Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7
|
|
- Myles Patrick
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7 Revision of last lecture : Each type of antimicrobial drug normally targets a specific structure or component of the bacterial cell eg:( cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, DNA formation and replication ). In relation to Cell Wall, Drugs used : Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Glycoproteins Penicillin and Cephalosporin are very similar, with only a slight difference in chemical structure ( 5 and 6 rings ) while the B lactam ring is the same. Any additive structure related to B lactam ring, in the form of an amino, carboxyl or acetate group, might modify not only the action against gram ve and +ve bacteria but also may be associated with certain changes in pharmaceutical kinetics ( the drug s absorption, distribution, excretion.. etc ). This group of drugs, known as B Lactam drugs includes at least 50 types of penicillin and Cephalosporin. According to the chemical structure of these drugs, we can classify these drugs in relation to one specific enzyme B lactamase. If gram +ve /-ve bacteria manage to produce B lactamase, break down B lactam ring and prevent the development of a complex structure between the specific protein at the cell wall (called penicillin binding protein ), then this means the clone of bacteria is resistant, either to penicillin G simple, or to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and to some extent to Cephalosporin drug.
2 Therefore we have : Penicillinase-susceptible penicillin drugs Eg : Penicillin G /V amoxicillin/ ampicillin (without clavulinic acid ) Penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs * prevent the development of the penicillinase action *manage to treat infection by gram +ve bacteria which produce penicillinase. Eg: Oxacillin Methicillin Note: Ampicillin and amoxicillin are usually associated with a specific chemical known as Clavulinic acid, which has the anti penicillinase activity but without any antibacterial effect. Due to the development of resistance against penicillin, first among gram +ve bacteria, and second among gram ve bacteria, scientists have developed more specific types of antimicrobial drugs (by further modification of penicillin drug ), and so they have produced what is called Monobactam drug in Monobactam drug is similar to penicillin, except that it contains more chemical side chains/ chemical compounds attached to the B lactam ring. These side chains allow Monobactam to produce wider activity, mainly against gram ve bacteria, which are present in the intestinal tract and associated with serious infection, eg : Enteric bacteria, E.coli. But still, both gram ve and +ve bacteria manage to develop resistance against penicillinase. Therefore the pharmaceutical industry tried once again to introduce other penicillin drugs, taking into consideration the need for high resistance to penicillinase. As a result they came up with a group of drugs known as Carbepenem / imipenem and meropenem.. which are currently the best
3 available drugs to treat gram ve penicillinase producing bacteria. ( expensive drugs compared to amoxicillin and ampicillin ) However, gram ve bacteria can still develop resistance to Carbepenem drug, by producing Carbepenemase enzyme, reducing its effectiveness. This situation can be found in certain clones eg: pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter. Seven years ago in America, they discovered KPC ( klebsiella pneumonia carbanemase).. this type of organism consider multi resistance to all currently available antimicrobial drugs, including penicillin cephalosporin, etc... Mortility rate of KPC = ( ) % due to Carbapenemase. Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, and ticracillin Concerning certain gram ve bacteria that develop in hospitalized patients ( usually associated with wound infection ), Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, and ticracillin have been developed to deal with such types of bacteria. The distinctive feature of such drugs is that they are taken through parenteral routes ( IV / IM ). (There are no oral forms ) BUT recently, they have developed oral Carbenicillin, which is restricted to pseudomonas group only. * These drugs known as an Antipseudomonas drugs.
4 Cephalosporins Cephalosporins are similar to penicillin as it is also developed from a type of fungus called Cephalosporin, which is usually found in solution. This fungus and its excretion ( Cephalosporin drug) were discovered in Italy in 1950 s, and later they discovered the first generation of Cephalosporin. the terms 1 st generation, 2 nd generation and so on.. can help to understand the history of development of these drugs. 1 st generation * related to drugs that can be given orally, and cover to some extent some +ve and ve bacteria * Similar to penicillin 2 nd generation * similar to Carbenecillin * Cover gram +ve bacteria, making it a broad spectrum drug. * first forms were IV ( injectble forms but nowadays scientists have developed oral forms of these drugs, which are used mainly in urinary tract / respiratory tract infection in pregnant women. 3 rd generation Belong to types of Cephalosporin drug which mainly affect gram ve bacteria more than gram +ve bacteria. They are used exactly like Monobactam drug in treatment of serious infection ( affecting blood stream and internal organs in the form of pneumonia/ meningitis..etc ). A serious infection causes a high mortality rate and requires an efficient drug to reduce its severity and cure the infection.
5 we can t control the development of resistance to these drugs as B lactamase and cephalosporinase can develop ( which in turn inactivate the drug ), just like penicillinase development. What is the importance of using Cephalosporin instead of penicillin? 1) Penicillin usage is often associated with the development of allergy / hypersensitivity ( anaphylactic shock, which might result in death ), WHILE Cephalosporin is less associated with allergic reactions, even though around 5-10% of those who suffer from allergy when using penicillin are also allergic to Cephalosporin. 2) Cephalosporin cover a wider range of +ve and ve infection. 3) penetration and concentration in certain tissues ( respiratory / urinary tract ) is more effective when using Cephalosporin The last Cephalosporin was developed 20 years ago, known as Cepherin, but this drug did not replace Carbapenem, as it is not so resistant to penicillinase and cephalosporinase, the reason why it is not widely used. Nowadays there are around types of Cephalosporins in the market, but these drugs are about to vanish in 10 years or so. In General, all cephalosporins and penicillins, whether they were made in the sixties or in the 20 th century, are classified according to two main characteristics : 1) Action Spectrum : whether they work against Gram +ve or Gram ve bacteria, mainly if they affect Gram ve Enteric bacteria. 2) Resistance : whether they resist the action of penicillinases or not.
6 Extended Spectrum B-Lactamases : Usually it is much more complicated when dealing with Gram ve bacteria due to the fact that once a type of penicillinase develop in a bacteria against a certain type of penicillin like Amoxicillin, over a short period of time, it will also develop resistance against other types of penicillins like Monobactam for example. This property is due to what is called an Extended Spectrum B-Lactamases. An organism with this property means that it can inactivate the majority of available penicillins. In clinical medicine, it is noticed that such organisms are in fact increasing. Usually these Extended Spectrum B-Lactamases develop in hospitalized patients during treatment with B-Lactam antibiotics for a long time, due to accumulation of resistance genes in the intestinal flora there will be a selection and increase in the number of genes in other type of bacteria as well, thus resistance will be transferred to new bacteria. Take in consideration that there are more than 60 types of penicillinases each with different type of resistance gene cassette. Side Effects Related to Penicillins and Cephalosporins All Penicillin and Cephalosporin drugs might be associated with certain side effects. One of these side effects might be Hypersensitivity Reaction ( Allergic Reaction) that s why patients should be tested before administering I.V penicillin into their blood. However, if they developed such allergy they might suffer from Serum Sickness, Nephritis, Anaphylactic Shock, or even Death. Anaphylactic shocks are usually associated with organ failure that s why they are considered the most severe side effect. As a consequence testing a patient for allergies before giving him penicillin drug, specially the injectable form like I.V, is very crucial and could be life saving.
7 Glycopeptides : Usually made from of amino acids, 12 to 14, associated with glucose molecules, forming a large complex structure. It is found in two very famous drugs called Vancomycin and Teicoplanin. Both have the same action against Gram +ve bacteria cell wall. Their mechanism is similar to that of penicillin, both involves forming complex structures within the cell wall of bacteria and prevent the formation of the pentapeptides cross links, thus affecting the peptidoglycan layers. These two drugs are very useful against the Staph bacteria that is resistant to penicillin, which is known as Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus ( MRSA). These MRSA are very common and important causative agents of many diseases such as Blood Sepsis, wound infection, and any infected part of the body. Its estimated that % of infections are associated with staphylococci which include the MRSA. In addition Vancomycin is useful for the treatment of bacteria called Enterococci, specially Enterococcus Fecalis. Enterococcus Fecalis, which ia a gram +ve bacteria found in the intestines, were rarely associated with any type of infection before the use of the cephalosporins ; however, after cephalosporins were introduced specially the 2 nd and 3 rd generation- these bacteria increased in incidents causing various clinical infections. To understand the reason behind this sudden increase it is important to first know that these bacteria are naturally resistant to cephalosporins and can survive during the treatment of the intestines with such drugs. So during the treatment while other bacteria decrease in number Enterococcus Fecalis increase in number at their expense. Originally this bacteria was transferred from the animal intestines to the humans. So when treating a patient with cephalosporins you have to be aware that you are also selectively increasing Enterococcus Fecalis bacteria in number, and thus Vancomycin should be given as well during the treatment, as no other drugs can affect them. When compared to penicillins and cephalosporins vancomycin is considered to be more toxic, specially to the kidneys. Therefore patients should be evaluated before giving Vancomycin as it could lead to kidney failure.
8 Inhibition of membrane integrity : Generally speaking these drugs either change the composition or the transport processes of the cell membrane or contribute to the efflux process of pumping drugs outside the bacteria. Such drugs are toxic and should not be used in simple clinical infection. Drugs that follow this mechanism, like Colistin, should only be given when other cephalosporins and penicillins fail to produce the desired effect like when bacteria develop extended spectrum b-lactamases. Colistin is a modified drug from polymixen. Polymixen is made of large molecules of different structures cycles and others- and considered hydrophobic thus rarely interacts with water, and finally it can even damage human s cell membranes. This complex polypeptide structure is bactericidal to both gram +ve and gram ve bacteria, however it is usually only given against gram ve bacteria e.g Enteric infections specially ones that are resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins as mentioned earlier. Colistin is also the only way to treat patients of blood sepsis with Klebsiella of multi-resistance like KPC, as well as in cases of meningitis or pneumonia, despite the fact that patients may end up with kidney failure and death. To sum up, Colistin Is only used against multi resistance organisms and in special cases. Here in Jordan it is only found in King Hussien Cancer Center. Another drug of less importance, that isn t used for systemic infections, but to superficial layers of skin infections like gland infections is Bacitracin. Bacitracin is a useful drug against gram +ve and gram ve that are resistant to many drugs, however like Colistin it is also very toxic. It should not be given in an oral or injectable form despite the fact that long time ago it was used by surgeons for 1 or 2 days- to reduce the intestinal flora before important intestinal operations. Now it is exclusively used tropically as ointments on skin.
9 Inhibition of protein synthesis : 1- Aminoglycosides In the beginning, it is important to know that bacteria have special kind of ribosomes called 70S ribosomes. These are made of two subunits, the 30S and the 50S depending on centrifugation and sedimentation. The S refers to Svedberg unit. Svedberg is the name of the Swedish scientist who first noticed the difference between bacterial and human ribosomes. This difference is of great importance, as it allows us to use such drugs that target the 30S or 50S subunit. If we had the same ribosomes then both the human cells and the bacterial cells will be attacked. These drugs are very useful bactericides, and were first introduced in the beginning of the fifties under the name Aminoglycosides. As the name indicates they are made of many amino groups as well as carboxyl, oxy, and alcohol groups. The first Aminoglycoside to be marketed was Streptomycin which was further modified to Kanamycin. Following the kanamycin was Neomycin then in the seventies they were followed by Gentamycin. Their importance lies in the fact that they interact with the 30S subunit resulting in the inhibition of the poplypeptide chain formation and the mrna attachment, which in turn prevent replication of bacteria indirectly. In addition to their inhibition of protein synthesis effect, they to some extent- damage the composition of the membrane, increasing the leakiness of the cell. This leakiness result in the escape of some anions and cations that disturb the cell s osmotic balance and eventually produce a killing effect. So they have two effects on the bacterial cells. Aminoglycosides are useful against gram ve facultative anaerobes and NOT AGAINST ANEROBES, they are also rarely used against gram +ve bacteria. When used in treatment whether sepsis, wound infection, or Enterococcus infection- it is used in association with drugs like penicillin or cephalosporin, where the penicillin damage the cell wall and the aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis, forming what is called a synergistic reaction. A synergistic reaction is an additive reaction where 2 effects act together instead of one resulting in a more bactericidal effect than when either of the drugs is working alone. it should be noted that Aminoglycosides are only given injectably and not orally as they will be inactivated by the stomach s acidity, and thus they are only given to hospitalized
10 patients. The dose given has to be monitored in the hospital as not to produce any side effects if the does increased. It s side effects include Ototoxicity which result in damage to the 8 th cranial nerve, Nephrotoxicity, and kidney failure. That s why dose monitoring in these drugs is more crucial that when dealing with other drugs like penicillin. For Example, increasing or decreasing the penicillin drug by 1 or 2 grams will not produce any major side effect, in contrast in aminoglycosides changing the dose by 5 or 10 milligrams could lead to serious side effects. It covers a wider gram ve spectrum than penicillin or cephalosporin. Resistance against aminoglycosides can be produced by the gram ve bacteria during the long run. This resistance is in the form of enzymes produced by the bacteria that can attack the Acetylate, Phosphorylate or adenylate groups and inactivate aminoglycosides. In our country gram ve bacteria such as E-Coli, Klebsiella, and Acinetobacter is 20% to 40% resistant to aminoglycosides. The most widely used aminoglycosides currently are Gantomycin and Amikacin, and amikacin being the most commonly used in Jordan. Neomycin and Streptomycin are rarely used, the later usually used as an anti-tuberculosis drug during which it is given in combination with other drugs. 2- Tetracyclines It is composed of four cycles associated with different functional groups like amino and oxo groups. It was used effectively against a wide variety of both gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria and even against certain anaerobes. For that reason in the fifties it was one of the most used drugs against all types of infections specially here In Jordan. Tetracyclins is considered to be more bacteriostatic than bactericidal. This means that using it as recommended by the manufacturerusually 2 to 4 g- will produce a bacteriostatic effect; however, increasing the does will produce a bactericidal effect and produce side effects as well. Tetracycline attacks the 30S subunit and prevents that attachment of the amino acetate to the trna, thus inhibiting the development of polypeptide chains that are used to synthesize the proteins. Due to the fact that it works against a broad spectrum of bacteria it resulted in reducing the intestinal flora which gave a chance for certain types of yeast such as Candida to increase in number. This increase of number of yeast my cause diarrhea, constipation, and even infections related to yeast. It is
11 specially harmful to children less than 8 and pregnant women, that s why it should not be given to them. In women it could cause Vaginal Discharge, and in children it could lead to Thrush Candidiasis in their oral cavity. General note In the fifties the four most common used drugs in Jordan were Sulfa, Tetracycline, Penicillin and Chloramphenicol. Done by : Issa Haddad
Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics
Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali Lec 5 8 Nov 2017 Lecture outlines Other beta lactam antibiotics Other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Other beta-lactam Antibiotics
More informationMicrobiology : antimicrobial drugs. Sheet 11. Ali abualhija
Microbiology : antimicrobial drugs Sheet 11 Ali abualhija return to our topic antimicrobial drugs, we have finished major group of antimicrobial drugs which associated with inhibition of protein synthesis
More informationBurton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences. Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents
Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents Chapter 9 Outline Introduction Characteristics of an Ideal Antimicrobial Agent How
More informationAntibiotics. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/18/2017
Antibiotics Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that inhibit or kill competing microbial species Antimicrobial drugs must display selective toxicity,
More informationCell Wall Inhibitors. Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 3 7 Nov 2017
Cell Wall Inhibitors Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 3 7 Nov 2017 Cell wall The cell wall is a rigid outer layer, it completely surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining the shape of the cell
More informationSelective toxicity. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/17/2016
Selective toxicity Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Drugs must work inside the host and harm the infective pathogens, but not the host Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that
More informationThe β- Lactam Antibiotics. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018
The β- Lactam Antibiotics Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018 Penicillins. Cephalosporins. Carbapenems. Monobactams. The β- Lactam Antibiotics 2 3 How
More informationPharmacology Week 6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Pharmacology Week 6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Mechanisms of antimicrobial action Mechanisms of antimicrobial action Bacteriostatic - Slow or stop bacterial growth, needs an immune system to finish off the microbe
More informationAntibacterial therapy 1. د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi
Antibacterial therapy 1 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi ILOs Principles and terms Different categories of antibiotics Spectrum of activity and mechanism of action Resistancs Antibacterial therapy What
More informationProtein Synthesis Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali 11 Nov 2018 Lec 7 Aminoglycosides Are structurally related two amino sugars attached by glycosidic linkages. They are bactericidal Inhibitors
More informationIntroduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018
Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018 Antimicrobial Agents Substances that kill bacteria without harming the host.
More informationAntibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut
Antibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut This presentation Definitions needed to discuss antimicrobial resistance
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi
number 8 Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi 25 10/10/2017 Antibacterial therapy 2 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Antibacterial therapy Figure 2/ Antibiotics target Inhibition of microbial
More informationANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA. 1. Vancomicin
ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA 1. Vancomicin Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of medicines called antibiotics. Vancomycin works by killing bacteria
More informationInhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani
Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani Chemotherapy Definitions The use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition. Chemotherapeutic Agent Any drug
More informationAntimicrobials & Resistance
Antimicrobials & Resistance History 1908, Paul Ehrlich - Arsenic compound Arsphenamine 1929, Alexander Fleming - Discovery of Penicillin 1935, Gerhard Domag - Discovery of the red dye Prontosil (sulfonamide)
More informationMechanism of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism of antibiotic resistance Dr.Siriwoot Sookkhee Ph.D (Biopharmaceutics) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Antibiotic resistance Cross-resistance : resistance
More informationSimilar to Penicillins: -Chemically. -Mechanism of action. -Toxicity.
Similar to Penicillins: -Chemically. -Mechanism of action. -Toxicity. Cephalosporins are divided into Generations: -First generation have better activity against gram positive organisms. -Later compounds
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr.Malik
number 27 Done by Fatimah Farhan Corrected by Basil Al-Bakri Doctor Dr.Malik Note: anything in red is just extra info and you will not be asked about it in the exam. In this sheet we will continue talking
More informationمادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد
م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 1 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease. Antimicrobial drugs:
More informationCell Wall Weakeners. Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall. Bacterial Cell Wall. Bacterial Resistance to PCNs. PCN Classification
Cell Wall Weakeners Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall Beta Lactams Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Aztreonam Vancomycin Teicoplanin Bacterial Cell Wall Bacterial cytoplasm is hypertonic
More informationمادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد
م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 2 The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs 1- Inhibitors of bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis. β-lactams(
More informationAntibiotic. Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting
Antibiotic Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting Any substance of natural, synthetic or semisynthetic origin which at low concentrations kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
More informationMedicinal Chemistry 561P. 2 st hour Examination. May 6, 2013 NAME: KEY. Good Luck!
Medicinal Chemistry 561P 2 st hour Examination May 6, 2013 NAME: KEY Good Luck! 2 MDCH 561P Exam 2 May 6, 2013 Name: KEY Grade: Fill in your scantron with the best choice for the questions below: 1. Which
More informationAn#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs
An#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm ciss.blog.olemiss.edu Dr. Vassie Ware Bioscience in the 21 st Century November 14, 2014 Who said this and what
More informationAntimicrobials. Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials For more than 50 years, antibiotics have come to the rescue by routinely producing rapid and long-lasting miracle cures. However, from the beginning antibiotics have selected for resistance
More informationChallenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems
Micro 301 Antimicrobial Drugs 11/7/12 Significance of antimicrobial drugs Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems Definitions Antibiotic Selective
More informationAntibiotics & Resistance
What are antibiotics? Antibiotics & esistance Antibiotics are molecules that stop bacteria from growing or kill them Antibiotics, agents against life - either natural or synthetic chemicals - designed
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 20 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development of resistance to antibiotics It will force us to change
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم The third (and the last) part about the Antimicrobial drugs. Tetracyclines: 1. This group is considered Bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriostatic drugs means: the effect of them is not
More informationAntibiotics (2): - Before you start: this lecture has a lot of names and things get entangled together, but I
Antibiotics (2): - Before you start: this lecture has a lot of names and things get entangled together, but I have nothing to do but to write everything the Doctor mentioned. I hope it will be clear. -
More informationTreatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani
Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani 30-1-2018 1 Objectives of the lecture At the end of lecture, the students should be able to understand the following:
More informationAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Electron Micrograph of E. Coli Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1928 1 2 Fleming 3 discovers penicillin the first antibiotic. Some Clinically Important Antibiotics Antibiotic
More informationMICRONAUT MICRONAUT-S Detection of Resistance Mechanisms. Innovation with Integrity BMD MIC
MICRONAUT Detection of Resistance Mechanisms Innovation with Integrity BMD MIC Automated and Customized Susceptibility Testing For detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical
More informationApproach to pediatric Antibiotics
Approach to pediatric Antibiotics Gassem Gohal FAAP FRCPC Assistant professor of Pediatrics objectives To be familiar with common pediatric antibiotics o Classification o Action o Adverse effect To discus
More information** the doctor start the lecture with revising some information from the last one:
Page 1 of 7 ** the doctor start the lecture with revising some information from the last one: #penicillin G has a good susceptibility against gram(+ve), Neisseria (-ve) #mostly active against strep. (don
More informationAminoglycosides. Spectrum includes many aerobic Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.
Aminoglycosides The only bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitors. They bind to the ribosomal 30S subunit. Inhibit initiation of peptide synthesis and cause misreading of the genetic code. Streptomycin
More informationConsequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationMID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Micro evolutionary change - point mutations Beta-lactamase mutation extends spectrum of the enzyme rpob gene (RNA polymerase) mutation
More informationIntroduction to antimicrobial agents
Introduction to antimicrobial agents Kwan Soo Ko Action mechanisms of antimicrobials Bacteriostatic agents, such as tetracycline - Inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria - Upon exposure to a
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA
Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Levy, Scientific American Horizontal gene transfer is common, even between Gram positive and negative bacteria Plasmid - transfer of single or multiple
More informationAntimicrobial agents
Bacteriology Antimicrobial agents Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: Identify mechanisms of action of antimicrobial Drugs Know and understand key concepts about
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial therapy Laith Mohammed Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc, M.Res, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Antimicrobial agents are chemical substances that can kill or
More informationAntimicrobial Therapy
Chapter 12 The Elements of Chemotherapy Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy
More informationANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and Prescribing
Antimicrobial Resistance and Prescribing John Ferguson, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia M Med Part 1 updates UPNG 2017 Tw @mdjkf http://idmic.net
More informationBeta-lactam antibiotics - Cephalosporins
Beta-lactam antibiotics - Cephalosporins Targets - PBP s Activity - Cidal - growing organisms (like the penicillins) Principles of action - Affinity for PBP s Permeability ypropertiesp Stability to bacterial
More informationPharm 262: Antibiotics. 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II DR. C. AGYARE
Pharm 262: 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II Antibiotics DR. C. AGYARE Reference Books 2 HUGO, W.B., RUSSELL, A.D. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 6 th Ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998. WALSH, G. Biopharmaceuticals:
More informationChapter concepts: What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? Antibiotics
Chapter concepts: Antibiotics What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? How do we decided on the most appropriate antibiotic treatment? What are some of the ways that bacteria are
More informationQ1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.
Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants.
More informationTherios 300 mg and 750 mg Palatable Tablets for Dogs
Ceva Animal Health Ltd Telephone: 01494 781510 Website: www.ceva.com Email: cevauk@ceva.com Therios 300 mg and 750 mg Palatable Tablets for Dogs Species: Therapeutic indication: Active ingredient: Product:
More informationAntibiotics 1. Lecture 8
Antibiotics 1 Lecture 8 Overview of antibiotics What am I treating? Viral, bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, etc. Who am I treating? Host factors: age, genetic factors, co-morbidities (renal and liver
More informationChapter 12. Antimicrobial Therapy. Antibiotics 3/31/2010. Spectrum of antibiotics and targets
Chapter 12 Topics: - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy Ehrlich (1900 s) compound 606
More informationWhat s next in the antibiotic pipeline?
What s next in the antibiotic pipeline? Jennifer Tieu, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Pearls OSHP Spring Meeting Mercy Hospital April 13, 2018 Objective 2 Describe the drug class and mechanism of action of antibiotics
More informationAntibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern. Antibiotic resistance is not new 3/21/2011
Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern Judy Ptak RN MSN Infection Prevention Practitioner Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, NH Occurs when a microorganism fails to respond
More informationEinheit für pädiatrische Infektiologie Antibiotics - what, why, when and how?
Einheit für pädiatrische Infektiologie Antibiotics - what, why, when and how? Andrea Duppenthaler andrea.duppenthaler@insel.ch Limping patient local pain swelling tenderness warmth fever acute Osteomyelitis
More informationSuggestions for appropriate agents to include in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Suggestions for appropriate agents to include in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing These suggestions are intended to indicate minimum sets of agents to test routinely in a diagnostic laboratory
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Active substance: cefalexin (as cefalexin monohydrate) mg
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cefaseptin 750 mg tablets for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One tablet contains: Active substance: cefalexin
More informationß-lactams. Sub-families. Penicillins. Cephalosporins. Monobactams. Carbapenems
β-lactams ß-lactams Sub-families Penicillins Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbapenems ß-lactams Mode of action PBPs = Trans/Carboxy/Endo- peptidases PBP binding (Penicillin-Binding Proteins) activation of
More informationAntimicrobial agents. are chemicals active against microorganisms
Antimicrobial agents are chemicals active against microorganisms Antibacterial Agents Are chemicals active against bacteria Antimicrobials Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic: -anti protozoan
More informationGENERAL NOTES: 2016 site of infection type of organism location of the patient
GENERAL NOTES: This is a summary of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of clinical isolates recovered at AIIMS Bhopal Hospital during the year 2016. However, for organisms in which < 30 isolates were recovered
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin
More informationPrinciples of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 1
Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 1 28 Oct 2018 References Lippincott s IIIustrated Reviews / Pharmacology 6 th Edition Katzung and Trevor s Pharmacology / Examination
More informationChemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance. evolution of antimicrobial resistance
Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance evolution of antimicrobial resistance Mechanism of bacterial genetic variability Point mutations may occur in a nucleotide base pair,
More informationChemotherapeutic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Agents The cell is the basic structure of all living organisms. The cell membrane features specifi c receptor sites that allow interaction with various chemicals, histocompatibility proteins
More informationAntimicrobial Update. Alison MacDonald Area Antimicrobial Pharmacist NHS Highland April 2018
Antimicrobial Update Alison MacDonald Area Antimicrobial Pharmacist NHS Highland alisonc.macdonald@nhs.net April 2018 Starter Questions Setting the scene... What if antibiotics were no longer effective?
More informationTable 1. Commonly encountered or important organisms and their usual antimicrobial susceptibilities.
Table 1. Commonly encountered or important organisms and their usual antimicrobial susceptibilities. Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus: *Resistance to penicillin is almost universal. Resistance
More informationAntimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial Therapy David H. Spach, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University of Washington, Seattle Disclosure: Dr. Spach has no significant financial interest in any of the
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr. Malik
number 25 Done by م ها أبو عجمي ة OsamsaAlZoubi Corrected by - Doctor Dr. Malik Antibiotic Misuse There are many ways of antibiotics misuse: Taking antibiotics when they are not needed: Antibiotics are
More informationControlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 12 Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction
More informationcontrol microbial growth in vivo
control microbial growth in vivo ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY Dr. Faten Mostafa Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University 11/6/2016 Dr Faten Mostafa 1 In vitro
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Cephacare flavour 50 mg tablets for cats and dogs. Excipients: For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cephacare flavour 50 mg tablets for cats and dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains: Active
More information2015 Antibiotic Susceptibility Report
Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzenza Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens
More informationAppropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections ( MRSA ) By : A. Bojdi MD Assistant Professor Inf. Dis. Dep. Imam Reza Hosp. MUMS Antibiotics Still Miracle Drugs Paul
More information2016 Antibiotic Susceptibility Report
Fairview Northland Medical Center and Elk River, Milaca, Princeton and Zimmerman Clinics 2016 Antibiotic Susceptibility Report GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS 2016 Gram-Negative Non-Urine The number of isolates
More informationANTIBIOTICS IN PLASMA
by LC/MS Code LC79010 (Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Linezolid, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Teicoplanin) INTRODUCTION Technically it defines "antibiotic" a substance of natural
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 28 Done by Dina Yaseen Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor مالك الزحلف Cephalosporins -Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from a strain of Streptomyces. -They are bactericidal and work
More informationchapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity
chapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity pathogenesis portals of entry & exit inoculation vs. disease: preferred portal of entry entry DOES NOT EQUAL disease entry into preferred portal of entry
More information10/15/08. Activity of an Antibiotic. Affinity for target. Permeability properties (ability to get to the target)
Beta-lactam antibiotics Penicillins Target - Cell wall - interfere with cross linking Actively growing cells Bind to Penicillin Binding Proteins Enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis Activity of an Antibiotic
More informationInteractive session: adapting to antibiogram. Thong Phe Heng Vengchhun Felix Leclerc Erika Vlieghe
Interactive session: adapting to antibiogram Thong Phe Heng Vengchhun Felix Leclerc Erika Vlieghe Case 1 63 y old woman Dx: urosepsis? After 2 d: intermediate result: Gram-negative bacilli Empiric antibiotic
More informationLecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections. Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance
Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Lecture 1 2 3 Lecture Outline Section 4 Willow and aspirin Opium
More informationfolate-derived cofactors purines pyrimidines Sulfonamides sulfa drugs Trimethoprim infecting bacterium to perform DNA synthesis cotrimoxazole
Folate Antagonists Enzymes requiring folate-derived cofactors are essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (precursors of RNA and DNA) and other compounds necessary for cellular growth and
More informationConsiderations in antimicrobial prescribing Perspective: drug resistance
Considerations in antimicrobial prescribing Perspective: drug resistance Hasan MM When one compares the challenges clinicians faced a decade ago in prescribing antimicrobial agents with those of today,
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 32 Done by Nazek Hyasat Corrected by Doctor مالك الزحلف In this sheet we will talk about two cute drugs and a group of drugs, wish you a pleasant study... First of all, we will talk about clindamycin,which
More information2012 ANTIBIOGRAM. Central Zone Former DTHR Sites. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
2012 ANTIBIOGRAM Central Zone Former DTHR Sites Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medically Relevant Pathogens Based on Gram Morphology Gram-negative Bacilli Lactose Fermenters Non-lactose
More informationInfection Prevention Highlights for the Medical Staff. Pamela Rohrbach MSN, RN, CIC Director of Infection Prevention
Highlights for the Medical Staff Pamela Rohrbach MSN, RN, CIC Director of Infection Prevention Standard Precautions every patient every time a. Hand Hygiene b. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
More informationInfectious Disease: Drug Resistance Pattern in New Mexico
Infectious Disease: Drug Resistance Pattern in New Mexico Are these the world's sexiest accents? Obi C. Okoli, MD.,MPH. Clinic for Infectious Diseases Las Cruces, NM. Are these the world's sexiest accents?
More informationBeta-lactams 1 รศ. พญ. มาล ยา มโนรถ ภาคว ชาเภส ชว ทยา. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics. 1. Penicillins 2. Cephalosporins 3. Monobactams 4.
Beta-lactams 1 รศ. พญ. มาล ยา มโนรถ ภาคว ชาเภส ชว ทยา จ ดประสงค การศ กษา เม อส นส ดการเร ยนการสอน และการศ กษาด วยตนเองเพ มเต ม น กศ กษาสามารถ 1. อธ บายกลไกการออกฤทธ และกลไกการด อยาของยากล ม penicillins
More informationLab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method.
Lab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method. OBJECTIVES 1. Compare the antimicrobial capabilities of different antibiotics. 2. Compare effectiveness of with different types of bacteria.
More informationChapter 46. Learning Objectives (cont d)
Chapter 46 Antimicrobial Agents Learning Objectives Explain the major action and effects of drugs used to treat infectious diseases Identify criteria used to select an effective antimicrobial agent Identify
More informationWhat is multidrug resistance?
What is multidrug resistance? Umaer Naseer Senior Research Scientist Department of Zoonotic, Water- and Foodborne Infections Norwegian Institute of Public Health Magiorakos A.P. et al 2012 Definition of
More informationChildrens Hospital Antibiogram for 2012 (Based on data from 2011)
Childrens Hospital Antibiogram for 2012 (Based on data from 2011) Prepared by: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences Centre For further information contact: Andrew Walkty, MD, FRCPC Medical
More informationCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS FOR THE VETERINARY TECHNICIAN. CHAPTER 9 Antimicrobials
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS FOR THE VETERINARY TECHNICIAN LEARNING OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 9 Antimicrobials After studying this chapter, the veterinary technician should be able to define or describe:
More informationProceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA October 3-5, 2013 Budapest, Hungary Reprinted in IVIS with the Permission of the WEVA Organizers
More informationAntimicrobial Drugs. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 20 Antimicrobial Drugs The History of Chemotherapy Selective toxicity: selectively finding and
More informationBUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall
BUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall BIOGRAPHY: Marieke Kruidering- Hall is Associate Professor in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology. She was born in the Netherlands.
More informationCONTAGIOUS COMMENTS Department of Epidemiology
VOLUME XXIII NUMBER 1 July 2008 CONTAGIOUS COMMENTS Department of Epidemiology Bugs and Drugs Elaine Dowell, SM (ASCP), Marti Roe SM (ASCP), Ann-Christine Nyquist MD, MSPH Are the bugs winning? The 2007
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Synuclav 250 mg Tablets for Dogs (UK) Clavobay 250 mg Tablets for Dogs (BE, FR, IS, IT, PT) Clavubay 250mg Tablets for Dogs
More information