken, PharmD, BCPS (AQ-ID) Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Infectious Diseases slaitken@mdanderson.org Conflict of interest
More informationOriginal Article. Suwanna Trakulsomboon, Ph.D., Visanu Thamlikitkul, M.D.
Original Article Vol. 25 No. 2 In vitro activity of daptomycin against MRSA:Trakulsomboon S & Thamlikitkul V. 57 In Vitro Activity of Daptomycin against Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
More informationStaph Cases. Case #1
Staph Cases Lisa Winston University of California, San Francisco San Francisco General Hospital Case #1 A 60 y.o. man with well controlled HIV and DM presents to clinic with ten days of redness and swelling
More informationGeneral Approach to Infectious Diseases
General Approach to Infectious Diseases 2 The pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases is unique. To treat most diseases with drugs, we give drugs that have some desired pharmacologic action at some receptor
More information4/3/2017 CLINICAL PEARLS: UPDATES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA DISCLOSURE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CLINICAL PEARLS: UPDATES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA BILLIE BARTEL, PHARMD, BCCCP APRIL 7 TH, 2017 DISCLOSURE I have had no financial relationship over the past 12 months with any commercial
More informationLe infezioni di cute e tessuti molli
Le infezioni di cute e tessuti molli SCELTE e STRATEGIE TERAPEUTICHE Pierluigi Viale Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi Treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections
More informationIn vitro Activity Evaluation of Telavancin against a Contemporary Worldwide Collection of Staphylococcus. aureus. Rodrigo E. Mendes, Ph.D.
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 12 April 2010 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00301-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationMaximizing positive outcomes for patients with staphylococcal infections
REVIEW 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03056.x Maximizing positive outcomes for patients with staphylococcal infections J.-P. Stahl Infectious Diseases Centre, Grenoble University, Grenoble, France Abstract Maximizing
More information2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY ONLY. MEASURE TYPE: Process
Quality ID #407: Appropriate Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Bacteremia National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care 2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES:
More informationCefazolin vs. Antistaphyloccal Penicillins: The Great Debate
Cefazolin vs. Antistaphyloccal Penicillins: The Great Debate Annie Heble, PharmD PGY2 Pediatric Pharmacy Resident Children s Hospital Colorado Microbiology Rounds March 22, 2017 Image Source: Buck cartoons
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium daptomycin 350mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion (Cubicin ) Chiron Corporation Limited No. (248/06) 10 March 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC)
More informationDoes Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs?
Does Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs? John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and
More informationAntimicrobial Pharmacodynamics
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics November 28, 2007 George P. Allen, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice OSU College of Pharmacy at OHSU Objectives Become familiar with PD parameters what they
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial Therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Doo Ryeon Chung, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Infection Control Office SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CASE 1
More informationLINEE GUIDA: VALORI E LIMITI
Ferrara 28 novembre 2014 LINEE GUIDA: VALORI E LIMITI Pierluigi Viale Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi EVIDENCE BIASED GERIATRIC MEDICINE Older patients with comorbid conditions
More informationPVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust
PVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust Neonatal Case History Neonate born at 26 +2 gestation Spontaneous onset of
More informationBest Antimicrobials for Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Best Antimicrobials for Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia I. Methicillin Susceptible Staph aureus (MSSA) A. In vitro - Anti-Staphylococcal β-lactams (Oxacillin, Nafcillin, Cefazolin) are more active B.
More informationAntibacterials. Recent data on linezolid and daptomycin
Antibacterials Recent data on linezolid and daptomycin Patricia Muñoz, MD. Ph.D. (pmunoz@micro.hggm.es) Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 1 GESITRA Reasons
More information2019 COLLECTION TYPE: MIPS CLINICAL QUALITY MEASURES (CQMS) MEASURE TYPE: Process High Priority
Quality ID #407: Appropriate Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Bacteremia National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care Meaningful Measure Area: Healthcare Associated
More informationUCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients
Background/methods: UCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients This guideline establishes evidence-based consensus standards for management
More informationAdequacy of Early Empiric Antibiotic Treatment and Survival in Severe Sepsis: Experience from the MONARCS Trial
BRIEF REPORT Adequacy of Early Empiric Antibiotic Treatment and Survival in Severe Sepsis: Experience from the MONARCS Trial Rodger D. MacArthur, 1 Mark Miller, 2 Timothy Albertson, 3 Edward Panacek, 3
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there!
Antimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there! Stanley I. Martin, MD, FACP, FIDSA Director, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Geisinger
More informationTACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC
TACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC Paul D. Holtom, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Orthopaedics USC Keck School of Medicine MRSA Trend (HA + CA) in US TSN Database USA (1993-2003) % of MRSA among S. aureus
More informationAppropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections ( MRSA ) By : A. Bojdi MD Assistant Professor Inf. Dis. Dep. Imam Reza Hosp. MUMS Antibiotics Still Miracle Drugs Paul
More informationTreatment challenges in the management of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections B. I. Eisenstein
REVIEW Treatment challenges in the management of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections B. I. Eisenstein Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ABSTRACT
More informationTest results: characterising the antimicrobial activity of daptomycin B. Wiedemann
REVIEW Test results: characterising the antimicrobial activity of daptomycin B. Wiedemann University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ABSTRACT Daptomycin is the first in a new class of antibiotics, the cyclic lipopeptides.
More informationMAGNITUDE OF ANTIMICROBIAL USE. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Acute and Long Term Healthcare Facilities: Design, Implementation and Challenges
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Acute and Long Term Healthcare Facilities: Design, Implementation and Challenges John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control
More informationBradley M. Wright 1 and Edward H. Eiland III Introduction
SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research Journal of Pathogens Volume 2011, Article ID 347969, 6 pages doi:10.4061/2011/347969 Clinical Study Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Cost Outcomes Associated with
More informationCentral Nervous System Infections
Central Nervous System Infections Meningitis Treatment Bacterial meningitis is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY. ANTIBIOTICS SHOULD BE STARTED AS SOON AS THE POSSIBILITY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BECOMES EVIDENT, IDEALLY
More informationProphylactic antibiotic timing and dosage. Dr. Sanjeev Singh AIMS, Kochi
Prophylactic antibiotic timing and dosage Dr. Sanjeev Singh AIMS, Kochi Meaning - Webster Medical Definition of prophylaxis plural pro phy lax es \-ˈlak-ˌsēz\play : measures designed to preserve health
More informationKonsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme. Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program
Konsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program University of Geneva Hospitals Outline Introduction What data sources are available? AMR-associated outcomes
More informationActive Bacterial Core Surveillance Site and Epidemiologic Classification, United States, 2005a. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Impact of routine surgical ward and intensive care unit admission surveillance cultures on hospital-wide nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital: an interrupted
More informationNew Antibiotics for MRSA
New Antibiotics for MRSA Faculty Warren S. Joseph, DPM, FIDSA Consultant, Lower Extremity Infectious Diseases Roxborough Memorial Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Faculty Disclosure Dr. Joseph: Speaker
More informationBacterial infections complicating cirrhosis
PHC www.aphc.info Bacterial infections complicating cirrhosis P. Angeli, Dept. of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (), University of Padova (Italy) pangeli@unipd.it Agenda Epidemiology
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE /j x. Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
ORIGINAL ARTICLE 1.1111/j.1469-691.27.1885.x Pharmacodynamic comparison of linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci
More informationNosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs
Nosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs Jean Chastre, MD Service de Réanimation Médicale Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France www.reamedpitie.com
More informationCHAPTER:1 THE RATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS. BY Mrs. K.SHAILAJA., M. PHARM., LECTURER DEPT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CHAPTER:1 THE RATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS BY Mrs. K.SHAILAJA., M. PHARM., LECTURER DEPT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Antibiotics One of the most commonly used group of drugs In USA 23
More informationAn Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Article ID: WMC00590 ISSN 2046-1690 An Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Author(s):Dr. K P Ranjan, Dr. D R Arora, Dr. Neelima Ranjan Corresponding
More informationPredictors and clinical outcomes of persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective observational study
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Korean J Intern Med 2013;28:678-686 Predictors and clinical outcomes of persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective observational study Hea Sung Ok
More informationTel: Fax:
CONCISE COMMUNICATION Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL,a novel pyrrolidinone--ylidenemethyl cephem,tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci L. M.
More informationAn Approach to Appropriate Antibiotic Prescribing in Outpatient and LTC Settings?
An Approach to Appropriate Antibiotic Prescribing in Outpatient and LTC Settings? Dr. Andrew Morris Antimicrobial Stewardship ProgramMt. Sinai Hospital University Health Network amorris@mtsinai.on.ca andrew.morris@uhn.ca
More informationInappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection. Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012
Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012 Financial Disclosures } No conflicts of interest } The study was supported by a Hamilton
More informationMono- versus Bitherapy for Management of HAP/VAP in the ICU
Mono- versus Bitherapy for Management of HAP/VAP in the ICU Jean Chastre, www.reamedpitie.com Conflicts of interest: Consulting or Lecture fees: Nektar-Bayer, Pfizer, Brahms, Sanofi- Aventis, Janssen-Cilag,
More informationAntibiotic Abyss. Discussion Points. MRSA Treatment Guidelines
Antibiotic Abyss Fredrick M. Abrahamian, D.O., FACEP, FIDSA Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine Director of Education Department of Emergency Medicine Olive View-UCLA Medical Center Sylmar, California
More informationMethicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) The drug resistant `Superbug that won t die
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) The drug resistant `Superbug that won t die Michael A. Miller, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics -Jacksonville OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the basic microbiology
More informationSteven N. Leonard. Massachusetts Pharmacist License #PH Indiana Pharmacist License # A
Steven N. Leonard Office Address: Licensure: Education: Northeastern University Department of Pharmacy Practice 360 Huntington Ave., R218 TF Boston, MA 02115 Email: s.leonard@neu.edu Phone: 617-373-5212
More informationThe International Collaborative Conference in Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
The International Collaborative Conference in Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases PLUS: Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Improving outcomes through better education and implementation of
More informationAnnals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. Open Access RESEARCH. Davie Wong 1*, Titus Wong 2,3, Marc Romney 2,4 and Victor Leung 2,4
DOI 10.1186/s12941-016-0143-3 Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials RESEARCH Open Access Comparative effectiveness of β lactam versus vancomycin empiric therapy in patients with methicillin
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Swabs as a Tool in Antimicrobial Stewardship
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Swabs as a Tool in Antimicrobial Stewardship Natalie R. Tucker, PharmD Antimicrobial Stewardship Pharmacist Tyson E. Dietrich, PharmD PGY2 Infectious Diseases
More informationAntimicrobial Cycling. Donald E Low University of Toronto
Antimicrobial Cycling Donald E Low University of Toronto Bad Bugs, No Drugs 1 The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the IDSA 1 identified as particularly problematic pathogens A. baumannii and
More informationStanding Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis
Standing Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis 1. Definition of Peritonitis: a. Cloudy effluent. b. WBC > 100 cells/mm3 with >50% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells with minimum 2 hour dwell. c.
More informationEmpiric therapy for severe suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection
Empiric therapy for severe suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection Salman Qureshi, MD McGill University Faculty of Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine McGill University Health Centre Relevant
More informationConcise Antibiogram Toolkit Background
Background This toolkit is designed to guide nursing homes in creating their own antibiograms, an important tool for guiding empiric antimicrobial therapy. Information about antibiograms and instructions
More informationIntrinsic, implied and default resistance
Appendix A Intrinsic, implied and default resistance Magiorakos et al. [1] and CLSI [2] are our primary sources of information on intrinsic resistance. Sanford et al. [3] and Gilbert et al. [4] have been
More informationPRACTIC GUIDELINES for APPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTICS USE
PRACTIC GUIDELINES for APPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTICS USE Global Alliance for Infection in Surgery World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and not only!! Aims - 1 Rationalize the risk of antibiotics overuse
More informationGENERAL NOTES: 2016 site of infection type of organism location of the patient
GENERAL NOTES: This is a summary of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of clinical isolates recovered at AIIMS Bhopal Hospital during the year 2016. However, for organisms in which < 30 isolates were recovered
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
HTIDE CONFERENCE 2018 OPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS FEDERICO PEA INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF UDINE, ITALY SANTA
More informationPneumonia considerations Galia Rahav Infectious diseases unit Sheba medical center
Pneumonia considerations 2017 Galia Rahav Infectious diseases unit Sheba medical center Sir William Osler (1849 1919) "Father of modern medicine Pneumonia: The old man's friend The captain of the men of
More informationSepsis is the most common cause of death in
ADDRESSING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT * John P. Quinn, MD ABSTRACT Two of the more common strategies for optimizing antimicrobial therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) are antibiotic
More informationStanding Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis
Standing Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis 1. Definition of Peritonitis: a. Cloudy effluent. b. WBC > 100 cells/mm3 with >50% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells with minimum 2 hour dwell. c.
More informationNorthwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital Antimicrobial Criteria Updated 11/16/16
Northwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital Antimicrobial Criteria Updated 11/16/16 These criteria are based on national and local susceptibility data as well as Infectious Disease Society of America
More informationAntibiotic Prophylaxis Update
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Update Choosing Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Peri-Procedural Administration Surgical Prophylaxis and AMS at Epworth HealthCare Mr Glenn Valoppi Dr Trisha Peel Dr Joseph Doyle
More informationLack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
Infect Dis Ther (2014) 3:55 59 DOI 10.1007/s40121-014-0028-8 BRIEF REPORT Lack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
More informationMRSA. ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated )
005 16 190-194 ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated ) ( -susceptible Staphylococcus auerus; MSSA ) ( -resistant Staphylococcus auerus; ) ( ) ( -lactam ) ( glycopeptide ) ( Staphylococcus
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:
More informationTreatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital- Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital- Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Antoni Torres, Miquel Ferrer, and Joan Ramón Badia Pneumology Department, Clinic Institute
More informationAerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune
Original article Aerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Patil P, Joshi S, Bharadwaj R. Department of Microbiology, B.J. Medical College, Pune, India. Corresponding
More informationDETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams
DETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams Jan J. De Waele MD PhD Surgical ICU Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium Disclosures Financial: consultancy for
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 891-895 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.104
More informationMRSA ventilatorassociated
MRSA ventilatorassociated pneumonia Jean Chastre, M.D. www.reamedpitie.com Conflicts of interest Consulting or lecture fees: Medimmune/Astrazeneca, Bayer, Pfizer, Arsanis, Cubist/Merck, Basilea, Aridis,
More informationReplaces:04/14/16. Formulated: 1997 SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTION
Effective Date: 04/13/17 Replaces:04/14/16 Page 1 of 7 POLICY To standardize the clinical management and housing of offenders with skin and soft tissue infections, thereby reducing the transmission and
More informationAntimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Antibiograms
Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Antibiograms A summary of the cumulative susceptibility of bacterial isolates to formulary antibiotics in a given institution or region. Its main functions are to guide
More informationPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials in the Critically Ill Patient
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials in the Critically Ill Patient Rania El-Lababidi, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-ID), AAHIVP Manager, Pharmacy Education and Training Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi
More informationFM - Male, 38YO. MRSA nasal swab (+) Due to positive MRSA nasal swab test, patient will be continued on Vancomycin 1500mg IV q12 for MRSA treatment...
Jillian O Keefe Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate 2016 September 15, 2015 FM - Male, 38YO HPI: Previously healthy male presents to ED febrile (102F) and in moderate distress ~2 weeks after getting a tattoo
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE /j x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01550.x Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from European medical centres: results of the Daptomycin Surveillance Programme (2002 2004)
More informationDETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY*
44 DETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY* AUTHOR: Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte, MD, MScID University of the Philippines College of Medicine-Philippine
More informationESISTONO LE HCAP? Francesco Blasi. Sezione Medicina Respiratoria Dipartimento Toraco Polmonare e Cardiocircolatorio Università degli Studi di Milano
ESISTONO LE HCAP? Francesco Blasi Sezione Medicina Respiratoria Dipartimento Toraco Polmonare e Cardiocircolatorio Università degli Studi di Milano Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Management issues
More informationEpidemiology of early-onset bloodstream infection and implications for treatment
Epidemiology of early-onset bloodstream infection and implications for treatment Richard S. Johannes, MD, MS Marlborough, Massachusetts Health care-associated infections: For over 35 years, infections
More informationWhy should we care about multi-resistant bacteria? Clinical impact and
Why should we care about multi-resistant bacteria? Clinical impact and public health implications Prof. Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program Geneva, Switzerland and Ebola (in 2014/2015) Increased
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium tigecycline 50mg vial of powder for intravenous infusion (Tygacil ) (277/06) Wyeth 9 June 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) has completed its assessment of the
More informationCLINICAL USE OF BETA-LACTAMS
CLINICAL USE OF BETA-LACTAMS Douglas Black, Pharm.D. Associate Professor School of Pharmacy University of Washington dblack@u.washington.edu WHY IS INFECTIOUS DISEASE PHARMACOTHERAPY SO CONFUSING? Microbial
More informationManagement of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
Management of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia Adel Alothman, MB, FRCPC, FACP Asst. Professor, COM, KSAU-HS Head, Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
More informationAnnual Surveillance Summary: Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2016
Annual Surveillance Summary: Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2016 Jessica Spencer and Uzo Chukwuma Approved for public release. Distribution
More informationFuture strategies for treating Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections C. K. Naber
REVIEW Future strategies for treating Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections C. K. Naber Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Centre, Essen, Germany A B S T R A C T Bloodstream infections
More informationCa-MRSA Update- Hand Infections. Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007
Ca-MRSA Update- Hand Infections Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007 Resistant Staph. Aureus Late 1940 s -50% S.Aureus resistant to PCN 1957-80/81 strain- of S.A. highly virulent and easily transmissible
More informationMDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Has the post antibiotic era arrived? Dr. Michael A. Borg Infection Control Dept Mater Dei Hospital Malta
MDR Acinetobacter baumannii Has the post antibiotic era arrived? Dr. Michael A. Borg Infection Control Dept Mater Dei Hospital Malta 1 The Armageddon recipe Transmissible organism with prolonged environmental
More informationPrevalence & Risk Factors For MRSA. For Vets
For Vets General Information Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, aerobic commensal bacterium of humans that is carried in the anterior nares of approximately 30% of the general population. It is
More informationAppropriate Antibiotic Administration in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia
Research Paper Appropriate Antibiotic Administration in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia R. A. KHAN, M. M. BAKRY 1 AND F. ISLAHUDIN 1 * Hospital SgBuloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 SgBuloh, Selangor,
More informationThey are updated regularly as new NICE guidance is published. To view the latest version of this NICE Pathway see:
Antibiotic treatment and monitoring for suspected or confirmed early-onset neonatal infection bring together everything NICE says on a topic in an interactive flowchart. are interactive and designed to
More information